Sport in Africa

Last updated
African regional federations Carte Afrique CAF.png
African regional federations
   UNAF (North)
   WAFU-UFOA (West)
   UNIFFAC (Central)
   CECAFA (East-Central)
   COSAFA (Southern)

Association football (also known as soccer) is the most popular sport in almost all African countries, and in 2010 South Africa became the first African nation to host the FIFA World Cup. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6]

Contents

Some African nations, like Kenya and Ethiopia, are very dominant at long distance running, whilst north African countries such Algeria, Egypt, Morocco and Tunisia are dominant in handball. Rugby and golf are reasonably popular in a few African countries, though rugby is very popular in South Africa. [7]

History

Sport in Africa before the mid-twentieth century was primarily played by Europeans. This was used to further the division between the social classes of both races. General physical education was implemented within the urban areas of African colonies to "civilize" and improve the productivity of African natives. As the offspring of the European elites and indigenous natives pursued education, they became introduced to the sports that had been previously reserved to the European settlers. There, many of them excelled and became "African Sport Stars" and were revered for their excellent performances. Those athletes would be included in the British and French national teams as there was a potential to their athletic prowess. From then on, the colonized African colonies were represented on the international sports scene. The elite athletes in the Anglophone and Francophone African colonies were called the "noble savages." They often were children of Senegalese tirailleurs or military men.

After World War II, and the reconstruction era of European borders, Britain and France found it difficult to keep their colonies, especially with growing nationalism. After the League of Nations was created, Britain and France committed to the principles of good government, which stated the people have a right to determine their own form of government. Preceding the end of World War II, Africa took initiative to become independent of the neocolonial guardianship created by Britain and France. The internationalization of African sport depended heavily on the decolonization movements, alongside the integration into the Olympics. Africa utilized sports as a way to fight against apartheid and end racial discrimination by social status. As the "noble savages" gained popularity, African elites seized this opportunity to not only fight apartheid and develop African sports, but to also carve an image of a new independent Africa.

In 1956, football boomed in Africa with the establishment of the Confederation of African Football. Pan-Africanism was expressed through sports, but were conditioned by Western sporting federations like FIFA. Nevertheless, in the 1960 Rome Olympics, black African sportsmen were very successful in their respective fields, even scoring high places at the end of the competition. Sports furthered Africa's quest for independence, and today Africa is renowned in many sports, especially in soccer. [6] [7]

Infrastructure

African relative lack of success in international sports is due to lack of infrastructure. [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]

Events

Team sports

Association Football

Association football (also known as soccer) is the most popular sport in almost all African countries. African club teams compete in the CAF Champions League and CAF Confederation Cup. African national teams compete in the Africa Cup of Nations and also in the African Nations Championship for local teams.

Basketball

Basketball is also popular throughout the continent, with notable results in Nigeria, Tunisia, Egypt, Senegal, Ivory Coast, Cameroon and Angola, recently too in Cape Verde and South Sudan. [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23]

The Nigerian Hakeem Olajuwon (2x times NBA Champion with Houston Rockets) is one of the best foreign players in the NBA's history and considered fundamental in developing and popularizing Basketball in Africa.

Cricket

Cricket is a popular summer sport in the United Kingdom and has been exported to other parts of the former British Empire. [24] [25] [26] [27] [28] [29] Cricket has its origins in south east Britain. It is popular throughout England and Wales, and parts of the Netherlands, and in other world areas, especially in southern Africa, Australia, New Zealand and the Indian subcontinent. It is played to test cricket level in South Africa and Zimbabwe, with notable results in Kenya and Namibia.

Field Hockey

Field Hockey is popular throughout the former regions of the British Empire in Africa, with notable results in Egypt, Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Namibia, Botswana, Zimbabwe and especially South Africa.

Ice hockey

Ice hockey is a minority sport in Africa, in which only a handful of African countries participate. [30] [31] [32] [33]

Rugby union

Rugby union is very popular in South Africa (4x times World Champions in 1995, 2007, 2019 & 2023) and other countries have notable results such as Morocco, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Ivory Coast. [34] [35] [36] The major competition in the continent is the Africa Cup that contains the teams in the first level of African rugby, and African Development Trophy contains the teams in the second level. Only the South Africa rugby team compete in the intercontinental tournament, The Rugby Championship. Albert Grundlingh’s article discusses the affects that a sport had on nationalism, specifically how rugby shaped the Afrikaner identity to some extent. The university of Stellenbosch was described as the “mecca” for south African rugby was a counter to English speaking universities by illuminating “the root of Afrikandom”. [37]

Other sports

Handball and volleyball are popular especially in North Africa, Other team sports like water polo, roller hockey and netball are also popular in some Eastern and Southern countries from Africa.

Individual sports

Individual sports are also very important. Africa has a major multisports competition called All-Africa Games that started in 1965 held in Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo.

Athletics

Athletics is one of the major single competitions in Africa. The discipline has been part of the African Games since 1965. The African Athletics Championships has been held biannually since 1979. The African Cross Country Championships was first held in 1985 and later since 2011. The African Mountain Running Championships has been held since 2009.

In addition, several editions of the IAAF World Cross Country Championships have been held in Africa. The Meeting International Mohammed VI d'Athlétisme de Rabat has been held at Morocco since 2008 as part of the IAAF World Challenge and the IAAF Diamond League. Previously, the Meeting Grand Prix IAAF de Dakar was part of the IAAF Grand Prix and IAAF World Challenge. The Cape Town Marathon became an IAAF Silver Label event in 2014 and an IAAF Gold Label event in 2017.

Kenya and Ethiopia have been dominant in athletics at the Summer Olympics since the 1960s, especially in mid-distance and long-distance running.

Cycling

The UCI Africa Tour road cycling competition has been held since 2005.

The Dimension Data, formerly MTN–Qhubeka, was the first African team to enter the Grand Tours in 2015. Notable team members include Jacques Janse van Rensburg and Youcef Reguigui.

Kenya and Rwanda are rising forces in world cycling. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44]

Golf

Golf is a minority sport in Africa. [45] The Sunshine Tour is based in South Africa but also visits other neighbour countries. Several tournaments have been co-sanctioned by the European Tour, such as the South African Open, South African PGA Championship, Alfred Dunhill Championship, Nedbank Golf Challenge, Africa Open, Joburg Open, Tshwane Open,

Notable African golfers include Bobby Locke, winner of The British Open four times in 1949, 1950, 1952 and 1957; Gary Player, winner of the British Open in 1959, 1968 and 1974, The Masters in 1961, 1974 and 1978, the PGA Championship in 1962 and 1972 and the U.S Open in 1965; Ernie Els, winner of the 1994, 1997 U.S. Open and 2002 British Open; Nick Price, winner of the 1992 and 1994 PGA Championship and 1994 British Open; Retief Goosen; Trevor Immelman; Louis Oosthuizen and Charl Schwartzel.

Motorsport

Motorsport is popular in South Africa. The country has hosted several international races, such as the South African Grand Prix (Formula One), South African motorcycle Grand Prix (Grand Prix motorcycle racing), etc. The Moroccan Grand Prix was the first Grand Prix from Africa to host the Formula 1 in 1958.

Jody Scheckter is the only Auto driver from Africa to win the Formula 1 in 1979. In Motos, South Africa had/has notable riders such as Kork Ballington, Jon Ekerold, and currently, Brad Binder.

Tennis

Tennis is minority sport in Africa. [46] [47] [48] [49] [50]

Combat sports

There are also major martial arts and combat sport competitions in the continent.

Boxing

Louis Phal was the first African world boxing champion. It would another 4 decades for another boxing world champion in the form of Richard Ihetu. Meanwhile, there was little administrative framework for professional boxing in Africa until 1973, when representatives of nine African nations created the African Boxing Union. On October 30, 1974, Muhammad Ali and George Foreman fought for a heavyweight title in Zaire which became known as Rumble in the Jungle.

Africa has produced many world champions, with Azumah Nelson the most well known. [51] [52] [53] [54] [55] [56] [57] [58]

Judo

Africa has yet to produce a winner in world judo. [59] African Judo Championships is the most important judo event in Africa.

Karate

Karate was first introduced in Africa in the 1960s. [60] [61] [62] The Union of African Karate Federation is in charge of karate in Africa.

Mixed martial arts

Notable African mixed martial artists include UFC middleweight champion Israel Adesanya, UFC welterweight champion Kamaru Usman, and UFC heavyweight champion Francis Ngannou.

Extreme Fighting Championship (formerly known as EFC Africa) is a South African promotion founded in 2009. [63] [64] It is the number one mixed martial arts organisation in the African continent. [65]

EFC Africa 19, which was held at Carnival City in Johannesburg on 19 April 2013, topped other African sports ratings with a record of over 1.8 million views with 31.3% of the total South African TV audience (SABC, e.tv and DStv combined). These are the biggest ratings in EFC history, topping EFC Africa 12's record of 1.6 million views and 25.9% audience share. [66] EFC 85 has been postponed because of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Taekwondo

Taekwondo is growing as more people compete in the Olympics. [67] [68] [69] Africa is emerging as a powerhouse in Taekwondo. [70] [71] Taekwondo is run by the African Taekwondo Union.

Winter Olympics

Many people of the African diaspora represent African nations at the Winter Olympics. [72]

Events

South Africa has hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup, 2003 Cricket World Cup and 2010 FIFA World Cup. [73] [74] Africa has hosted six editions of the Pan Arab Games and five editions of the Mediterranean Games. Durban, South Africa was announced as host of the 2022 Commonwealth Games in 2015, but they were denied as hosts in 2017.

Notable continental tournaments are the African Games, Africa Cup of Nations, CAF Champions League, African Championships in Athletics, African Rally Championship and Sunshine Tour.

See also

Bibliography

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in South Korea</span> Overview of sports activities within South Korea

South Korea has traditional sports of its own, as well as sports from different cultures and countries.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SuperSport (South African broadcaster)</span> South African sports television channel

SuperSport is a South African-based group of television channels carried on the DStv & Canal+ satellite platforms alongside the GOtv terrestrial platform and Showmax Pro for live sports programming. It provides sports content in South Africa, Nigeria, Kenya and many other African countries.

Sport in Pakistan is a significant part of Pakistani culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Pakistan. Football has also gained popularity in recent years, and is the second most popular sport in the country. Field hockey is the national sport, and was popular for several decades, with some of Pakistan's greatest sporting accomplishments having taken place in this sport, along with squash. Polo and traditional sports like kabaddi and other well-known games are also played.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Israel</span> Overview of sports traditions and activities in Israel

Sport in Israel plays an important role in Israeli culture and is supported by the Ministry of Culture and Sport. The most popular sports in Israel have traditionally been Association football (mainly) and basketball (secondly) – with the first being considered the national sport – in both of which Israeli professional teams have been competitive internationally. Israel is an international center for Jewish sport around the world and since 1932 the Maccabiah Games, an Olympic-style event for Jewish athletes, is held in the country. Despite Israel's location in the Asian continent, the Israeli sports associations in various sports belong to the European associations due to the refusal of many Arab Asian countries to compete with Israeli athletes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in South Africa</span> Overview of sports traditions and activities in South Africa

Sport has a significant role in South African culture. The three most popular mainstream sports in the country — cricket, football and rugby — reflect the country's early British colonial influence. South Africa was absent from international sport for much of the apartheid era due to sanctions, but started competing globally after the end of apartheid. South Africa is among a very few countries which have participated in world cups of all three major sports — cricket, soccer, and rugby union. England, Ireland, Scotland, Canada, New Zealand, and Australia are among other such nations. South Africa has hosted the 1995 Rugby World Cup, 2003 ICC Cricket World Cup and 2007 ICC World Twenty20, and 2010 FIFA World Cup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Namibia</span> Description of popular sports in Namibia

The principal sports in Namibia are football, rugby union, cricket, golf and fishing. Boxing and athletics are also popular. The home stadium for all national teams is Independence Stadium in Windhoek, while Sam Nujoma Stadium in Katutura is also occasionally used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sports in Asia</span> Overview of sport in Asia

Basketball is the most popular sport overall in Asia. Cricket is the second most popular sport in Asia, and is most popular in South Asia. Other popular sports in Asia include association football, baseball, badminton and table tennis among others. There are also some traditional sports that are popular in certain regions of Asia, such as the South Asian sports kabaddi and kho-kho, and sepak takraw in Southeast Asia. Top sporting nations/regions in Asia include China, Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, India, Iran, Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan.

Sports in Morocco refers to the sports played in the Kingdom of Morocco. As of 2007, Moroccan society participated in many sports, including handball, football, golf, tennis, basketball, and athletics. Hicham El Guerrouj, a retired middle distance runner for Morocco, won two gold medals for Morocco at the Athletics at the 2004 Summer Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Afghanistan</span> Overview of sports traditions and activities in Afghanistan

Sport in Afghanistan is managed by the Afghan Sports Federation. Currently, cricket and association football (soccer) are the most popular sports in Afghanistan. The Afghan Sports Federation has promoted many types of sports, including basketball, bodybuilding, boxing, bowling, cricket, football, golf, mountaineering, paragliding, skating, skiing, snooker, taekwondo, track and field, volleyball, and weightlifting. The traditional sport of Afghanistan has been Buzkashi, which is now occasionally seen in the northern parts of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Kenya</span>

Sport is an important element of Kenyan culture. Various indigenous traditional sports have prevailed in Kenyan culture from its earliest history. Some of the traditional games and sports prevalent in Kenya since antiquity have included wrestling, racing exercises, stick fights, hunting, board games, bull fights and dances.

Sports in Barbados are many and varied. The large Barbadian diaspora around the globe and wide-scale availability of International television covered on the local cable service and DirectTV has meant that Barbadians have always been up to date on international trends. Barbadians now follow a wide cross-section of sport from around the world. In recent years, the Barbadian government has implemented a policy of sport-based tourism. Including the hosting of the 2007 Cricket World Cup and various other events locally. Beyond this, the Barbadian calendar has many sporting events throughout the year.

Sport in Algeria dates back to antiquity. In the Aurès Mountains, people played games such as El Kherdba or El khergueba. Playing cards, checkers and chess games are part of Algerian culture. Horse racing (fantasia) and rifle shooting are among the recreational traditions of Algeria.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Chile</span> Overview of sports traditions and activities in Chile

Sports in Chile are performed at both amateur and professional levels, practiced both at home and abroad to develop and improve, or simply represent the country. Football is the most popular sport in Chile, and is played for a range of reasons. However, the country's most successful sport is tennis. In rural areas, Chilean rodeo is the most practiced sport in Chile, which is the national sport. Chile has achieved great international success in other sports, and there have been important figures, however, such exploits are not known to the general population because they are not sports that have been popular throughout the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Oceania</span>

Sport in Oceania varies from country to country. The most popular playing sport for men in Australia is Australian rules football, while for women is netball. Australian rules football is the most popular sport in terms of spectatorship and television ratings. Rugby union is the most popular sport among New Zealanders, while in Papua New Guinea rugby league is the most popular. Cricket is another popular sport throughout the Oceania region.

Sport in Bangladesh is a popular form of entertainment as well as an essential part of Bangladeshi culture. Cricket is the most popular sport in Bangladesh followed by football. Ha-du-du is the national sport of Bangladesh.

The Africa Military Games was a multi-sport event for military athletes in Africa. The one-off event was held under the auspices of the International Military Sports Council (CISM) and, its sister group, the Organization of Military Sport in Africa (OSMA). The games was hosted by Kenya in and around Nairobi between 17 and 27 April 2002.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Morocco at the 2016 Summer Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Morocco competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's fourteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenya at the 2016 Summer Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Kenya competed at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, from 5 to 21 August 2016. This was the nation's fourteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sport in Botswana</span>

Sports in Botswana is diverse and reasonably well-developed. Though football, netball and athletics remain the most popular sports, numerous other sporting codes, including cricket, rugby, judo, swimming and tennis are active in the national sporting landscape. The Botswana National Sport Commission (BNSC), together with the Botswana National Olympic Committee (BNOC) and Ministry of Youth, Sport and Culture (MYSC) are responsible for the overall management of sport in the country. In addition, there over 30 National Sport Federations (NSFs) and three school sport federations

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kenya at the 2020 Summer Olympics</span> Sporting event delegation

Kenya competed at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo. Originally scheduled to take place from 24 July to 9 August 2020, the Games were postponed to 23 July to 8 August 2021, because of the COVID-19 pandemic. It was the nation's fifteenth appearance at the Summer Olympics since its debut in 1956, having boycotted the 1976 Montreal and 1980 Moscow Games.

References

  1. ↑ "Women's sport participation and gender equality: African women in the beautiful game". Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 18, 2016.
  2. ↑ "The History Of Soccer In Africa". NPR.org. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  3. ↑ Darby, Paul (8 October 2013). Africa, Football and FIFA: Politics, Colonialism and Resistance - Paul Darby - Google Books. ISBN   9781135298340 . Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  4. ↑ Craig, Steve (2002). Sports and Games of the Ancients - Steve Craig - Google Books. ISBN   9780313316005 . Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  5. ↑ "12 things you didn't know about sports in Africa". 16 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  6. 1 2 "Popularity and Participation of Sports in the Middle East and North Africa" (PDF). Revolutionsports.co.uk. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
  7. 1 2 "South African sport still divided by race | World news". Theguardian.com. 21 January 2013. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  8. ↑ Powell, Anita (2012-08-12). "African Countries: Olympic Medals Seem Elusive". Theroot.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-12. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  9. ↑ Baker, William J.; Mangan, James A., eds. (1987). Sport in Africa: essays in social history . New York: Africana Publishing Company. ISBN   0841909067. OCLC   15107411.
  10. ↑ "Olympics: Why Africa fell by the wayside". CNN.com. 2012-08-14. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  11. ↑ Djanie, Akua. "Why Did Africa Come To The London Olympics?". Newafricanmagazine.com. Archived from the original on 2015-07-03. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  12. ↑ Edwards, Piers (28 April 2016). "Own goal? Africa's shambolic sports management". BBC News. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  13. ↑ "Sports in Africa: An untapped resource for development | Pambazuka News". Pambazuka.org. 12 May 2016. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
  14. ↑ Chadwick, Simon. "Why Africa's sports industry needs to step up to the plate" . Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  15. ↑ John Luiz; Riyas Fadal. "An Economic Analysis of Sports Performance in Africa" (PDF). Econrsa.org. Retrieved 2016-08-26.
  16. ↑ e.V., Transparency International. "Press release - Transparency International Global Corruption Report: Sport highlights scale of corruption in Africa" . Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  17. ↑ "NBA shoots for African basketball stars, courts new fan base - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  18. ↑ "Olajuwon: Godfather of basketball in Africa". NBA.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  19. ↑ Tunde Eludini (2016-04-30). "INTERVIEW: Africa Basketball League surpassing expectations – CEO - Premium Times Nigeria". Premiumtimesng.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  20. ↑ "NBA Africa Game a symbol of hope". Espn.co.uk. 2015-07-31. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  21. ↑ Willens, Max (2015-08-01). "In Africa, NBA Will Broadcast More Than 500 Games On TV, Broadband And Mobile Next Season Through Econet Partnership". Ibtimes.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  22. ↑ "NBA helping basketball grow in Africa with grassroots efforts". Usatoday.com. 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  23. ↑ Mike Richman (2013-12-18). "Mandela Instrumental in Popularizing Basketball in Africa". Voanews.com. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  24. ↑ Wagg, Stephen (14 November 2017). Cricket: A Political History of the Global Game, 1945-2017: 1945 to 2012. Routledge. ISBN   9781317557296 – via Google Books.
  25. ↑ Duncan, Isabelle (2013). Skirting the Boundary: A History of Women's Cricket. London: Robson Press. ISBN   9781849545464.
  26. ↑ Aglietti, Stephanie (11 September 2014). "Rwanda cricket, growing a game of hope". Yahoo Sports. Agence France-Presse. Retrieved 8 April 2015.
  27. ↑ "Why cricket is gaining in popularity in Rwanda". BBC News. 2012-12-24. Retrieved 2016-07-18.
  28. ↑ "Cricket World Cup: How the South African media reacted to the Black Caps' win - Sport - NZ Herald News". Nzherald.co.nz. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  29. ↑ "The Nigerians bowled over by cricket - BBC News". Bbc.co.uk. 2015-03-22. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  30. ↑ "Tunisia: the new North African home of ice hockey?". Yahoo Sports . Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  31. ↑ "Cool Runnings: Tunisia's first ever ice hockey team hopes to make history". Middle East Eye . 2016-07-13. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  32. ↑ "Ice hockey gaining ground in Tunisia". Africanews.com. 2016-08-15. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  33. ↑ "Montrealer keen to represent Tunisia in first-ever African Ice Hockey Cup - Montreal - CBC News". Cbc.ca. 2016-07-23. Retrieved 2016-10-24.
  34. ↑ "South Africa's Struggle To Fix Racism In Sports". 2 May 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  35. ↑ Fisher, Ryland (21 January 2013). "South African sport still divided by race" . Retrieved 24 August 2016– via The Guardian.
  36. ↑ David Ross Black; David R. Black; John Nauright (1998). Rugby and the South African Nation: Sport, Cultures, Politics, and Power in ... p. 122. ISBN   9780719049323 . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  37. ↑ "Summon 2.0".
  38. ↑ Ben East. "Land of Second Chances: The Impossible Rise of Rwanda's Cycling Team by Tim Lewis – review | Books". The Guardian . Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  39. ↑ "Kenya's cycling hero puts next generation on the right track - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  40. ↑ "Cycling in Eritrea: Saddled with problems". The Economist . 2014-09-13. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  41. ↑ "Lycra in Africa: A cycling dream come true | SBS News". Sbs.com.au. 2015-07-21. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  42. ↑ Bouchier, Tom (2016-07-12). "Has African cycling arrived? - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  43. ↑ Dabbs, Brian (20 June 2012). "A Dream on Two Wheels: In Country of Runners, Kenyan Cycling Team Faces Uphill Climb". The New York Times .
  44. ↑ "Cycling Becomes More Inclusive: Tour de France's First Africa Team Stands Tall at the Podium". Forbes.com. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  45. ↑ Smart, Tony (2013-07-23). "10 best golf courses in Africa - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  46. ↑ Schreiner, Tanja (2014-02-14). "Dreaming of an African tennis champion". Voices of Africa. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  47. ↑ Gary Morley (2011-07-22). "What does the future hold for African tennis? - CNN.com". Edition.cnn.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  48. ↑ "African Tennis Players No Longer Among World's Best". The New York Times . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  49. ↑ "Tennis programme serves hope in Kenya slum". Al Jazeera English. 2014-07-01. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  50. ↑ "The story of Lagos' ill-fated 1976 Professional Tennis Tournament – Africa is a Country". Africasacountry.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  51. ↑ John Nauright (January 1997). Sport, Cultures, and Identities in South Africa. p. 115. ISBN   9780718500726 . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  52. ↑ Tim Oates (2008-10-07). "History of South African Sport: II. Boxing". Bleacher Report . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  53. ↑ "Africa has 4 'world' champions - SuperSport - Boxing". SuperSport. 2016-07-07. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  54. ↑ Martin Cuddihy (2016-06-09). "Africa remembers boxing legend Muhammad Ali". The New Daily. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  55. ↑ Bona Udeze (1967-02-06). Why Africa?: A Continent in a Dilemma of Unanswered Questions. p. 574. ISBN   9781436396844 . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  56. ↑ Edward Echwalu (16 May 2016). "Ugandan women turn to boxing to escape the slum | News | Africa | M&G". Mg.co.za. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  57. ↑ Scarlett Cornelissen; Albert Grundlingh (13 September 2013). Sport Past and Present in South Africa: (Trans)forming the Nation. p. 47. ISBN   9781317988595 . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  58. ↑ Nauright, John; Parrish, Charles (1931-03-23). Sports Around the World: History, Culture, and Practice. p. 109. ISBN   9781598843002 . Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  59. ↑ "Judo gains popularity as Kenya targets Africa conquest". Shanghai Daily . 2015-04-01. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  60. ↑ "Splits, Government Suspicion, and Racial Tension". Black Belt. May 1966.
  61. ↑ "National Sports Authority, Ghana". Sportsauthority.com.gh. Archived from the original on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  62. ↑ Resnekov, Liam (2014-07-16). "Love and Rebellion: How Two Karatekas Fought Apartheid | FIGHTLAND". Fightland.vice.com. Retrieved 2015-03-05.
  63. ↑ "EFC: The future of MMA resides in Africa". 18 July 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2018.
  64. ↑ "EFC: Extreme Fighting Championship" . Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  65. ↑ "MMA warrior, Demarte Pena, still EFC Africa's featherweight champ". Daily Maverick. 2013-04-22. Retrieved 2016-07-25.
  66. ↑ "EFC Africa: Latest MMA Ratings Smash Other African Sports" . Retrieved 25 April 2013.
  67. ↑ "Taekwondo grows dreams in Africa :: Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea". Korea.net. 2013-02-12. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  68. ↑ Emilie Iob. "Ivorian Taekwondo Champions Head to Rio Olympics". Voanews.com. Retrieved 2016-07-17.
  69. ↑ Zhang Jingya. "Faces of Africa 09/20/2015 Legacy of a Taekwondo Master Part 2". English.cntv.cn. Retrieved 2016-07-19.
  70. ↑ "Africa emerges as new taekwondo force but Korea reclaim top spot". Archived from the original on 22 September 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  71. ↑ "Rio Olympics: Africa shines in taekwondo as Ivorian Cisse wins gold". 21 August 2016. Retrieved 24 August 2016.
  72. ↑ Macjob, Gbolahan Peter (24 February 2018). "Africans at the Winter Olympics: Inspirational - or glory-hunters?". BBC News. Retrieved 8 March 2018.
  73. ↑ Charles P. Korr (2013-12-05). "Nelson Mandela saw sport as way to connect S. Africans". Usatoday.com. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
  74. ↑ "For Nelson Mandela, sports were major weapon against racism". CNN.com. 2013-12-06. Retrieved 2015-03-31.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.