Butterfly stroke

Last updated

Butterfly stroke 40. Schwimmzonen- und Mastersmeeting Enns 2017 100m Butterfly-9318.jpg
Butterfly stroke
Overhead shot of a swimmer performing the butterfly stroke US Marines butterfly stroke.jpg
Overhead shot of a swimmer performing the butterfly stroke
Butterfly stroke, shortly before entering the water again; view from behind Butterfly-Stroke.jpg
Butterfly stroke, shortly before entering the water again; view from behind

The butterfly (shortened to fly [1] ) is a swimming stroke swum on the chest, with both arms moving symmetrically, accompanied by the butterfly kick (also known as the "dolphin kick") along with the movement of the hips and chest. [2] [3] It is the newest swimming style swum in competition, first swum in the early 1930s and originating out of the breaststroke. [4]

Contents

Speed and ergonomics

The butterfly stroke boasts a higher peak velocity than the front crawl, owing to the synchronous propulsion generated by the simultaneous pull/push of both arms and legs. However, due to the pronounced drop in speed during the recovery phase, it is marginally slower than the front crawl, especially over extended distances. Furthermore, the butterfly stroke demands a different level of physical exertion, contributing to its slower overall pace than the front crawl.

History

Origins of the butterfly kick

The earliest mention of the butterfly kick can be attributed to George Corsan, who, according to the International Swimming Hall of Fame introduced it by demonstration to David Armbruster in 1911. Corsan called it a "fishtail kick". [5] A perhaps independent discovery of the fishtail kick was made by Volney Wilson some time before 1938, Wilson was a young physicist and swimmer who had analyzed the motions of swimming fish. [6] Another discovery of the butterfly kick was made by Jack Sieg, who, while being watched by David Armbruster, went underwater, lay on his side and performed the butterfly kick in imitation of a fish. Armbruster was reminded of the time in 1911 when George Corsan had previously demonstrated it to him, and noticed the speed that Sieg was able to achieve. Armbruster got Sieg to demonstrate it on his front, and Sieg was even faster. Sieg was even able to beat the best flutter kickers at the University of Iowa using the fishtail kick. [7] Initially, Corsan and Armbruster thought that the "fishtail kick" could be a possible alternative to the flutter kick in freestyle, but in 1933 it began to dawn on Armbruster that it would perhaps be more effective in breaststroke. [8] Armbruster began to experiment with Sieg on using the butterfly kick in breaststroke and had excellent results. Presumably to reflect this, he also began referring to the previously named "fishtail kick" as the "dolphin breaststroke kick". [8] He published his results in 1935 in an article called "The Dolphin Breast Stroke" in The Journal of Health and Physical Education [7] where, due to its potential to be faster than the traditional whip kick, Armbruster was enthusiastic to have it legalized within the breaststroke rules, to "offer this new type of stroke for exploitation as a competitive racing-speed stroke". [7] Armbruster followed this appeal with another longer article in the 1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Guide called "The New Dolphin Breast Stroke on Trial", which further urged the NCAA to allow the kick in the rules for the extra speed. [9] Unfortunately for Armbruster, this would not come to fruition, as in a FINA meeting in October 1938, the bureau unanimously agreed to prohibit up-and-down movements of the legs in the vertical plane. [10]

Origins of the butterfly arm

Prior to 1935, the breaststroke rules from both FINA and the NCAA stated that the arms had to be simultaneously pushed forward on recovery. [8] Since the rules did not state that the arm recovery had to be underwater, a few swimmers came up with the idea of an overarm recovery, which was initially called the "flying fish". [11] The International Swimming Hall of Fame credits Sydney Cavill with creating the overarm recovery, [12] but it is also possible that Erich Rademacher independently discovered it in 1927 Germany. Rademacher generally used the flying fish coming out of the turns, [13] which was dubbed the "flying breaststroke turn" and at the end of the race, which was dubbed the "flying finish". [14] Rademacher insisted that this did not break the rules, and continued to use it in the late 1920s and early 1930s in the US. [8] Sources conflict as to whether he used it in the 1928 Olympics, with the International Swimming Hall of Fame saying he did [13] but Francois Oppenheim's book "The History of Swimming" saying he didn't. [15] In 1935, presumably for the removal of ambiguity, the NCAA changed the rule regarding the breaststroke recovery to use the word "moved", rather than "pushed". [16] Other early adoptees of the "flying breaststroke turn" were Walter Spence and then Wallace Spence, who went on to dominate the breaststroke events using it. [8] The next notable swimmer to further innovate on the butterfly arms was Henry Myers, who in early December 1933 used the flying fish for the whole of the breaststroke leg of a three-stroke medley head, winning against Wallace Spence in spectacular fashion. [8] The reaction to this performance was mixed. Though the officials did not disqualify him, the Brooklyn Central YMCA's magazine wrote a "vitriolic article" that made disparaging remarks about "the sportsmanship of young Myers who observed the letter but not the spirit of the breaststroke rules". [17] Furthermore, Wallace Spence withdrew from the finals of the event alleging that Myers was swimming freestyle and he should "learn how to swim breaststroke properly". [18] Despite this, Myers was very proud of his creation, saying: "It [is] uninteresting to watch a breaststroke race, in time, the old breaststroke would have become as passe as the English sidestroke, as far as racing is concerned. A butterfly-breaststroke race is a very exciting race to watch. The splashing and violent arm-motion seems to be quite conducive to spectator enthusiasm." [18] Myers interested two teammates of his: Lester Kaplan and Paul Friesel, in the overarm recovery. Kaplan and Friesel went on to set new personal bests in breaststroke by over 3 seconds using it. [18] As the overarm recovery caught on more, a swimmer called John Herbert Higgins, in February 1936 at the 1936 National AAU Indoor Swimming Championships swam a time of 1:10.8 for the 100 metre breaststroke event, and became the first swimmer to set a world record using exclusively the flying fish. [8] This technique of continuous flying fish would come to be known as "butterfly-breaststroke". Later at the 1936 US Olympic Trials, Higgins set a new 200 metre American Record of 2:44.1. [19] In the 1936 Berlin Olympic 200m breaststroke finals, Higgins finished fourth while using the butterfly-breaststroke technique. [20] [21] Though the butterfly-breaststroke was gaining traction, it was almost prohibited as a style of breaststroke in an October 1938 FINA Executive Bureau meeting where it was "supported by four votes out of seven to prohibit the butterfly arm recovery in the breaststroke event. However, since alterations to the technical rules required a two-thirds majority before adoption, the motion was declared not carried". [10] In the 1948 London Olympics, all but one of the finalists used the butterfly-breaststroke technique, and the only finalist who did not use it (Bob Bonte of the Netherlands) finished last. [22] This dominant display of butterfly-breaststroke led to the idea of separating breaststroke into two breaststroke events, consisting of traditional breaststroke and butterfly-breaststroke. [23] However, the IOC president Sigfrid Edstrom decided not to add any events to the 1952 Helsinki Olympics, due to the chaotic situation after World War II. [8] Despite this, FINA did add a definition of the two styles of breaststroke to the rules which named traditional breaststroke style "A" and butterfly-breaststroke style "B". A consequence of this was competitors were not able to swim both of the styles in the same race. [24]

Origins of the full butterfly stroke

By 1952, the argument for separating the "A" and "B" styles of breaststroke was gaining momentum, [25] and hence in 1953, breaststroke was separated into two different events. Furthermore, while traditional breaststroke required the whip kick, the new butterfly stroke allowed the use of butterfly kick. Now the butterfly stroke was its own separate event. [26] The butterfly stroke was first seen in the Olympics at the 1956 games, where the Men's 200 metre butterfly event was won by William Yorzyk, and the Women's 100 metre Butterfly event was won by Shelley Mann. [27]

Technique

The butterfly technique with the dolphin kick consists of synchronous arm movement with a synchronous leg kick. [28] Good technique is crucial to swim this style effectively. The wave-like body movement is also very significant in creating propulsion, as this is the key to easy synchronous over-water recovery and breathing.

The swimmer is face down at the start, arms out front, and legs extended behind.

Arm movement

The butterfly stroke has three major parts, the pull, the push, and the recovery. These can also be further subdivided. The arm movement starts very similarly to the breaststroke from the initial position. In the beginning, the hands sink a little bit with the palms facing outwards, and slightly down at shoulder width, then the hands move out to create a Y. This is called catching the water. The pull movement follows a semicircle with the elbow higher than the hand and the hand pointing towards the center of the body and downward to form the traditionally taught "keyhole".

The push propels the palm backwards through the water, starting beneath and ending at the side of the body. The swimmer only pushes the arms 1/3 of the way to the hips, making it easier to enter into the recovery and making the recovery shorter and making the breathing window shorter. The movement increases speed throughout the pull-push phase until the hand is the fastest at the end of the push. This step is called the release and is crucial for recovery. The speed at the end of the push is used to help with the recovery.

In the recovery, the arms are swung sideways across the water surface to the front, with the elbows straight. The arms should be swung forward from the end of the underwater movement; the extension of the triceps in combination with the butterfly kick will allow the arm to be brought forward quickly and relaxedly. In contrast to the front crawl recovery, the arm recovery is a ballistic shot, letting gravity and momentum do most of the work. The only way to lift the arms and the shoulders out of the water would be by dropping one's hips. Therefore, the recovery, at least the acceleration of the arms, is in no way relaxed [ clarification needed ]. It is important not to enter the water too early because this would generate extra resistance as the arms move forward against the swimming direction. However, during longer distances, this is not easy to avoid, and it is more important to avoid dropping one's hips. A high elbow recovery, akin to that observed in the front crawl, would prove detrimental to the efficiency of the butterfly stroke due to the resultant undulations and the diminution of momentum generated by the triceps extension. Limitations of shoulder movement in the human body make such a move unlikely. The hands should enter the water with a narrow V shape (at 11 and 1 o'clock, if viewed like a clock) with thumbs entering first and pinkies last.

The arms enter the water with the thumbs first at shoulder width. A wider entry loses movement in the next pull phase, and if the hands touch, it will waste energy. The cycle repeats with the pull phase. However, some swimmers prefer to touch in front as it assists them in grasping the water. As long as they can perform this action efficiently, they do not incur any disadvantage.

Leg movement

The legs move together using different muscles. The shoulders rise with a strong up and medium down kick, then lower with a strong down and up kick. A fluid undulation connects the motion.

The feet are pressed together to avoid loss of water pressure. The feet naturally point downwards, give thrust downwards, move up the feet, and press down the head.

There is no stipulation in competitive butterfly rules that a swimmer makes a fixed number of pulses in butterfly–the swimmer may kick as little or as much as they wish. [29] While competitive rules allow such a choice, the typical method of swimming butterfly is with two kicks.

As butterfly originated as a variant of breaststroke, it would be performed with a breaststroke or whip kick by some swimmers. While breaststroke was separated from butterfly in 1953, the breaststroke kick in butterfly was not officially outlawed until 2001. [30] However several Masters swimmers were upset with the change since they came from a time when butterfly was usually swum with a breaststroke kick. [31] FINA was then convinced to allow a breaststroke kick in Masters swimming. [32] Given the option, most swimmers use a dolphin-kicking action. However, there still is a small minority of swimmers who prefer the breaststroke kick for recreational swimming and even for competition.

Breathing

There is only a short window for breathing in the butterfly. If this window is missed, swimming becomes very difficult. Optimally, a butterfly swimmer synchronizes the taking of breaths with the undulation of the body to simplify the breathing process; doing this well requires some attention to butterfly stroke technique. The breathing process begins during the stroke's underwater "press" portion. The body naturally rises toward the water's surface as the hands and forearms move underneath the chest. The swimmer can lift the head to fully break the surface with minimum effort. The swimmer breathes in through the mouth. The head goes back in the water after the arms come out of the water as they swing forward over the surface. If the head stays out too long, the recovery is hindered.

Normally, swimmers take a breath every other stroke, which can be maintained over long distances. Often, breathing every stroke slows the swimmer down. (At a certain level, a breathing stroke becomes just as fast as a nonbreathing stroke; therefore, highly experienced competitors, such as Michael Phelps, may breathe every stroke.) Elite swimmers practice breathing intervals such as the "two up, one down" approach. They breathe for two successive strokes, then keep their head in the water on the next stroke for easier breathing. Swimmers with good lung capacity might also breathe every 3rd stroke during sprints for the finish. Some swimmers can even hold their breaths for an entire race (assuming it is short). To swim with the best results, keeping one's head down when taking a breath is important. If the swimmer lifts their head too high, the swimmer's hips often drop, creating drag, thus slowing the swimmer down. The closer one's head is to the water; the better one swims the general technique used by swimmers.

Body movement

The proper utilization of the core muscles, in conjunction with precise timing and fluid body movement, greatly facilitates the execution of the butterfly stroke. The body moves in a wave-like fashion, controlled by the core, and as the chest is pressed down, the hips go up, and the posterior breaks the water surface and transfers into a fluid kick. During the push phase, the chest goes up, and the hips are at their lowest position. In this style, the second pulse in the cycle is stronger than the first one, as the second one is more in flow with the body movement.

Although butterfly is very compatible with diving, the resulting reduction in wave drag does not lead to an overall drag reduction. In the modern style of the butterfly stroke, one does only a little vertical movement of the body.

Start

Butterfly uses the regular start for swimming, if in a competition the swimmer would start off a diving block. After the start, a gliding phase follows underwater, followed by dolphin kicks swimming underwater. Swimming underwater reduces the drag from breaking the surface and is very economical. Rules allow for 15 m underwater swimming before the head breaks the surface and regular swimming begins.

Turn and finish

The turn and finish requires the swimmer to touch the wall "with both hands separated and simultaneously". [3] Both hands must simultaneously touch the wall during turns and finish while the swimmer remains swimming face down. The swimmer touches the wall with both hands while bending the elbows slightly. The bent elbows allow the swimmer to push themself away from the wall and turn sideways. One hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front underwater. At the same time, the legs are pulled closer and moved underneath the body towards the wall. The second hand leaves the wall to be moved to the front over water. It is commonly referred to as an "over/under turn" or an "open turn". The legs touch the wall, and the hands are at the front. The swimmer sinks underwater and lies on the breast, or nearly so. Then the swimmer pushes off the wall, keeping a streamlined position with the hands to the front. Like the start, the swimmer is allowed to swim 15 metres underwater before the head breaks the surface. Most swimmers dolphin kick after an initial gliding phase.

Styles

There are four styles of the butterfly stroke.

Two main styles of butterfly stroke seen today are: "arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick" and "arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick". [33]

"Arm pull up simultaneous with dolphin kick": After the head goes underwater, both arms go underwater but are still higher than the head. After the first dolphin kick, pull both arms immediately with downward motion. While pulling, arms and legs are relaxed, and both knees and waist are slightly bent to prepare the dolphin kick. After the arms push the water backwards, pull the arms up simultaneously with a dolphin kick. In this style, the turning point from drowning to floating [ clarification needed ] is at the time of downward arm motion.

"Arm pull down simultaneous with dolphin kick": After the head goes underwater, both arms go underwater until lower than the head. After the first dolphin kick, raise both arms with relax. While rising arms, bend both knees and waist to send the body back to the surface and prepare a dolphin kick. Pull both arms downward while executing the dolphin kick. After this sequence, immediately push the water backward. In this style, a turning point from drowning to floating is at the time of the waist bend.

Two additional styles of butterfly stroke are similar to the two styles above but without a "second" dolphin kick. [34] This allows the swimmer to conserve energy and be more relaxed.

FINA butterfly stroke rules

As of the 1st January 2023, the FINA rules for the butterfly stroke state the following rules: [3]

SW 8.1 From the beginning of the first arm stroke after the start and each turn, the body shall be kept on the breast. It is not permitted to roll onto the back at any time, except at the turn after the touch of the wall where it is permissible to turn in any manner as long as the body is on the breast when leaving the wall.

SW 8.2 Both arms shall be brought forward simultaneously over the water and brought backward simultaneously under the water throughout the race, subject to SW 8.5.

SW 8.3 All up and down movements of the legs must be simultaneous. The legs or the feet need not be on the same level, but they shall not alternate in relation to each other. A breaststroke kicking movement is not permitted.

SW 8.4 At each turn and at the finish of the race, the touch shall be made with both hands separated and simultaneously, at, above or below the water surface.

SW 8.5 At the start and at turns, a swimmer is permitted one or more leg kicks and one arm pull under the water, which must bring him to the surface. It shall be permissible for a swimmer to be completely submerged for a distance of not more than 15 metres after the start and after each turn. By that point, the head must have broken the surface. The swimmer must remain on the surface until the next turn or finish.

Olympic and world long-course champions in butterfly

Men

Women

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Synchronized swimming</span> Hybrid form of swimming, dance and gymnastics

Synchronized swimming, also known as artistic swimming, is a sport where swimmers perform a synchronized choreographed routine, accompanied by music. The sport is governed internationally by World Aquatics. It has traditionally been a women's sport, although FINA introduced a new mixed gender duet competition that included one male swimmer in each duet at the 2015 World Aquatics Championships and European Aquatics introduced men's individual events at the 2022 European Aquatics Championships. From 2024, men are able to compete in the team event at the Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Breaststroke</span> Swimming style in which the swimmer is on his or her chest and the torso does not rotate

Breaststroke is a swimming style in which the swimmer is on their chest and the torso does not rotate. It is the most popular recreational style due to the swimmer's head being out of the water a large portion of the time, and that it can be swum comfortably at slow speeds. In most swimming classes, beginners learn either the breaststroke or the freestyle first. However, at the competitive level, swimming breaststroke at speed requires endurance and strength comparable to other strokes. Some people refer to breaststroke as the "frog" stroke, as the arms and legs move somewhat like a frog swimming in the water. The stroke itself is the slowest of any competitive strokes and is thought to be the oldest of all swimming strokes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Backstroke</span> Swimming style in which one swims on ones back

Backstroke or back crawl is one of the four swimming styles used in competitive events regulated by FINA, and the only one of these styles swum on the back. This swimming style has the advantage of easy breathing, but the disadvantage of swimmers not being able to see where they are going. It also has a different start from the other three competition swimming styles. The swimming style is similar to an upside down front crawl or freestyle. Both backstroke and front crawl are long-axis strokes. In individual medley backstroke is the second style swum; in the medley relay it is the first style swum.

Human swimming typically consists of repeating a specific body motion or swimming stroke to propel the body forward. There are many kinds of strokes, each defining a different swimming style or crawl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Medley swimming</span> Combination of four swimming styles into one race

Medley swimming is a combination of four different swimming strokes into one race. This race is either swum by one swimmer as individual medley (IM) or by four swimmers as a medley relay.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimfin</span> Finlike accessories worn on the feet, used for swimming, snorkeling and diving propulsion

Swimfins, swim fins, diving fins, or flippers are finlike accessories worn on the feet, legs or hands and made from rubber, plastic, carbon fiber or combinations of these materials, to aid movement through the water in water sports activities such as swimming, bodyboarding, bodysurfing, float-tube fishing, kneeboarding, riverboarding, scuba diving, snorkeling, spearfishing, underwater hockey, underwater rugby and various other types of underwater diving.

The sidestroke is a swimming stroke, so named because the swimmer lies on one's side with asymmetric arm and leg motion. It is helpful as a lifesaving technique and is often used for long-distance swimming. The sidestroke allows the swimmer increased endurance because instead of working both arms and legs simultaneously in the same way, the side stroke uses them simultaneously but differently. A swimmer tired of exercising one side can turn over and use the other, the change of action helping the limbs to recover.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pool float</span> Device used to keep someone above water

A swimming float, commonly known as pool float or floaty, is a device used for toddlers or other very young children who are beginning to learn how to swim, or during exercise for therapeutic or training purposes. These devices, which come in many shapes and types, are used to aid them with buoyancy, or for floating on for fun.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Finning techniques</span> Techniques used by divers and surface swimmers using swimfins

Finning techniques are the skills and methods used by swimmers and underwater divers to propel themselves through the water and to maneuver when wearing swimfins. There are several styles used for propulsion, some of which are more suited to particular swimfin configurations. There are also techniques for positional maneuvering, such as rotation on the spot, which may not involve significant locational change. Use of the most appropriate finning style for the circumstances can increase propulsive efficiency, reduce fatigue, improve precision of maneuvering and control of the diver's position in the water, and thereby increase the task effectiveness of the diver and reduce the impact on the environment. Propulsion through water requires much more work than through air due to higher density and viscosity. Diving equipment which is bulky usually increases drag, and reduction of drag can significantly reduce the effort of finning. This can be done to some extent by streamlining diving equipment, and by swimming along the axis of least drag, which requires correct diver trim. Efficient production of thrust also reduces the effort required, but there are also situations where efficiency must be traded off against practical necessity related to the environment or task in hand, such as the ability to maneuver effectively and resistance to damage of the equipment.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming lessons</span> Teaching swimming

Swimming lessons are the process of learning to swim. In most countries there is a definition of a number of swimming levels that are reached in the process of the curriculum. The respective certificates of swimming tests are required for further training in aquatic abilities. Many countries have defined a minimum swimming level that children should reach by the end of primary education, in most cases with the help of school swimming classes being part of the normal curriculum.

Streamline form is a swimming technique that is used underwater in every stroke. At the start of a race or on a turn, streamline form is used, usually along with a dolphin kick or flutter kick, to create the least amount of resistance to help the swimmer propel as far as they can. Many factors contribute to the perfect streamline form and mastering this method increases a swimmer's speed. Streamline is one of the key fundamentals to mastering any stroke.

Combat side stroke or CSS is a variation of the side stroke that was developed by and taught to the United States Navy SEALs. The Combat Swimmer Stroke was developed for the United States Navy Seals by Former Navy SEAL Stew Smith (CSCS) and Terry Laughlin of Total Immersion Swimming.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolphin kick</span> Swimming style

The dolphin kick is a kicking movement used in swimming. It is frequently used by competitive swimmers during entry and turns, and as part of the Butterfly stroke.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming (sport)</span> Water-based sport

Swimming is an individual or team racing sport that requires the use of one's entire body to move through water. The sport takes place in pools or open water. Competitive swimming is one of the most popular Olympic sports, with varied distance events in butterfly, backstroke, breaststroke, freestyle, and individual medley. In addition to these individual events, four swimmers can take part in either a freestyle or medley relay. A medley relay consists of four swimmers who will each swim a different stroke, ordered as backstroke, breaststroke, butterfly and freestyle.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Front crawl</span> Swimming stroke

The front crawl or forward crawl, also known as the Australian crawl or American crawl, is a swimming stroke usually regarded as the fastest of the four front primary strokes. As such, the front crawl stroke is almost universally used during a freestyle swimming competition, and hence freestyle is used metonymically for the front crawl. It is one of two long axis strokes, the other one being the backstroke. Unlike the backstroke, the breaststroke, and the butterfly stroke, the front crawl is not regulated by the FINA. Hence, in "freestyle" competitive swimming events, any stroke or combination of strokes is permissible. This style is sometimes referred to as the Australian crawl although this can sometimes refer to a more specific variant of front crawl.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Freestyle swimming</span> Category of swimming competition

Freestyle is a category of swimming competition, defined by the rules of World Aquatics, in which competitors are subject to only a few limited restrictions on their swimming stroke. Freestyle races are the most common of all swimming competitions, with distances beginning with 50 meters and reaching 1,500 meters, also known as the mile. The term 'freestyle stroke' is sometimes used as a synonym for 'front crawl', as front crawl is the fastest surface swimming stroke. It is now the most common stroke used in freestyle competitions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Free Colchian</span> Georgian swimming style

Free Colchian is the name of a swimming style from Georgia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of swimming</span>

Swimming has been recorded since prehistoric times; the earliest recording of swimming dates back to Stone Age paintings from around 7,000 years ago. In 1578, Nikolaus Wynmann, a German professor of languages, wrote the first swimming book.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turn (swimming)</span>

In swimming, a turn is a reversal of direction of travel by a swimmer. A turn is typically performed when a swimmer reaches the end of a swimming pool but still has one or more remaining pool lengths to swim. In competitions, there are judges or pressure pads in each lane to verify that a swimmer has touched the end wall while turning. A short course race has more turns than the same-distance long course race, and the world record will be quicker because of the leverage provided by push-off turns.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swimming injuries</span> Injuries caused by swimming

Swimming injuries have many different causes, and can occur immediately or can occur as the result of a long-term swimming career. Some ways that swimmers can increase the risk of an injury are by overuse of a specific part of the body, lacking crucial flexibility and strength, etc. These injuries, like swimmer's shoulder and breaststroker’s knee, cause pain to the swimmer in certain regions that permit necessary movement for the required precise technique. Although these injuries can halt a professional swimmer's career, many can be treated and some can even be prevented. There are different procedures and exercises that can either prevent an injury or help with recovering from an injury. Many of the exercises are specific to the injury and vary in helpfulness according to the person and the technique used for the exercise.

References

  1. ↑ Murphy, Sam (12 August 2013). "I believe I can butterfly". The Guardian . Retrieved 7 September 2014.
  2. ↑ Butterfly - Press The Chest, 28 September 2015, retrieved 8 October 2023
  3. 1 2 3 "FINA Swimming Rules" (PDF). FINA. 1 January 2023. Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 December 2023. Retrieved 9 December 2023.
  4. ↑ Maglischo, Ernest (2003). Swimming Fastest (3rd ed.). Human Kinetics, P.O. Box 5076, Champaign, Illinois, United States: Human Kinetics. p. 145. ISBN   9780736031806.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  5. ↑ "Dave Armbruster - ISHOF". International Swimming Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  6. ↑ Rhodes, Richard (1987). The Making of the Atomic Bomb (1st ed.). Simon and Schuster. p. 422. ISBN   978-0-671-44133-3.
  7. 1 2 3 Armbruster, David (1935). "The Dolphin Breast Stroke". The Journal of Health and Physical Education. 6 (4): 23–26, 58. doi:10.1080/23267240.1935.10620880 – via Taylor & Francis Online.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Barney, David E., and Robert K. Barney. "A long night's journey into day: the Odyssey of the butterfly stroke in international swimming." Proceedings: International Symposium for Olympic Research, Oct. 2006, pp. 65+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A176818711/AONE?u=googlescholar&sid=bookmark-AONE&xid=535b6e53. Accessed 12 Dec. 2023.
  9. ↑ Armbruster, David (1937). 1937 NCAA Swimming and Diving Guide. New York: American Publishing Company. pp. 52–57.
  10. 1 2 FINA (Federation Internationale de Natation Amateur) Bureau Bulletin, 4 (October 1938), p 13.
  11. ↑ Matt Mann II, Charles C. Fries (1940). Swimming. Internet Archive.
  12. ↑ "The Cavill Family". ISHOF. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  13. 1 2 "Erich Rademacher". ISHOF. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  14. ↑ Colwin, Cecil (20 February 2002). Breakthrough Swimming. Champaign, Illinois, USA: Human Kinetics. pp. 30–31. ISBN   978-0736037778.
  15. ↑ Francois Oppenheim, The History of Swimming, translated from the French by Swimming World Books (New York: Swimming World Books, 1970), p. 120.
  16. ↑ 1935 NCAA Swimming and Diving Guide (New York: American Sports Publishing Company, 1935), p. 12.
  17. ↑ Thierry, Nick (1997). "Swim News - April 1997 (No.227)". Swim News. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  18. 1 2 3 Henry Myers to Mr. [Robert] Kiputh, 13 October 1940; published in Robert J. H. Kiphuth, Swimming (New York: The Ronald Press Company, 1942), pp. 80-82
  19. ↑ "1936 US Olympic Team Trials" (PDF). USA Swimming. Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 December 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  20. ↑ "Olympedia – 200 metres Breaststroke, Men". www.olympedia.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  21. ↑ 1936 Olympic 200 breaststroke, 13 March 2012, retrieved 12 December 2023
  22. ↑ "Olympedia – 200 metres Breaststroke, Men". www.olympedia.org. Retrieved 12 December 2023.
  23. ↑ Max Ritter to Bert Sollfors, 6 March 1949, ISHOF, Fort Lauderdale, Florida, USA
  24. ↑ FINA Bureau Bulletin, No. 9, January 1949, pp. 21-22
  25. ↑ FINA Bureau Bulletin, April 1952.
  26. ↑ 1953-1956 FINA Rules Book, p. 29.
  27. ↑ "Olympedia – 200 metres Butterfly, Men". Olympedia. 13 December 2023. Archived from the original on 13 December 2023. Retrieved 13 December 2023.
  28. ↑ "Rhythm of Butterfly Stroke". Sarasota Journal. 10 August 1966.
  29. ↑ See, for example, USA Swimming rule 101.2.3 Archived 11 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine (2006 rules), FINA rule SW 8.1 Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine (2005–2009 rules)
  30. ↑ FINA rule SW 8.3 Archived 19 June 2006 at the Wayback Machine (2005–2009 rules)
  31. ↑ Showers, Virginia. "Butterfly's Emergence Challenged 1950s Swimmers". USMS Swimmer, page 50. March/April 2005.
  32. ↑ FINA rule MSW 3.10 Archived 3 September 2006 at the Wayback Machine (2005–2009 rules). A similar implementation was made in USMS rule 101.3.3 (2006 rules).
  33. ↑ MscMncVideo (28 January 2010). "Underwater Comparison Of Butterfly Strokes". Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2017– via YouTube.
  34. ↑ "YouTube". YouTube . 16 February 2008. Archived from the original on 21 December 2021. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.