Figure skating at the Olympic Games

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Figure skating at the Olympic Games
Figure skating pictogram.svg
IOC Discipline CodeFSK
Governing body ISU
Events5 (men: 1; women: 1; mixed: 3)
Games


Figure skating was first contested in the Olympic Games at the 1908 Summer Olympics. Since 1924, the sport has been a part of the Winter Olympic Games.

Contents

Men's singles, ladies' singles, and pair skating have been held most often. Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976 and a team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. Special figures were contested at only one Olympics, in 1908. Synchronized skating has never appeared at the Olympics but aims to be included. [1]

History

Figure skating was first contested as an Olympic sport at the 1908 Summer Olympics, in London, United Kingdom. As this traditional winter sport could be conducted indoors, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) approved its inclusion in the Summer Olympics program. [2] It was featured a second time at the Antwerp Games, [3] after which it was permanently transferred to the program of the Winter Olympic Games, first held in 1924 in Chamonix, France. [2]

In London, figure skating was presented in four events: men's singles, women's singles, men's special figures, and mixed pairs. The special figures contest was won by Russian Nikolai Panin, who gave his country its first ever Olympic gold medal. [4] He remains the event's sole winner, as it was subsequently dropped from the program.

Ice dance joined as a medal sport in 1976, after appearing as a demonstration event at Grenoble 1968. [3]

A team event debuted at the 2014 Olympics. [5] It consists of two segments: qualification and finals. During qualification each team has one men's single skater, one ladies' single skater, one pair, and one ice dance couple skate their short program/dance. Before the finals, each team is allowed to replace up to two skaters/couples. The final consists of each skater/couple skating their free program/dance. Results are determined by placement points. [6]

Summary

GamesYearEventsBest Nation
1 1908 4Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain
2
3
4 1920 3Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
5 1924 3Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
6 1928 3Flag of France.svg  France
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden
7 1932 3Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
8 1936 3Flag of Austria.svg  Austria
9 1948 3Flag of Canada (1921-1957).svg  Canada
10 1952 3US flag 48 stars.svg  United States
11 1956 3US flag 48 stars.svg  United States
12 1960 3US flag 49 stars.svg  United States
13 1964 3Flag of the German Olympic Team (1960-1968).svg  United Team of Germany
14 1968 3Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
15 1972 3Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
16 1976 4Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
17 1980 4Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
18 1984 4Flag of the United States.svg  United States
GamesYearEventsBest Nation
19 1988 4Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union
20 1992 4Olympic flag.svg  Unified Team
21 1994 4Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
22 1998 4Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
23 2002 4Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
24 2006 4Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
26 2010 4Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China
Flag of the United States.svg  United States
27 2014 5Flag of Russia.svg  Russia
28 2018 5Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada
29 2022 5Russian Olympic Committee flag.png  ROC

Qualifying

The number of entries for the figure skating events at the Olympic Games is limited by a quota set by the International Olympic Committee. There are 30 participants in each singles events (ladies and men), 20 pairs, and 24 ice dance duos.

In the past, skaters must represent a member nation of the International Skating Union and reach the age of fifteen before July 1 of the previous year. After the previous 2022 Olympic Games, this rule has changed and the new age requirement by the next Olympics will be 17-years-old. They are also required to be citizens of the country they are representing. [7] Competitors have until just before the Olympics to receive citizenship. Since nationality rules are less strict for the ISU Championships, sometimes skaters who have competed at World or European championships are not eligible for the Olympics.

80% of the Olympic spots (24 men/ladies, 19 dance couples, 16 pairs) are allotted to countries according to the results of the previous year's World Figure Skating Championships. A country may have a maximum of three entries per discipline. Countries earn two or three entries by earning points through their skaters' placements. The points are equal to the sum of the placements of the country's skaters (top two if they have three). If a country only has one skater/couple, that skater/couple must place in the top ten to earn two entries and in the top two to earn three entries. If a country has two skaters/teams, the combined placement of those teams must be 13 or less to qualify 3 entries, and 28 or less to qualify two entries. The remaining places are awarded to one skater/couple each from countries that failed to get multiple places, in order of their skaters' placement in the world championships.

Following the World Championships, countries that have not qualified an entry in a particular discipline receive another opportunity in an international competition held in the autumn (usually the Nebelhorn Trophy) prior to the Olympic Games. Six spots are available in men's singles, six in ladies' singles, four in pairs, and five in ice dance. At some Olympics, the host country is automatically entitled to one entry in each discipline, e.g. in 1994, [8] 2010, [9] and 2018 if minimum scores are achieved. [10] If a country receives a spot by being the host, one fewer spot is available in the autumn qualifying competition.

The selection of representatives is at the national governing body's discretion. Some countries rely on the results of their national championships while others have more varied criteria. This may include reaching a certain placement at the European Figure Skating Championships and the Four Continents Figure Skating Championships. [8]

Scoring and judging system

A very specific scoring system is used for every discipline in the Olympics. This is referred to as the International Judging System (IJS). Competitors are scored on the technical score and the program components. Each technical element that is attempted in a program has a specific base value of points, which varies based on the element. [11] Additionally, elements such as spins and step sequences can achieve different levels, which can add or subtract points from that element's final score. At the end of the program, all of the competitors' technical element points are added up to form their technical scores. The program components are determined by the overall presentation of a performance and are separated into five categories. The categories consist of skating skills, transitions, performance, composition, and interpretation of the music. [12] Again, these categories are added together at the end of the program to determine the program components score. The technical elements score and the program components score are added together to create a final segment score.  

The judging system consists of two parts, the technical panel and the judges. [11] The technical panel involves five people that play different roles in judging the technical elements of a skaters program. First, there is the technical specialist, who uses the rules developed by the International Skating Union to identify each element and its level of difficulty. The two judges who support the main technical specialist are referred to as the technical controllers and assistant technical specialist. They make sure the primary specialist has correctly identified the elements and make any final decisions on the technical elements presented in the program. The final two roles presented by the technical panel are the data operator and video replay operator. Separate from the technical panel is the judging panel, which is made up of nine judges. Their job is to judge the quality of each element done by the skater regarding the technical elements, as well as evaluate the program components shown in the program. They do this by a great of execution score, GOE, that ranges from –5 to +5 and determines how many points can be added or subtracted from the base value of an element.

Age rules

Within figure skating, there is a set minimum age limit for all elite competitors through the sport. This age was formerly 15 years old, until after the 2022 Olympic Games in Beijing. During this event, 15-year-old Russian figure skater Kamila Valieva was the favorite to win the ladies' single event, until she was found to have a positive drug test for a banned substance previous to the competition. [13] The International Olympic Committee had to conduct an investigation into Valieva during the Olympics, which brought a great amount of chaos and controversy as to whether she should have been allowed to compete or not. More importantly, it brought attention to the conditions young athletes are faced with physically, mentally, and emotionally [14] as they are preparing for this event, this not being the first time a situation such as this has occurred. After the 2022 Games, the International Skating Union voted to increase the minimum age limit for elite competitors throughout the sport to 17, by a vote of 100 to 16. This limit will be implemented over the course of the next three years, before the 2026 Games in Milan. [15] This decision was based on preserving the physical, mental, and emotional health and wellbeing of figure skaters, and can be summarize by Eric Radford, three time Canadian Olympic medalist, who stated, "Is a medal worth risking the health of a child or young athlete?"

Synchronized skating in the Olympics

The discipline of synchronized skating adds a team element to figure skating, having eight to twenty skaters on the ice at once. They skate together in unison performing difficult step sequences and formations together. This discipline has not yet been included in the Olympic Games. The International Olympic Committee (IOC) determines whether to add a sport or a discipline to the Olympics based on how many athletes and officials would be included, how popular the sport is, and how much money it would bring to them. [16] The ISU has been making efforts the past several years to "investigate, strategize and gather the information required for Synchronized Skating to be accepted as an Olympic discipline." [17]  

Events

Event 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 22 Years
Men's singles 26
Men's special figures 1
Ladies' singles 26
Pair skating 26
Ice dance 13
Mixed team 3
Total events403333333333334444444444555

Medal table

Accurate as of 2022 Winter Olympics. [18]

RankNationGoldSilverBronzeTotal
1Flag of the United States.svg  United States  (USA)16172154
2Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  (RUS)149326
3Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union  (URS)109524
4Flag of Austria.svg  Austria  (AUT)79420
5Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada  (CAN)6111229
6Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain  (GBR)53715
7Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden  (SWE)53210
8Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)43714
9Flag of Germany.svg  Germany  (GER)4239
10Flag of Japan.svg  Japan  (JPN)34411
11Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany  (GDR)33410
12Flag of Norway.svg  Norway  (NOR)3216
13Olympic flag.svg  Unified Team  (EUN)3115
14Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN)2349
15Russian Olympic Committee flag.png  ROC 2316
16Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  (NED)1203
Olympic flag.svg  Olympic Athletes from Russia  (OAR)1203
Flag of the German Olympic Team (1960-1968).svg  United Team of Germany  (EUA)1203
19Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia  (TCH)1135
20Flag of Finland.svg  Finland  (FIN)1102
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea  (KOR)1102
22Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium  (BEL)1012
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine  (UKR)1012
24Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Empire  (RU1)1001
25Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary  (HUN)0246
26Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland  (SUI)0213
27Flag of Italy.svg  Italy  (ITA)0022
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany  (FRG)0022
29Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan  (KAZ)0011
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain  (ESP)0011
Totals (30 entries)969595286

Participating nations

The number in each box represents the number of figure skaters the nation sent.

Nation 08 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 22 Years
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 1-------------------------1
Flag of Armenia.svg  Armenia -------------------432---24
Flag of Australia.svg  Australia -------326---222432421144216
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria --4921210486108363-21-1-1242321
Flag of Azerbaijan.svg  Azerbaijan -------------------432-2-25
Flag of Belarus.svg  Belarus ------------------5221---25
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium -232143--------11---11212114
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil -----------------------11-2
Flag of Bulgaria.svg  Bulgaria ---------------2211435---18
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada --2566467812107116151713131012131217171324
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China --------------2664441199911812
Flag of Chinese Taipei for Olympic games.svg  Chinese Taipei ----------------21-1------3
Flag of Croatia.svg  Croatia -----------------2-111----4
Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia --13137-4288162366--------15
Flag of the Czech Republic.svg  Czech Republic ------------------854143568
Flag of Denmark.svg  Denmark ------11--------1211------6
Flag of Estonia.svg  Estonia -----2-----------1111352-29
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland -32311-21----12--331123-1317
Flag of France.svg  France -2532-323455511561291488898424
Flag of Georgia.svg  Georgia --------------------1231166
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 3--816-----------6106458108613
Flag of the German Olympic Team (1960-1968).svg  United Team of Germany -------841112---------------4
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany -----------8710785---------6
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany -----------1154798---------6
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain 11666412988457512910976122762326
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary ----47662-2213223532253-1220
Flag of Israel.svg  Israel ------------------134423738
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy -----2212222172347-69791111920
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan ----25---345433456474681091019
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan ------------------25--223-5
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea -----------3111222214-237416
Flag of North Korea.svg  North Korea ----------------26---41-2-5
Flag of Latvia.svg  Latvia -----4-----------23-----215
Flag of Lithuania.svg  Lithuania -----------------22222-2-27
Flag of Luxembourg.svg  Luxembourg -------------------1-1----2
Flag of Malaysia.svg  Malaysia ------------------------1-1
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico ----------------22-------13
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands -------1221-11-----------17
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway -6131434--2------------1--9
Flag of the Philippines.svg  Philippines -----------------------11-2
Flag of Poland.svg  Poland -----------223-13235444-2313
Flag of Romania.svg  Romania -----3-----11----1212211--10
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia ------------------151716161615-187
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Empire 1-------------------------1
Olympic flag.svg  Olympic Athletes from Russia ------------------------15-1
Flag of Serbia and Montenegro.svg  Serbia and Montenegro ---------------------1----1
Flag of Slovakia.svg  Slovakia -------------------13-113-5
Flag of Slovenia.svg  Slovenia -----------------2-1112---5
Flag of South Africa.svg  South Africa ---------4--------11------3
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain --------1-----1-1-11--24449
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden 441121-21-111-1221-1-1121221
Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland -112-375438113222-11434-1222
Flag of Turkey.svg  Turkey ---------------------1122-4
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union ---------44101016161717---------8
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine ------------------1010111176468
Olympic flag.svg  Unified Team -----------------17--------1
Flag of the United States.svg  United States 123612991010121212111514181616121314161515141626
Flag of Uzbekistan.svg  Uzbekistan ------------------4243111-7
Flag of SFR Yugoslavia.svg  Yugoslavia --------------121---------3
Skaters21262951398464635971889667105831121281331291451431471461491531172448
Nations68111213171215151415171818202026282837313531303230
Year 08 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 22 26

Medals per year

#Number of medals won by the NOC at these GamesNOC did not win medals at these GamesNOC did not participate at these Games (in 1912, there was no figure skating)
NOC 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18 Total
Flag of Austria.svg  Austria  (AUT)342321211120
Flag of Belgium (civil).svg  Belgium  (BEL)112
Flag of Canada (Pantone).svg  Canada  (CAN)1212211131211123429
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China  (CHN)1112218
Flag of Czechoslovakia.svg  Czechoslovakia  (TCH)111115
Flag of East Germany.svg  East Germany  (GDR)11331110
Flag of Finland.svg  Finland  (FIN)112
Flag of France.svg  France  (FRA)11111111121113
Flag of Germany.svg  Germany  (GER)22111119
Flag of the German Olympic Team (1960-1968).svg  United Team of Germany  (EUA)123
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  Great Britain  (GBR)611111111115
Flag of Hungary.svg  Hungary  (HUN)1111116
Flag of Italy.svg  Italy  (ITA)112
Flag of Japan.svg  Japan  (JPN)112127
Flag of Kazakhstan.svg  Kazakhstan  (KAZ)11
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands  (NED)1113
Flag of Norway.svg  Norway  (NOR)31116
Olympic flag.svg  Olympic Athletes from Russia  (OAR)33
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia  (RUS)55542526
Flag of Russia.svg  Russian Empire  (RU1)11
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea  (KOR)112
Flag of the Soviet Union.svg  Soviet Union  (URS)123445524
Flag of Spain.svg  Spain  (ESP)11
Flag of Sweden.svg  Sweden  (SWE)33111110
Flag of Switzerland.svg  Switzerland  (SUI)1113
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine  (UKR)112
Olympic flag.svg  Unified Team  (EUN)55
Flag of the United States.svg  United States  (USA)1112145422122333123222251
Flag of Germany.svg  West Germany  (FRG)112
Year 08 12 20 24 28 32 36 48 52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 92 94 98 02 06 10 14 18

See also

Related Research Articles

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References

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