United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics

United States at the 1960 Summer Olympics
Flag of the United States
IOC code	USA (SUA used at these Games)
NOC	United States Olympic Committee
in Rome
Competitors	292 (241 men and 51 women) in 17 sports
Flag bearer	Rafer Johnson
Medals Ranked 2nd	Gold 34 Silver 21 Bronze 16 Total 71
Summer Olympics appearances (overview)
1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000 2004 2008 2012 2016 2020 2024
Other related appearances
1906 Intercalated Games

The United States competed at the 1960 Summer Olympics in Rome, Italy. It was the first Summer Olympics in which the athletes marched under the present 50-star flag. 292 competitors, 241 men and 51 women, took part in 147 events in 17 sports. ^[1]

The 1960 Summer Olympics was the first Olympics in history that was being covered by a television provider. American network CBS became the first official broadcaster of the games, by purchasing the rights to cover the Rome Olympics. ^[2]

The 1960 Summer Olympics also brought one of the first appearances of one of the greatest heavyweight boxers ever, Muhammad Ali. Since Ali participated at these Olympic Games as an 18-year-old before his conversion to Islam, he fought under the name Cassius Clay. ^[2]

Medalists

Further information: 1960 Summer Olympics medal table and List of 1960 Summer Olympics medal winners

Medal Name Sport Event Date  Gold Gary Tobian Diving Men's 3 m springboard August 29  Gold Bill Mulliken Swimming Men's 200 m breaststroke August 30  Gold Carolyn Schuler Swimming Women's 100 m butterfly August 30  Gold Bill Nieder Athletics Men's shot put August 31  Gold Dick Blick Steve Clark [a] Bill Darnton [a] Jeff Farrell George Harrison Mike Troy Tom Winters [a] Swimming Men's 4 × 200 m freestyle relay September 1  Gold Bob Bennett [a] Steve Clark [a] Jeff Farrell Dave Gillanders [a] Paul Hait Lance Larson Frank McKinney Swimming Men's 4 × 100 m medley relay September 1  Gold Chris von Saltza Swimming Women's 400 m freestyle September 1  Gold Glenn Davis Athletics Men's 400 m hurdles September 2  Gold Ralph Boston Athletics Men's long jump September 2  Gold Wilma Rudolph Athletics Women's 100 m September 2  Gold Bob Webster Diving Men's 10 m platform September 2  Gold Mike Troy Swimming Men's 200 m butterfly September 2  Gold Lynn Burke Patty Kempner Carolyn Schuler Joan Spillane [a] Chris von Saltza Anne Warner [a] Carolyn Wood [a] Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m medley relay September 2  Gold Dan Ayrault Ted Nash John Sayre Rusty Wailes Rowing Coxless four September 3  Gold Lynn Burke Swimming Women's 100 m backstroke September 3  Gold Molly Botkin [a] Donna de Varona [a] Susan Doerr [a] Sylvia Ruuska [a] Joan Spillane Shirley Stobs Chris von Saltza Carolyn Wood Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay September 3  Gold Lee Calhoun Athletics Men's 110 m hurdles September 5  Gold Wilma Rudolph Athletics Women's 200 m September 5  Gold Wilbert McClure Boxing Light middleweight September 5  Gold Eddie Crook Jr. Boxing Middleweight September 5  Gold Cassius Clay Boxing Light heavyweight September 5  Gold Otis Davis Athletics Men's 400 m September 6  Gold Rafer Johnson Athletics Men's decathlon September 6  Gold Terrence McCann Wrestling Freestyle bantamweight September 6  Gold Shelby Wilson Wrestling Freestyle lightweight September 6  Gold Douglas Blubaugh Wrestling Freestyle welterweight September 6  Gold Don Bragg Athletics Men's pole vault September 7  Gold Al Oerter Athletics Men's discus throw September 7  Gold James Hunt George O'Day David Smith Sailing 5.5 Meter September 7  Gold Charles Vinci Weightlifting 56 kg September 7  Gold Glenn Davis Otis Davis Jack Yerman Earl Young Athletics Men's 4 × 400 m relay September 8  Gold Martha Hudson Barbara Jones Wilma Rudolph Lucinda Williams Athletics Women's 4 × 100 m relay September 8  Gold William McMillan Shooting Men's 25 m rapid fire pistol September 9  Gold United States men's national basketball team Jay Arnette Walt Bellamy Bob Boozer Terry Dischinger Burdette Haldorson Darrall Imhoff Allen Kelley Lester Lane Jerry Lucas Oscar Robertson Adrian Smith Jerry West Basketball Men's tournament September 10  Silver Paula Jean Myers-Pope Diving Women's 3 m springboard August 27  Silver Lance Larson Swimming Men's 100 m freestyle August 27  Silver Sam Hall Diving Men's 3 m springboard August 29  Silver Chris von Saltza Swimming Women's 100 m freestyle August 29  Silver Paula Jean Myers-Pope Diving Women's 10 m platform August 30  Silver Parry O'Brien Athletics Men's shot put August 31  Silver Frank McKinney Swimming Men's 100 m backstroke August 31  Silver Dave Sime Athletics Men's 100 m September 1  Silver Clifton Cushman Athletics Men's 400 m hurdles September 2  Silver Bo Roberson Athletics Men's long jump September 2  Silver Gary Tobian Diving Men's 10 platform September 2  Silver Lester Carney Athletics Men's 200 m September 3  Silver Willie May Athletics Men's 110 m hurdles September 5  Silver Ron Morris Athletics Men's pole vault September 7  Silver Rink Babka Athletics Men's discus throw September 7  Silver Issac Berger Weightlifting 60 kg September 7  Silver Tommy Kono Weightlifting 75 kg September 8  Silver Jim George Weightlifting 82.5 kg September 9  Silver James Enoch Hill Shooting Men's 50 m rifle, prone September 10  Silver James Bradford Weightlifting +90 kg September 10  Silver Frank Chapot George H. Morris William Steinkraus Equestrian Team jumping September 11  Bronze Albert Axelrod Fencing Men's foil August 30  Bronze Dallas Long Athletics Men's shot put August 31  Bronze Robert Beck Modern pentathlon Individual August 31  Bronze Robert Beck Jack Daniels George Lambert Modern pentathlon Team August 31  Bronze Bob Bennett Swimming Men's 100 m backstroke August 31  Bronze John Thomas Athletics Men's high jump September 1  Bronze Dick Howard Athletics Men's 400 m hurdles September 2  Bronze Earlene Brown Athletics Women's shot put September 2  Bronze Dave Gillanders Swimming Men's 200 m butterfly September 2  Bronze Richard Draeger Conn Findlay Kent Mitchell (c) Rowing Coxed pair September 3  Bronze George Breen Swimming Men's 1500 m freestyle September 3  Bronze Hayes Jones Athletics Men's 110 m hurdles September 5  Bronze Quincey Daniels Boxing Light welterweight September 5  Bronze Dick Cochran Athletics Men's discus throw September 7  Bronze Robert Halperin William Parks Sailing Star September 7  Bronze Norbert Schemansky Weightlifting +90 kg September 10

Medals by sport Sport Total Athletics 12 8 6 26 Swiming 9 3 3 15 Boxing 3 0 1 4 Wrestling 3 0 0 3 Diving 2 4 0 6 Weightlifting 1 4 1 6 Shooting 1 1 0 2 Rowing 1 0 1 2 Sailing 1 0 1 2 Basketball 1 0 0 1 Equestrian 0 1 0 1 Modern pentathlon 0 0 2 2 Fencing 0 0 1 1 Total 34 21 16 71 Medals by day Day Date Total 1 August 26 0 0 0 0 2 August 27 0 2 0 2 3 August 28 0 0 0 0 4 August 29 1 2 0 3 5 August 30 2 1 1 4 6 August 31 1 2 4 7 7 September 1 3 1 1 5 8 September 2 6 3 3 12 9 September 3 3 1 2 6 10 September 4 0 0 0 0 11 September 5 5 1 2 8 12 September 6 5 0 0 5 13 September 7 4 3 2 9 14 September 8 2 1 0 3 15 September 9 1 1 0 2 16 September 10 1 2 1 4 17 September 11 0 1 0 1 Total 34 21 16 71 Medals by gender Gender Total Male 26 18 15 59 Female 8 3 1 12 Total 34 21 16 71 Multiple medalists Name Sport Total Chris von Saltza Swimming 3 1 0 4 Wilma Rudolph Athletics 3 0 0 3 Lynn Burke Swimming 2 0 0 2 Steve Clark Swimming 2 0 0 2 Glenn Davis Athletics 2 0 0 2 Otis Davis Athletics 2 0 0 2 Jeff Farrell Swimming 2 0 0 2 Carolyn Schuler Swimming 2 0 0 2 Joan Spillane Swimming 2 0 0 2 Mike Troy Swimming 2 0 0 2 Carolyn Wood Swimming 2 0 0 2 Lance Larson Swimming 1 1 0 2 Frank McKinney Swimming 1 1 0 2 Gary Tobian Diving 1 1 0 2 Bob Bennett Swimming 1 0 1 2 Dave Gillanders Swimming 1 0 1 2 Paula Jean Myers-Pope Diving 0 2 0 2 Robert Beck Modern pentathlon 0 0 2 2

^a Athletes who participated in preliminary round(s) but not the final.

Athletics

Main article: Athletics at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Key

• Note–Ranks given for track events are within the athlete's heat only
• Q = Qualified for the next round
• q = Qualified for the next round as a fastest loser or, in field events, by position without achieving the qualifying target

Track & road events
Men

Athlete	Event	Heat		Quarterfinal		Semifinal		Final
		Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
Frank Budd	100 m	10.4	2 Q	10.4	1 Q	10.5	3 Q	10.3	5
Ray Norton		10.7	1 Q	10.6	3 Q	10.4	3 Q	10.4	6
Dave Sime		10.5	3 Q	10.3	2 Q	10.4	2 Q	10.2
Lester Carney	200 m	21.1	1 Q	20.9	1 Q	21.1	3 Q	20.6
Stone Johnson		21.7	1 Q	20.9	1 Q	20.8	3 Q	20.8	5
Ray Norton		21.2	1 Q	21.0	2 Q	20.7	2 Q	20.9	6
Otis Davis	400 m	46.8	1 Q	45.9	1 Q	45.5	1 Q	44.9 WR
Jack Yerman		47.2	1 Q	46.4	2 Q	48.9	6	Did not advance
Earl Young		47.6	2 Q	46.1	1 Q	46.1	3 Q	45.9	6
Ernie Cunliffe	800 m	1:48.95	3 Q	1:49.83	2 Q	1:50.92	6	Did not advance
Tom Murphy		1:52.30	1 Q	1:48.12	1 Q	1:48.29	6	Did not advance
Jerry Siebert		1:49.08	2 Q	1:51.53	3 Q	1:48.20	4	Did not advance
Dyrol Burleson	1500 m	—				3:42.40	3 Q	3:40.9	6
Pete Close						3:50.69	9	Did not advance
Jim Grelle						3:43.65	2 Q	3:45.0	8
Jim Beatty	5000 m	14:44.40	9	—				Did not advance
Bill Dellinger		14:08.72	4					Did not advance
Bob Soth		14:40.85	7					Did not advance
Max Truex	10,000 m	—						28:50.34	6
Lee Calhoun	110 m hurdles	14.3	1 Q	14.1	1 Q	13.7	1 Q	13.8
Hayes Jones		14.2	1 Q	14.1	1 Q	14.1	2 Q	14.0
Willie May		14.0	1 Q	13.8	1 Q	13.7	1 Q	13.8
Cliff Cushman	400 m hurdles	—		51.8	1 Q	50.8	1 Q	49.6
Glenn Davis				52.2	2 Q	51.1	1 Q	49.3 OR
Dick Howard				51.2	2 Q	50.8	2 Q	49.7
Phil Coleman	3000 m steeplechase	8:56.72	5	—				Did not advance
Deacon Jones		8:49.32	2 Q					9:18.22	7
George Young		8:50.93	4					Did not advance
Frank Budd Stone Johnson Ray Norton Dave Sime	4 × 100 m relay	39.87	1 Q	—		39.67	1 Q	DSQ
Glenn Davis Otis Davis Jack Yerman Earl Young	4 × 400 m relay	3:10.58	1 Q	—		3:08.57	1 Q	3:02.37 WR
Alex Breckenridge	Marathon	—						2:29:38.0	30
John J. Kelly								2:24:58.0	19
Gordon McKenzie								2:35:16.0	48
Rudy Haluza	20 km walk	—						1:45:11.0	24
Bob Mimm								1:45:09.0	23
Ron Zinn								1:42:47.0	19
John Allen	50 km walk	—						5:03:15.12	24
Ron Laird								4:53:21.6	19
Bruce MacDonald								5:00:47.6	23

Women

Athlete	Event	Heat		Quarterfinal		Semifinal		Final
		Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
Martha Hudson	100 m	12.33	4 Q	12.30	3	Did not advance
Barbara Jones		11.91	2 Q	12.02	2 Q	11.84	4	Did not advance
Wilma Rudolph		11.65	1 Q	11.70	1 Q	11.41 OR	1 Q	11.18
Ernestine Pollards	200 m	24.64	4	—		Did not advance
Wilma Rudolph		23.30 OR	1 Q			23.79	1 Q	24.13
Lucinda Williams		24.10	2 Q			25.14	5	Did not advance
Pat Daniels	800 m	DSQ		—				Did not advance
Shirley Crowder	80 m hurdles	12.43	4	—		Did not advance
Irene Robertson		11.69	5			Did not advance
Jo Ann Terry		11.59	4			Did not advance
Martha Hudson Barbara Jones Wilma Rudolph Lucinda Williams	4 × 100 m relay	44.50 WR	1 Q	—				44.72

Field events
Men

Athlete	Event	Qualification		Final
		Result	Rank	Result	Rank
Ralph Boston	Long jump	7.60	6 Q	8.12 OR
Bo Roberson		7.81	1 Q	8.11
Anthony Watson		7.32	20	Did not advance
Ira Davis	Triple jump	15.64	12 Q	16.41	4
Bill Sharpe		15.44	17	Did not advance
Herman Stokes		14.74	28	Did not advance
Charlie Dumas	High jump	2.00	=15 Q	2.03	6
Joe Faust		2.00	=15 Q	1.95	17
John Thomas		2.00	1 Q	2.14
Don Bragg	Pole vault	4.40	3 Q	4.70 OR
Dave Clark		4.20	=18	Did not advance
Ron Morris		4.30	11 q	4.60
Dallas Long	Shot put	17.65	1 Q	19.01
Bill Nieder		17.14	7 Q	19.68 OR
Parry O'Brien		17.29	4 Q	19.11
Rink Babka	Discus throw	54.48	4 Q	58.02
Dick Cochran		53.79	7 Q	57.16
Al Oerter		58.43 OR	1 Q	59.18 OR
William Alley	Javelin throw	68.66	23	Did not advance
Terence Beucher		68.11	25	Did not advance
Al Cantello		79.72	2 Q	74.70	10
Ed Bagdonas	Hammer throw	59.48	19	Did not advance
Hal Connolly		63.02	5 Q	63.59	8
Albert Hall		60.76	12 Q	59.76	14

Women

Athlete	Event	Qualification		Final
		Result	Rank	Result	Rank
Annie Smith	Long jump	NM		Did not advance
Willye White		6.07	6 Q	5.77	16
Barbara Brown	High jump	1.50	=21	Did not advance
Jean Gaertner		1.50	=21	Did not advance
Neomia Rogers		1.65	=7 Q	1.65	14
Earlene Brown	Shot put	16.15	1 Q	16.42
Earlene Brown	Discus throw	51.17	4 Q	51.29	6
Olga Connolly		48.32	10 Q	50.95	7
Pam Kurrell		43.23	19	Did not advance
Karen Anderson	Javelin throw	50.62	4 Q	46.52	13

Combined event – Men's decathlon

Athlete	Event	100 m	LJ	SP	HJ	400 m	110H	DT	PV	JT	1500 m	Points	Rank
Dave Edstrom	Result	11.4	6.39	13.59	NM	WD						DNF
	Points	768	610	729	0
Rafer Johnson	Result	10.9	7.35	15.82	1.85	48.3	15.3	48.49	4.10	69.76	4:49.7	8392 OR
	Points	948	906	976	832	985	740	894	795	980	336
Phil Mulkey	Result	11.5	6.57	14.10	1.83	52.2	18.1	34.12	WD			DNF
	Points	737	746	780	806	690	283	473

Basketball

Main articles: Basketball at the 1960 Summer Olympics and 1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team

Summary

Team	Event	Preliminary round				Semifinal round				Medal round
		Opponent Result	Opponent Result	Opponent Result	Rank	Opponent Result	Opponent Result	Opponent Result	Rank	Opponent Result	Opponent Result	Rank
United States men	Men's tournament	Italy W 88–54	Japan W 125–66	Hungary W 107–63	1 Q	Yugoslavia W 104–42	Uruguay W 108–50	Soviet Union W 81–57	1 Q	Italy W 112–81	Brazil W 90–63

Roster

United States men's national basketball team – 1960 Summer Olympics roster
Players	Coaches
Pos. No. Name Age – Date of birth Height Club Ctr. G 13 Jay Arnette 21 – (1938-12-19)December 19, 1938 1.88 m (6 ft 2 in) Texas C 4 Walt Bellamy 21 – (1939-07-24)July 24, 1939 2.11 m (6 ft 11 in) Indiana F 5 Bob Boozer 23 – (1937-04-26)April 26, 1937 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) Peoria Caterpillars F 6 Terry Dischinger 19 – (1940-11-21)November 21, 1940 2.01 m (6 ft 7 in) Purdue F 7 Burdette Haldorson 26 – (1934-01-12)January 12, 1934 2.06 m (6 ft 9 in) Phillips 66ers C 8 Darrall Imhoff 21 – (1938-10-11)October 11, 1938 2.08 m (6 ft 10 in) California G 9 Allen Kelley 27 – (1932-12-24)December 24, 1932 1.80 m (5 ft 11 in) Peoria Caterpillars G 10 Lester Lane 28 – (1932-03-06)March 6, 1932 1.78 m (5 ft 10 in) Wichita Vickers F 11 Jerry Lucas 20 – (1940-03-30)March 30, 1940 2.03 m (6 ft 8 in) Ohio State F 14 Oscar Robertson 21 – (1938-11-24)November 24, 1938 1.96 m (6 ft 5 in) Cincinnati G 12 Adrian Smith 23 – (1936-10-05)October 5, 1936 1.85 m (6 ft 1 in) U.S. Armed Forces G 3 Jerry West 22 – (1938-05-28)May 28, 1938 1.91 m (6 ft 3 in) West Virginia	Head coach Pete Newell Legend Club – describes last club before the tournament Age – describes age on August 26, 1960 Source: [3]

Preliminary round

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	L	PF	PA	PD	Pts	Qualification
1	United States	3	3	0	320	183	+137	6	Semifinals
2	Italy (H)	3	2	1	226	247	−21	5
3	Hungary	3	1	2	223	245	−22	4	9th–16th classification round
4	Japan	3	0	3	224	318	−94	3

Source: FIBA archive
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored.
(H) Hosts

August 26 21:30

United States	88–54	Italy
Scoring by half: 42–17, 46–37
Pts: Smith (18)		Pts: Lombardi (17)

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome Referees: R. Weber B. Takev

---

August 27 16:00

United States	125–66	Japan
Scoring by half: 65–36, 60–30
Pts: Lucas (28)		Pts: Shoji (13)

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome Referees: R. Righetto B. Harvey

---

August 29 9:00

United States	107–63	Hungary
Scoring by half: 48–34, 59–29
Pts: Robertson (22)		Pts: Bánhegyi, Temesvári (22)

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome Referees: R. Weber Azuar

Semifinal round

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	L	PF	PA	PD	Pts	Qualification
1	United States	3	3	0	293	149	+144	6	Medal round
2	Soviet Union	3	2	1	234	195	+39	5
3	Yugoslavia	3	1	2	197	275	−78	4	5th–8th classification round
4	Uruguay	3	0	3	186	291	−105	3

Source: FIBA archive
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored.

September 1 17:30

Yugoslavia	42–104	United States
Scoring by half: 16–63, 26–41
Pts: Korac (16)		Pts: Robertson (16)

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome Referees: E. Alvarez Frausto T. Hata

---

September 2 21:30

Uruguay	50–108	United States
Scoring by half: 19–65, 31–43
Pts: Chelle (12)		Pts: Smith (15)

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome Referees: E. Alvarez Frausto C. Sien

---

September 3 23:00

United States	81–57	Soviet Union
Scoring by half: 35–28, 46–29
Pts: West (19)		Pts: Zubkov (13)

Palazzetto dello sport, Rome Referees: R. Weber B. Takev

Medal round
The United States' win over the Soviet Union and Brazil's victory over Italy carried over.

Pos	Team v t e	Pld	W	L	PF	PA	PD	Pts
1	United States	3	3	0	283	201	+82	6
2	Soviet Union	3	2	1	199	213	−14	5
3	Brazil	3	1	2	203	229	−26	4
4	Italy (H)	3	0	3	226	268	−42	3

Source: FIBA archive
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) head-to-head points; 3) head-to-head goal average; 4) head-to-head number of points scored.
(H) Hosts

September 8 21:00

Brazil	62–64	Soviet Union
Scoring by half: 32–28, 30–36
Pts: Marques (25)		Pts: Voljnov (19)

Palazzo dello Sport, Rome Referees: R. Weber Bilek

---

September 10 22:30

Brazil	63–90	United States
Scoring by half: 24–50, 39–40
Pts: Marques (19)		Pts: Lucas (23)

Palazzo dello Sport, Rome Referees: E. Alvarez Frausto E. Kassai

Boxing

Main article: Boxing at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Athlete	Event	Round of 64	Round of 32	Round of 16	Quarterfinal	Semifinal	Final
		Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Rank
Humberto Barrera	Flyweight	Bye	Andersen  (DEN) W 4–0	Nyunt  (BIR) W 3–2	El-Gindy  (RAU) L 1–4	Did not advance		=5
Jerry Armstrong	Bantamweight	Petkov  (BUL) W 5–0	Gang  (KOR) W 4–1	Kenny  (IRL) W 3–2	Zamparini  (ITA) L 1–4	Did not advance		=5
Nick Spanakos	Featherweight	—	Nikonorov  (URS) L 0–5	Did not advance				=31
Harry Campbell	Lightweight	Bye	Romero  (VEN) W 4–1	Lee  (KOR) WKO	Lopopolo  (ITA) L 1–4	Did not advance		=5
Quincey Daniels	Light welterweight	Bye	Mitsev  (BUL) W 5–0	Kelsey  (GBR) W 4–1	El-Nahas  (UAR) W 5–0	Němeček  (TCH) L 0–5	Did not advance
Phil Baldwin	Welterweight	Bye	Grün  (LUX) W KO	Meier  (SUI) W 5–0	Lloyd  (GBR) L 2–3	Did not advance		=5
Wilbert McClure	Light middleweight	—	Bye	Nyangweso  (UGA) W 5–0	Lima  (ARG) W 3–2	Lagutin  (URS) W 3–2	Bossi  (ITA) W 4–1
Eddie Crook Jr.	Middleweight	—	Odreman  (VEN) W KO	Odhiambo  (UGA) W 5–0	Chang  (ROC) W KO	Monea  (ROU) W KO	Walasek  (POL) W 3–2
Cassius Clay	Light heavyweight	—	Bye	Becaus  (BEL) WRSC	Shatkov  (URS) W 5–0	Madigan  (AUS) W 5–0	Pietrzykowski  (POL) W 5–0
Percy Price Jr.	Heavyweight	—	Bye	Taylor  (AUS) W KO	Němec  (TCH) L 1–4	Did not advance		=5

Canoeing

Main article: Canoeing at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Athlete	Event	Heat		Repechage		Semifinal		Final
		Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
Frank Havens	Men's C-1 1000 m	5:19.40	7 R	5:13.34	4	Did not advance
Arnold Demos Richard Moran	Men's C-2 1000 m	4:59.15	5 R	DSQ		—		Did not advance
Paul Beachem	Men's K-1 1000 m	4:18.64	7 R	4:18.17	3 SF	4:15.10	5	Did not advance
Kenneth Wilson John Wolters	Men's K-2 1000 m	3:49.96	6 R	3:52.15	2 SF	4:01.06	6	Did not advance
Russell Dermond Charles Lundmark Robert O'Brien John Pagkos	Men's K-1 4 × 500 m	8:29.21	4 R	8:18.51	3	Did not advance
Glorianne Perrier	Women's K-1 500 m	2:23.00	7 R	2:21.20	4	Did not advance
Mary Ann DuChai Diane Jerome	Women's K-2 500 m	2:15.51	5 R	2:21.13	5	—		Did not advance

Qualification Legend: FA - Qualify to final; SF - Qualify to semifinal; R - Qualify to repechage

Cycling

Main article: Cycling at the 1960 Summer Olympics

14 cyclists represented the United States in 1960.

Road

Athlete	Event	Time	Rank
Wes Chowen	Road race	4:31:12	66
Michael Hiltner		4:20:57	24
Bob Tetzlaff		4:35:56	75
Lars Zebroski		4:28:40	64
Wes Chowen Bill Freund Michael Hiltner Bob Tetzlaff	Team time trial	2:24:00.97	11

Track

Sprint / Tandem

Athlete	Event	Heat	Repechage 1	Repechage 2	Round of 16	Repechage 3	Repechage 4	Quarterfinal	Semifinal	Final / BM
		Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Rank
Herbert Francis	Sprint	Gruchet  (FRA),   Ashiq  (PAK) L	Baloch  (PAK) W 12.1	van der Touw  (NED),   Rimple  (BWI) L	Did not advance						=19
Jackie Simes		Rieke  (EUA),   Nyman  (FIN) L	de Graaf  (NED) L	Did not advance							=22
Jack Hartman David Sharp	Tandem	Hirzel / Vogel  (SUI) W 11.3	Bye		—			Beghetto / Bianchetto  (ITA) L, L	Did not advance		=5

Pursuit

Athlete	Event	Elimination round		Quarterfinal	Semifinal	Final / BM
		Time	Rank	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Rank
Richard Cortright Charles Hewett Robert Pfarr James Rossi	Team pursuit	4:49.92	16	Did not advance			16

Time trial

Athlete	Event	Time	Rank
Allen Bell	1000 m time trial	1:11.33	13

Diving

Main article: Diving at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Athlete	Event	Preliminary		Semifinal			Final
		Score	Rank	Score	Total	Rank	Score	Total	Rank
Sam Hall	Men's 3 m springboard	62.16	1 Q	45.33	107.49	1 Q	59.59	167.08
Gary Tobian		62.03	2 Q	45.30	107.33	2 Q	62.64	170.00
Gary Tobian	Men's 10 m platform	54.10	4 Q	51.98	106.08	1 Q	59.17	165.25
Bob Webster		52.21	9 Q	47.51	99.72	3 Q	65.84	165.56
Paula Jean Myers-Pope	Women's 3 m springboard	52.67	2 Q	37.35	90.02	4 Q	51.22	141.24
Patsy Willard		50.64	8 Q	38.14	88.78	7 Q	49.04	137.82	4
Paula Jean Myers-Pope	Women's 10 m platform	54.70	2 Q	—			35.24	89.94
Juno Stover-Irwin		51.90	6 Q				31.69	83.59	4

Equestrian

Main article: Equestrian at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Dressage

Athlete	Horse	Event	Round 1		Round 2		Total
			Score	Rank	Score	Rank	Score	Rank
Patricia Galvin	Rathpatrick	Individual	995	6	Did not advance
Jessica Newberry-Ransehousen	Forstrat		927	12	Did not advance

Eventing

Athlete	Horse	Event	Dressage		Cross-country			Jumping
			Penalties	Rank	Penalties	Total	Rank	Penalties	Total	Rank
David Lurie	Sea Tiger	Individual	-142.00	52	Did not advance
Michael Page	Grasshopper		-137.50	45 Q	-24.80	-162.30	22 Q	-10	-172.30	17
J. Michael Plumb	Markham		-120.51	26 Q	-29.20	-149.71	17 Q	-3.25	-152.96	15
Walter Staley	Fleet Captain		-146.01	56	Did not advance
David Lurie Michael Page J. Michael Plumb Walter Staley	See above	Team	-400.01	14	Did not advance

Jumping

Athlete	Horse	Event	Round 1				Round 2				Total
			Penalties	Time	Total	Rank	Penalties	Time	Total	Rank	Penalties	Rank
George H. Morris	Sinjon	Individual	12	0	12	=5	12	0	12	=3	24	4
William Steinkraus	Riviera Wonder		21	3	24	=27	11	2.5	13.5	10	37.50	15
Hugh Wiley	Master William		12	0	12	=5	16	0	16	=12	28	7
Frank Chapot George H. Morris William Steinkraus	Trail Guide Sinjon Ksar d'Esprit	Team	—		29	2	—		37	2	66

Fencing

Main article: Fencing at the 1960 Summer Olympics

19 fencers represented the United States in 1960.

Individual
Men

Athlete	Event	Round 1		Barrage 1		Round 2		Barrage 2		Quarterfinal		Barrage 3		Semifinal		Barrage 4		Final		Medal barrage
		W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank
Albert Axelrod	Foil	3–2	3 Q	—		3–1	3 Q	—		4–1	1 Q	Bye		3–2	1 Q	Bye		3–3	=3 B	2–0
Eugene Glazer		4–2	3 Q			2–3	4 B	2–1	2 Q	1–4	5	Did not advance									=17
Joseph Paletta Jr.		3–2	3 Q			1–3	5	Did not advance													=25
James Margolis	Épée	4–2	4 B	0–1	2	Did not advance															=37
David Micahnik		4–2	3 Q	—		1–4	6	—		Did not advance											=31
Ralph Spinella		2–3	4 B	1–4	2	Did not advance															=37
Michael D'Asaro Sr.	Sabre	4–1	2 Q	—		4–1	3 Q	—		1–3	5	—		Did not advance							=17
Allan Kwartler		4–1	1 Q	Bye		3–2	3 Q	Bye		0–4	6			Did not advance							=21
Alfonso Morales		3–2	3 B	1–0	1 Q	2–2	4 Q	—		0–5	6			Did not advance							=21

Women

Athlete	Event	Round 1		Barrage 1		Quarterfinal		Barrage 2		Semifinal		Final		Medal barrage
		W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank	W–L	Rank
Harriet King	Foil	2–4	6	—		Did not advance									=46
Evelyn Terhune		3–2	=2 B	0–2	3	Did not advance									=28
Janice York-Romary		3–2	=3 B	0–1	2	Did not advance									=28

Team

Athlete	Event	Round 1		Round of 16	Quarterfinal	Semifinal	Final / BM
		W–L	Rank	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Opposition Result	Rank
Albert Axelrod Daniel Bukantz Eugene Glazer Hal Goldsmith Joseph Paletta Jr.	Men's foil	2–0	1 Q	Luxembourg W 9–5	Italy L 0–9	Did not advance		=5
Henry Kolowrat Jr. James Margolis David Micahnik Ralph Spinella Roland Wommack	Men's épée	1–1	2 Q	Great Britain L 5–9	Did not advance			=9
Michael D'Asaro Sr. Allan Kwartler Alfonso Morales George Worth	Men's sabre	2–0	1 Q	Austria W 9–5	Soviet Union W 8–8	Poland L 3–9	Bronze medal final   Italy L 6–9	4
Judy Goodrich Harriet King Maxine Mitchell Evelyn Terhune Janice York-Romary	Women's foil	0.5–1.5	3	—	Did not advance			=9

Gymnastics

Main article: Gymnastics at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Men
All-around

Athlete	Event	Apparatus																								Total
		Floor exercise				Rings				Pommel horse				Vault				Parallel bars				Horizontal bar
		C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	Score	Rank
Larry Banner	Individual	9.10	9.20	18.30	39	9.50	9.30	18.80	21	9.50	9.50	19.00	8	9.05	9.30	18.35	28	9.10	9.00	18.10	60	9.10	9.40	18.50	38	111.05	21
Jack Beckner		9.20	9.15	18.35	35	9.10	9.15	18.25	55	9.40	9.30	18.70	18	8.90	9.20	18.10	46	9.45	9.25	18.70	26	9.25	9.50	18.75	22	110.85	25
Abie Grossfeld		8.85	9.45	18.30	39	9.35	9.40	18.75	25	8.95	8.80	17.75	76	8.90	8.95	17.85	63	9.25	9.20	18.45	37	9.30	9.65	18.95	15	110.05	36
Gar O'Quinn		9.15	9.15	18.30	39	9.40	8.20	17.60	88	9.30	9.45	18.75	15	8.75	9.15	17.90	61	9.15	9.15	18.30	50	8.95	9.20	18.15	61	109.00	53
Fred Orlofsky		8.90	9.00	17.90	75	9.45	9.15	18.60	36	9.10	9.40	18.50	33	9.20	9.35	18.55	17	9.30	9.15	18.45	37	9.15	8.30	17.45	91	109.45	44
Don Tonry		9.10	9.40	18.50	26	9.20	9.00	18.20	59	9.25	9.35	18.60	26	9.20	9.25	18.45	20	9.30	9.15	18.45	37	9.05	9.50	18.55	33	110.75	27
See above	Team	45.45	46.35	—		46.90	46.00	—		46.55	47.00	—		45.25	46.25	—		46.45	45.90	—		45.85	47.25	—		555.20	5

Women
All-around

Athlete	Event	Apparatus																Total
		Floor exercise				Balance beam				Uneven bars				Vault
		C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	C	V	Total	Rank	Score	Rank
Doris Fuchs	Individual	8.866	9.200	18.066	68	9.066	8.400	17.466	55	9.400	9.600	19.000	8	9.066	8.900	17.966	39	72.498	39
Muriel Grossfeld		9.466	9.400	18.866	19	8.900	8.200	17.100	66	9.233	7.733	16.966	91	8.400	8.800	17.200	69	70.132	70
Betty-Jean Maycock		8.833	9.366	18.199	61	8.600	9.166	17.766	49	9.066	9.066	18.132	50	8.633	9.200	17.833	51	71.930	51
Teri Montefusco		8.866	9.400	18.266	54	8.533	9.166	17.699	50	8.566	9.266	17.832	65	8.633	8.933	17.566	55	71.363	58
Sharon Richardson		9.033	9.300	18.333	51	8.366	9.233	17.599	53	8.600	9.066	17.666	71	9.200	9.333	18.533	9	72.131	44
Gail Sontgerath		9.333	9.333	18.666	28	9.000	9.333	18.333	21	9.066	8.900	17.966	58	9.166	8.966	18.132	26	73.097	28
See above	Team	45.564	46.799	—		44.099	45.298	—		45.898	45.898	—		44.698	45.332	—		363.053	9

Modern pentathlon

Main article: Modern pentathlon at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Three pentathletes represented the United States in 1960. They won a bronze medal in the team event and Bob Beck won an individual bronze.

Athlete	Event	Riding Cross-country steeplechase			Fencing Épée one touch			Shooting 10 m air pistol			Swimming 300 m freestyle			Running 4000 m cross-country			Total
		Time	Rank	MP points	V–D	Rank	MP points	Score	Rank	MP points	Time	Rank	MP points	Time	Rank	MP points	Points	Rank
Robert Beck	Individual			1039			977			940			1010			1015	4981
Jack Daniels				1024			793			900			1015			985	4717	8
George Lambert				1165			678			740			975			982	4540	18
Robert Beck Jack Daniels George Lambert	Team	—		3228	—		2402	—		2580	—		3000	—		2982	14192

Rowing

Main article: Rowing at the 1960 Summer Olympics

The United States had 26 rowers participate in all seven rowing events in 1960. ^[4]

Athlete	Event	Heat		Repechage		Semifinal		Final
		Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
Harry Parker	Single sculls	7:26.88	3 R	7:29.86	1 FA	—		7:29.26	5
Ted Frost Bob Rogers	Coxless pair	7:07.75	2 R	7:14.16	1 SF	7:31.11	3 FA	7:17.08	5
Richard Draeger Conn Findlay Kent Mitchell (c)	Coxed pair	7:39.50	2 R	7:39.00	1 FA	—		7:34.58
Jack Kelly Jr. Bill Knecht	Double sculls	6:51.92	4 R	6:55.25	4	—		Did not advance
Dan Ayrault Ted Nash John Sayre Rusty Wailes	Coxless four	6:29.67	2 R	6:24.84	1 FA	—		6:26.26
Chuck Alm Roy Rubin Kurt Seiffert (c) Monte Stocker Mike Yonker	Coxed four	6:49.62	2 R	6:49.78	1 SF	7:06.25	4	Did not advance
Joe Baldwin Peter Bos William Long (c) Mark Moore Lyman S. Perry Skip Sweetser Gayle Thompson Robert Wilson Howard Winfree	Eight	6:07.69	2 R	6:31.77	1 FA	—		6:08.06	5

Qualification legend: FA - Qualify to final; SF - Qualify to semifinal; R - Qualify to repechage

Sailing

Main article: Sailing at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Athlete	Event	Race 1		Race 2		Race 3		Race 4		Race 5		Race 6		Race 7		Total
		Rank	Points	Rank	Points	Rank	Points	Rank	Points	Rank	Points	Rank	Points	Rank	Points	Points	Rank
Peter Jones Barrett	Finn	DNF	101	17	415	7	800	11	604	6	867	20	344	5	946	3976	11
Harry Sindle Robert Wood	Flying Dutchman	DNF	101	6	814	15	416	10	592	27	161	17	362	18	337	2682	19
William Parks Robert Halperin	Star	9	562	7	671	4	914	3	1039	2	1215	4	914	1	1516	6269
Claude Kohler Allen McClure Gene Walet III	Dragon	7	687	6	754	14	386	10	532	17	302	4	930	12	453	3742	10
James Hunt George O'Day David Smith	5.5 Meter	2	1079	4	778	1	1380	3	903	1	1380	7	535	1	1380	6900

Shooting

Main article: Shooting at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Nine shooters represented the United States in 1960. Bill McMillan won gold in the 25 m pistol and Jim Hill won silver in the 50 m rifle, prone.

Athlete	Event	Qualification		Final		Shoot-off
		Score	Rank	Score	Rank	Score	Rank
William McMillan	25 m rapid fire pistol	—		587	=1	147
Laurence Mosely				577	16	Did not advance
John Hurst	50 m pistol	350	10 Q	538	17	—
Nelson Lincoln		360	4 Q	543	9
James Enoch Hill	50 m rifle, prone	390	4 Q	589		—
Daniel Puckel		387	10 Q	585	7
James Enoch Hill	50 m rifle, three position	561	4 Q	1115	24	—
Daniel Puckel		560	5 Q	1136	7
John Foster	300 m rifle, three position	1121	4 Q	1121	7	—
Daniel Puckel		566	3 Q	1114	10
James Clark	Trap	90	=14 Q	188	4	—
Arnold Riegger		87	=28 Q	168	30

Swimming

Main article: Swimming at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Men

Athlete	Event	Heat		Semifinal		Final
		Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
Bruce Hunter	100 m freestyle	56.6	8 Q	55.7	2 Q	55.6	4
Lance Larson		55.7	1 Q	55.5	1 Q	55.2 OR
Gene Lenz	400 m freestyle	4:29.2	8 Q	—		4:26.8	7
Alan Somers		4:19.2	1 Q			4:22.0	5
George Breen	1500 m freestyle	17:55.9	7 Q	—		17:30.6
Alan Somers		17:54.1	5 Q			18:02.8	7
Bob Bennett	100 m backstroke	1:02.0	1 Q	1:03.7	3 Q	1:02.3
Frank McKinney		1:02.4	2 Q	1:03.8	=4 Q	1:02.1
Paul Hait	200 m breaststroke	2:40.8	5 Q	2:39.6	6 Q	2:41.4	8
Bill Mulliken		2:38.0	1 Q	2:37.2	1 Q	2:37.4
Dave Gillanders	200 m butterfly	2:16.2	2 Q	2:18.7	2 Q	2:15.3
Mike Troy		2:15.5	1 Q	2:18.0	1 Q	2:12.8 WR
Dick Blick Steve Clark [b] Bill Darnton [b] Jeff Farrell George Harrison Mike Troy Tom Winters [b]	4 × 200 m freestyle relay	8:18.0	2 Q	—		8:10.2 WR
Bob Bennett [b] Steve Clark [b] Jeff Farrell Dave Gillanders [b] Paul Hait Lance Larson Frank McKinney	4 × 100 m medley relay	4:08.2 WR	1 Q	—		4:05.4 WR

Women

Athlete	Event	Heat		Semifinal		Final
		Time	Rank	Time	Rank	Time	Rank
Chris von Saltza	100 m freestyle	1:01.9	1 Q	1:02.5	2 Q	1:02.8
Carolyn Wood		1:04.3	6 Q	1:04.2	7 Q	1:03.4	4
Carolyn House	400 m freestyle	5:00.7	10	—		Did not advance
Chris von Saltza		4:53.6	1 Q			4:50.6 OR
Lynn Burke	100 m backstroke	1:09.4	1 Q	—		1:09.3 OR
Nina Harmer		1:13.8	=11			Did not advance
Patty Kempner	200 m breaststroke	2:55.5	6 Q	—		2:55.5	7
Anne Warner		2:56.3	8 Q			2:55.4	6
Carolyn Schuler	100 m butterfly	1:09.8	1 Q	—		1:09.5 OR
Carolyn Wood		1:11.1	4 Q			DNF
Molly Botkin [b] Donna de Varona [b] Susan Doerr [b] Sylvia Ruuska [b] Joan Spillane Shirley Stobs Chris von Saltza Carolyn Wood	4 × 100 m freestyle relay	4:18.9	2 Q	—		4:08.9 WR
Lynn Burke Patty Kempner Carolyn Schuler Joan Spillane [b] Chris von Saltza Anne Warner [b] Carolyn Wood [b]	4 × 100 m medley relay	4:49.3	3 Q	—		4:41.1 WR

^b Swimmers who participated in the heats only.

Water polo

Main article: Water polo at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Weightlifting

Main article: Weightlifting at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Athlete	Event	Weight	Rank
Charles Vinci	56 kg	345.0
Issac Berger	60 kg	362.5
Tommy Kono	75 kg	427.5
Jim George	82.5 kg	430.0
John Pulskamp	90 kg	432.5	4
James Bradford	+90 kg	512.5
Norbert Schemansky		500.0

Wrestling

Main article: Wrestling at the 1960 Summer Olympics

Key:

• TF – Victory by fall.
• WO - Win by Walkover
• PP - Win by technical points

Athlete	Event	Elimination stage								Final stage
		Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	TPP	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	Opposition Result (Penalty points)	FPP	Rank
Gray Simons	Freestyle flyweight	Frännfors  (SWE) W TF (0)	Bilek  (TUR) L TF (4)	Rosado  (MEX) W TF (0)	Aliev  (URS) W PP (1)	Matsubara  (JPN) L PP (3)	EL		8	—			5
Terrence McCann	Freestyle bantamweight	Vesterby  (SWE) W PP (1)	Hänni  (SUI) W TF (0)	Campbell  (PAN) W PP (1)	Jaskari  (FIN) L PP (3)	Shakov  (URS) W TF (0)	—		5	Trojanowski  (POL) W PP (1)	Zalev  (BUL) W PP (1)	2
Louis Giani	Freestyle featherweight	Gelsomini  (ITA) W TF (0)	Khadem  (IRI) L TF (4)	Sayed  (IRQ) W PP (1)	EL			—	5	—			9
Shelby Wilson	Freestyle lightweight	Gian  (IND) W PP (1)	Peltoniemi  (FIN) W PP (1)	Abe  (JPN) W PP (1)	Sinyavsky  (URS) W PP (1)	Bye	Tajik  (IRI) W PP (1)	—	5	—
Douglas Blubaugh	Freestyle welterweight	Boese  (CAN) W TF (0)	Bruggmann  (SUI) W TF (0)	Rolón  (ARG) W WO (0)	Carlsson  (SWE) W TF (0)	Habibi  (IRI) W TF (0)	—		0	Ogan  (TUR) W PP (1)	Bashir  (PAK) W TF (0)	1
Ed DeWitt	Freestyle middleweight	Caraffini  (ITA) W PP (1)	Mottier  (SUI) W TF (0)	Skhirtladze  (URS) W PP (1)	Utz  (EUA) W PP (1)	Güngör  (TUR) L TF (4)	—		7	—			4
Daniel Brand	Freestyle light heavyweight	Jacquel  (FRA) W TF (0)	Kawano  (JPN) L TF (4)	van Zyl  (SAF) W TF (0)	Bye	Albul  (URS) L PP (3)	EL	—	7	—			5
William Kerslake	Freestyle heavyweight	Reznák  (HUN) L PP (3)	Richmond  (GBR) W TF (0)	Ahmedov  (BUL) T (2)	Kaplan  (TUR) L PP (3)	EL		—	8	—			8
Dick Wilson	Greco-Roman flyweight	Pârvulescu  (ROU) L PP (3)	Kochergin  (URS) T (2)	Burkhard  (SUI) W TF (0)	Hirata  (JPN) L TF (4)	EL	—		9	—			9
Larry Lauchle	Greco-Roman bantamweight	Ichiguchi  (JPN) L TF (4)	Yılmaz  (TUR) L TF (4)	EL				—	8	—			=25
Lee Allen	Greco-Roman featherweight	Gregório  (POR) W TF (0)	Mahassine  (MAR) W PP (1)	Ebrahimian  (IRI) L PP (3)	Tóth  (TCH) L PP (3)	EL			7	—			8
Ben Northrup	Greco-Roman lightweight	Lehtonen  (FIN) L PP (3)	Koridze  (URS) L PP (3)	EL				—	6	—			=17
Fritz Fivian	Greco-Roman welterweight	Maritschnigg  (EUA) L PP (3)	Petkov  (BUL) L PP (3)	EL				—	6	EL			=20
Russell Camilleri	Greco-Roman middleweight	Berthoud  (SUI) W PP (1)	Längle  (AUT) W TF (0)	Romanos  (LIB) T (2)	Metz  (EUA) L TF (4)	EL		—	6	—	EL		7
Howard George	Greco-Roman light heavyweight	Kartozia  (URS) L PP (3)	Albrecht  (EUA) L PP (3)	EL				—	6	—			=12
Dale Lewis	Greco-Roman heavyweight	Kozma  (HUN) L PP (3)	Bulgarelli  (ITA) L TF (4)	EL		—			7	—			11

See also

• United States at the 1959 Pan American Games
• United States at the 1960 Summer Paralympics

References

1. "United States at the 1960 Rome Summer Games". sports-reference.com. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved November 7, 2010.
2. "1960 Olympics". infoplease.com.
3. " "1960 USA Men's Olympic Games Roster". USA Basketball . Archived from the original on January 3, 2010.
4. Evans, Hilary; Gjerde, Arild; Heijmans, Jeroen; Mallon, Bill; et al. "United States Rowing at the 1960 Roma Summer Games". Olympics at Sports-Reference.com. Sports Reference LLC. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved February 26, 2018.