Religion in Pakistan

Last updated

Religion in Pakistan (2023 census) [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

   Islam (96.35%)
   Hinduism (2.17%)
   Christianity (1.37%)
  Others (0.11%)
Badshahi Mosque July 1 2005 pic32 by Ali Imran (1).jpg
The Badshahi Mosque in Lahore was built during the Mughal Empire
Shiv Parvati Temple, Mithi.jpg
Shiva Parvati Hindu Temple in Mithi
St. Patrick's Cathedral by M.Osama Anwer @shutterupphotography.jpg
St. Patrick's Cathedral is the seat of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Karachi
Chilam Gosh Festival, Chitral, Pakistan.jpg
The animistic Kalash people at Chilam Joshi festival in Chitral, whose religion resembles ancient Hinduism [6]

The official religion of Pakistan is Islam, as enshrined by Article 2 of the Constitution, and is practised by an overwhelming majority of 96.35% of the country's population. [1] [7] The remaining 3.65% practice Hinduism, Christianity, Ahmadiyya (considered a non-Muslim group as per Pakistani constitution [8] ), Sikhism, Zoroastrianism and other religions. [9] [10]

Contents

A few aspects of secularism have also been adopted by Pakistani constitution from British colonial concept. [9] [11] [12] [13] [14] However, religious minorities in Pakistan often face significant discrimination, subject to issues such as violence and the blasphemy laws. [15] [16]

Muslims comprise a number of sects: the majority practice Sunni Islam (estimated at 90%), while a minority practice Shia Islam (estimated at 10%). [17] [18] [19] Most Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, [9] which is represented by the Barelvi and Deobandi traditions. However, the Hanbali school is also gaining popularity due to Ahl-i Hadith and Wahhabi influence from the Middle East. [20] The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver Islamic law school, with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others.

Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region comprising Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism. [21] [22]

Equal rights

Khawaja Nazimuddin, Pakistan's second Prime Minister, argued against equal rights for all citizens in an Islamic state. [23] However, The Constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the state religion, [24] and provides that all citizens have the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality. [25] The Constitution also states that all laws are to conform with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah. [26]

The Constitution limits the political rights of Pakistan's non-Muslims. Only Muslims are allowed to become the President [27] or the Prime Minister. [28] Only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic, though its judgments can be overruled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. [29] However, non-Muslims have served as judges in the High Courts and Supreme Court. [30] In 2019, Naveed Amir, a Christian member of the National Assembly moved a bill to amend the article 41 and 91 of the Constitution which would allow non-Muslims to become Prime Minister and President of Pakistan. However, Pakistan's parliament blocked the bill. [31]

The main principles of Human rights in the Pakistani constitution were incorporated in its fundamental rights which were granted under various articles of 20, 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 36 & 38 of the constitution [32] –

(a) Article 20 : Freedom to profess religion and to manage religious institutions. [33]

(b) Article 21 : Safeguard against taxation for purposes of any particular religion. [34]

(c) Article 22 : Safeguards as to educational institutions in respect of religion, etc. [35]

(d) Article 25 : Equality of citizens. [36]

(e) Article 26 : Non-discrimination in respect of access to public places. [37]

(f) Article 27 : Safeguard against discrimination in services. [38]

(g) Article 36 : Protection of Minorities. [39]

(h) Article 38 : Promotion of social and economic well-being of all the people. [40]

Demographics of religion in Pakistan

Background

Religious groups in Pakistan (1901–2023)
Religious
group		1901 [a] 1911 [b] 1921 [c] 1931 [d] 1941 [e] 1951 [41] [42] 1961 [43] [44] 1972 [45] 1981 [46] [47] 1998 [48] 2017 [49] 2023 [50]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 14,022,54414,966,84615,203,50117,557,87721,113,21432,731,58241,666,15360,434,65981,450,057127,433,409200,362,718231,686,709
Hinduism Om.svg [f] 3,009,8422,766,5812,957,6803,298,5703,981,565531,131621,805900,2061,276,1162,443,6144,444,8705,217,216
Sikhism Khanda.svg 529,910884,987931,4891,282,6981,672,753——————2,146————15,998
Christianity Christian cross.svg 59,387167,178276,107360,371432,724432,978583,884907,8611,310,4262,092,9022,642,0483,300,788
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 6,5297,3487,4908,09613,215——————————————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 2,5123,0073,4074,1784,2535,3205,2199,5897,007————2,348
Judaism Star of David.svg 4897027061,0191,180——————————————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 62073731552666802,4454,3182,639——————
Tribal——9,2248,18623637,603——————————————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg ————————————————104,244286,212191,737162,684
Others2,039299771,55319,2281,476872205,250101,00996,14243,25372,346
Total responses17,633,25818,806,37919,389,01622,514,76827,266,00133,703,16742,880,37862,461,88384,253,644132,352,279207,684,626240,458,089
Total population17,708,01420,428,47322,214,15224,774,05629,643,60033,779,55542,978,26165,309,34084,253,644132,352,279207,684,626241,499,431
Note1: 1901, 1911, 1931, and 1941 figures taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, Sindh, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Balochistan, Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and Gilgit–Baltistan.

Note2: 1951 and 1961 figures taken from census data by combining the total population of the former administrative division of West Pakistan.

1901 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 17,708,014 according to the 1901 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 17,633,258, for an overall response rate of 99.6 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1901) [a]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [b] Punjab [51] [g] Sindh [52] [h] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [53] 		Balochistan [54] AJK [55] [i] Gilgit–
Baltistan [55] [j]
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 14,022,5447,951,1552,609,3371,890,479765,368747,42658,779
Hinduism Om.svg 3,009,8421,944,363787,683129,30638,158108,3312,001
Sikhism Khanda.svg 529,910483,999——25,7332,97217,13274
Christianity Christian cross.svg 59,38742,3717,8255,1194,0261828
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 6,5295,56292137801
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 2,5123002,0004616600
Judaism Star of David.svg 4899428448————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 6600000
Others2,03902,0290082
Total responses17,633,25810,427,7653,410,2232,050,724 [k] 810,746872,91560,885
Total population17,708,01410,427,7653,410,2232,125,480 [k] 810,746872,91560,885

1911 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 20,428,473 according to the 1911 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 18,806,379, for an overall response rate of 92.1 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1911) [b]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [b] Punjab [56] [l] Sindh [57] [m] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [58] 		Balochistan [59] AJK [60] [n] Gilgit–
Baltistan [60] [o]
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 14,966,8468,494,3142,822,7562,039,994782,648749,94577,189
Hinduism Om.svg 2,766,5811,645,758877,313119,94238,32684,1301,112
Sikhism Khanda.svg 884,987813,44112,33930,3458,39020,39181
Christianity Christian cross.svg 167,178144,51410,9176,5855,0855522
Tribal 9,224——9,224————————
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 7,3485,9771,34941080
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 3,0073772,4114917000
Judaism Star of David.svg 702365951457————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 2071682101620
Others29902980100
Total responses18,806,37911,104,5853,737,2232,196,933 [k] 834,703854,53178,404
Total population20,428,47311,104,5853,737,2233,819,027 [k] 834,703854,53178,404

1921 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 22,214,152 according to the 1921 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 19,389,016, for an overall response rate of 87.3 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1921) [c]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [c] Punjab [61] [p] Sindh [62] [q] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [63] 		Balochistan [64] AJK [66] [r] Gilgit–
Baltistan [65] [s]
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 15,203,5018,975,2882,562,7002,062,786733,477780,60788,643
Hinduism Om.svg 2,957,6801,797,141876,629149,88151,34881,733948
Sikhism Khanda.svg 931,489863,0918,03628,0407,74124,49190
Christianity Christian cross.svg 276,107247,03011,73410,6106,6932416
Tribal 8,186——8,186————————
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 7,4905,9301,53431760
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 3,4073092,9132016500
Judaism Star of David.svg 70616671019————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 37317241016000
Others778640500
Total responses19,389,01611,888,9853,472,5082,251,340 [k] 799,625886,86189,697
Total population22,214,15211,888,9853,472,5085,076,476 [k] 799,625886,86189,697

1931 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 24,774,056 according to the 1931 census. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 22,514,768, for an overall response rate of 90.9 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1931) [d]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [d] Punjab [67] [t] Sindh [68] [u] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [69] 		Balochistan [70] AJK [66] [x] Gilgit–
Baltistan [66] [w]
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 17,557,87710,570,0293,017,3772,227,303798,093850,13594,940
Hinduism Om.svg [f] 3,298,5701,957,8781,055,119142,97753,68187,5541,361
Sikhism Khanda.svg 1,282,6981,180,78919,17242,5108,42531,70993
Christianity Christian cross.svg 360,371324,73015,15212,2138,05916849
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 8,0966,9211,144017113
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 4,1784133,5376016710
Judaism Star of David.svg 1,01969851117————
Tribal 236——204——3200
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 155325326800
Others1,55301,51004300
Total responses22,514,76814,040,7984,114,2532,425,076 [k] 868,617969,57896,446
Total population24,774,05614,040,7984,114,2534,684,364 [k] 868,617969,57896,446

1941 census

The total population of the region that composes contemporary Pakistan was approximately 29,643,600 according to the final census prior to partition in 1941. With the exception of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, all administrative divisions in the region that composes contemporary Pakistan collected religious data, with a combined total population of 27,266,001, for an overall response rate of 92.0 percent. Similar to the contemporary era, where censuses do not collect religious data in Azad Jammu and Kashmir and Gilgit–Baltistan, the total number of responses for religion is slightly smaller than the total population, as detailed in the table breakdown below.

Religious groups in Pakistan (1941) [e]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [e] Punjab [71] : 42  [y] Sindh [72] : 28  [z] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [73] : 22 		 Balochistan [74] : 13–18  AJK [75] : 337–352  [v] Gilgit–
Baltistan [75] : 337–352  [aa]
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 21,113,21413,022,1603,462,0152,788,797785,181939,460115,601
Hinduism Om.svg [f] 3,981,5652,373,4661,279,530180,32154,39493,559295
Sikhism Khanda.svg 1,672,7531,530,11232,62757,93912,04439,910121
Christianity Christian cross.svg 432,724395,31120,30410,8896,05613628
Tribal 37,603——37,598——302
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 13,2159,5203,6871700
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 4,2533123,841247600
Judaism Star of David.svg 1,18071,082712000
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 26687111254300
Others19,22819,1280011890
Total responses27,266,00117,340,1034,840,7953,038,067 [k] 857,8351,073,154116,047
Total population29,643,60017,340,1034,840,7955,415,666 [k] 857,8351,073,154116,047

1951 census

Refugees during Partition of India, 1947 A refugee special train at Ambala Station during partition of India.jpg
Refugees during Partition of India, 1947

Religion in Pakistan (1951 Official census) [41] [42]

   Islam (97.1%)
   Hinduism (1.6%)
   Christianity (1.2%)
  Others (0.1%)

After partition, when first census of Pakistan was conducted in the year 1951, It was found that the Muslim proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) increased from approximately 77.3 percent according to the 1941 census, [e] to 97.1 percent as per the 1951 census; [76] in contrast, the combined Hindu and Sikh proportion in West Pakistan (contemporary Pakistan) decreased from approximately 20.7 percent [e] to just 1.7 percent during the same timeframe, as the 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the Indian subcontinent, especially in Punjab region. As a result, around 7.3 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India and 7.2 million Muslims moved to Pakistan permanently, leading to demographic change of both the nations to a certain extent. [77] [78]

Religious groups in Pakistan (1951) [41] [42]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [41] [42] Punjab [79] Sindh [ab] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [80] 		Balochistan [81] AJK Gilgit–
Baltistan
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 32,731,58220,200,7945,535,6455,858,0801,137,063————
Hinduism Om.svg 531,13133,052482,5602,43213,087————
Christianity Christian cross.svg 432,978402,61722,6013,8233,937————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 5,3201955,046——79————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 6809670——1————
Others1,476351,2262150————
Total responses33,703,167 [ac] 20,636,702 [ad] 6,047,748 [ae] 5,864,550 [af] 1,154,167 [ag] ————
Total population33,779,55520,651,1406,054,4745,899,9051,174,036————

1961 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1961) [43] [44]
Religious
group		 Pakistan Punjab Sindh Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 		Balochistan AJK Gilgit–
Baltistan
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 41,666,15325,013,7967,936,9797,569,0261,146,352————
Hinduism Om.svg 621,80541,965568,5301,4749,836————
Christianity Christian cross.svg 583,884524,77046,9317,4634,720————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 5,2192514,8661092————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 2,4457571,68341————
Others87210454920910————
Total responses42,880,378 [ah] 25,581,643 [ai] 8,559,538 [aj] 7,578,186 [ak] 1,161,011 [al] ————
Total population42,978,26125,619,4378,566,5127,599,6271,192,685————

1972 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1972) [45]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [45] Punjab [82] Sindh [83] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [84] [85] 		Balochistan [86] ICT [87] AJK Gilgit–
Baltistan
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 60,434,65936,610,50813,212,5007,998,2322,381,810231,609————
Christianity Christian cross.svg 907,861786,49495,77712,8289,8072,955————
Hinduism Om.svg 900,20661,405815,4525,01418,223112————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 9,5893758,9233917379————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 4,3181,3862,736776158————
Others205,250149,99120,52116,13418,6040————
Total responses62,461,88337,610,15914,155,9098,032,324 [k] 2,428,678234,813————
Total population65,309,34037,610,15914,155,90910,879,781 [k] 2,428,678234,813————

1981 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1981) [46] [47]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [46] [47] Punjab [88] Sindh [89] Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa [90] 		Balochistan [91] ICT AJK Gilgit–
Baltistan
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 81,450,05746,110,20517,556,71213,194,3454,257,628331,167————
Christianity Christian cross.svg 1,310,4261,061,037176,89844,51420,1317,846————
Hinduism Om.svg 1,276,11629,2681,221,9615,25319,59836————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg 104,24463,69421,21012,3335,8241,183————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 7,0071,7664,30546243935————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 2,6397561,714581065————
Sikhism Khanda.svg 2,1468323937291893————
Others101,00924,88345,4732,18128,46111————
Total responses84,253,64447,292,44119,028,66613,259,8754,332,376340,286————
Total population84,253,64447,292,44119,028,66613,259,8754,332,376340,286————

1998 census

Religious groups in Pakistan (1998) [48]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [48] Punjab Sindh Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 		Balochistan ICT AJK Gilgit–
Baltistan
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 127,433,40971,574,83027,796,81420,808,4806,484,006769,279————
Hinduism Om.svg 2,443,614116,4102,280,8427,01139,146205————
Christianity Christian cross.svg 2,092,9021,699,843294,88538,97426,46232,738————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg 286,212181,42843,52448,7039,8002,757————
Others96,14248,77923,82816,8086,471256————
Total responses132,352,27973,621,29030,439,89320,919,9766,565,885805,235————
Total population132,352,27973,621,29030,439,89320,919,9766,565,885805,235————

2017 census

As per 2017 Census of Pakistan, the country has a population of 207,684,000.The CCI approved the release of provisional population figures of 207.754 million people. The final results showed the total population of Pakistan to be 207.684 million, a reduction of 68,738 people or 0.033% against provisional results, [92] Pakistan has a population of 224,418,238 as of 2021. [93]

As of 2018, there are 3.63 million non-Muslim voters in Pakistan- 1.77 million were Hindus, 1.64 million Christians, 167,505 were Ahmadi Muslims, 31,543 were Baháʼís, 8,852 were Sikhs, 4,020 were Parsis, 1,884 were Buddhist and others such as Kalashas. [94] The NADRA makes it nearly impossible to declare and change the religion to anything from Islam making the statistics somewhat misleading. [95]

Religious groups in Pakistan (2017) [49]
Religious
group		 Pakistan [49] Punjab Sindh Khyber
Pakhtunkhwa 		Balochistan ICT AJK Gilgit–
Baltistan
Total
Population		Percentage Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 200,362,718107,541,60243,234,10735,428,85712,246,2751,911,877————
Hinduism Om.svg 4,444,870211,6414,176,9866,37349,133737————
Christianity Christian cross.svg 2,642,0482,063,063408,30150,01833,81986,847————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg 191,737158,02121,6617,2042,1132,738————
Others43,25315,32813,4559,5123,7891,169————
Total responses207,684,626109,989,65547,854,51035,501,96412,335,1292,003,368————
Total population207,684,626109,989,65547,854,51035,501,96412,335,1292,003,368————

Details

Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021. [96] 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadi Muslims and 0.02% others.

These are some maps of religious minority groups. The 2017 census showed an increasing share in Hinduism, mainly caused by a higher birth rate among the impoverished Hindus of Sindh province. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority.

On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. This is due to Pakistani Christians having a significantly lower fertility rate than Pakistani Muslims and Pakistani Hindus as well as them being concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.

The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadi Muslim.

Here are some maps of Pakistan's religious minority groups as of the 2017 census by district:

2023 census

Pakistan religious diversity as per 2023 census [97]

ReligionPopulation %
Muslims ( Star and Crescent.svg )231,686,70996.35%
Hindus ( Om.svg )5,217,2162.17%
Christians ( ChristianitySymbol.svg )3,300,7881.37%
Ahmadiyya Muslims162,6840.07%
Sikhs 15,9920.01%
Zoroastrians 2,348<0.01%
Others (inc. Kalashas,Baháʼís, Buddhists)72,3460.03%
Total240,458,089100%

Demographics of religion by province/territory

Punjab

Religion in Punjab, Pakistan (1881–2023)
Religious
group		1881 [98] [99] [100] [101] [am] 1901 [51] [102] [g] 1911 [56] [103] [l] 1921 [61] [p] 1931 [67] [t] 1941 [71] [y] 1951 [41] [42] [79] 1998 [48] 2017 [49] [4] 2023 [50] [104]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 6,201,8597,951,1558,494,3148,975,28810,570,02913,022,16020,200,79471,574,830107,541,602124,462,897
Hinduism Om.svg [an] 1,449,9131,944,3631,645,7581,797,1411,957,8782,373,46633,052116,410211,641249,716
Sikhism Khanda.svg 272,908483,999813,441863,0911,180,7891,530,112——————5,649
Christianity Christian cross.svg 12,99242,371144,514247,030324,730395,311402,6171,699,8432,063,0632,458,924
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 4,3525,5625,9775,9306,9219,520————————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 354300377309413312195————358
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 0616817232879——————
Judaism Star of David.svg ——9361667————————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg ——————————————181,428158,021140,512
Others21008019,5343548,77915,32815,249
Total responses7,942,39910,427,76511,104,58511,888,98514,040,79817,350,10320,636,70273,621,290109,989,655127,333,305
Total population7,942,39910,427,76511,104,58511,888,98514,040,79817,350,10320,651,14073,621,290109,989,655127,688,922

Sindh

Religion in Sindh (1872−2023)
Religious
group		1872 [105] [ao] 1881 [106] [ap] 1891 [107] [aq] 1901 [52] [h] 1911 [57] [m] 1921 [62] [q] 1931 [68] [u] 1941 [72] : 28  [z] 1951 [41] [42] [ab] 1998 [48] 2017 [49] [4] 2023 [50] [1]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 1,712,2211,989,6302,318,1802,609,3372,822,7562,562,7003,017,3773,462,0155,535,64527,796,81443,234,10750,126,428
Hinduism Om.svg [ar] 475,848544,848674,371787,683877,313876,6291,055,1191,279,530482,5602,280,8424,176,9864,901,407
Christianity Christian cross.svg 3,3296,0827,7687,82510,91711,73415,15220,30422,601294,885408,301546,968
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 8101,0631,5342,0002,4112,9133,5373,8415,046————1,763
Judaism Star of David.svg 351532104285956719851,082————————
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg ——1,1919239211,3491,5341,1443,687————————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg ——920214153111670——————
Sikhism Khanda.svg ————720— [as] —12,3398,03619,17232,627——————5,182
Tribal ——————— [as] —9,2248,18620437,598————————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg ——————————————————43,52421,66118,266
Others172032,029298641,51001,22623,82813,45538,395
Total Responses2,192,4152,542,9763,003,7113,410,2233,737,2233,472,5084,114,2534,840,7956,047,74830,439,89347,854,51055,638,409
Total Population2,322,7652,542,9763,003,7113,410,2233,737,2233,472,5084,114,2534,840,7956,054,47430,439,89347,854,51055,696,147

Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

Religion in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (1881–2023)
Religious
group		1881 [108] 1891 [109] 1901 [53] 1911 [58] 1921 [63] 1931 [69] 1941 [73] 1951 [41] [42] [80] 1998 [48] 2017 [49] [4] 2023 [50] [1]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 1,787,3412,088,0151,890,4792,039,9942,062,7862,227,3032,788,7975,858,08020,808,48035,428,85740,486,153
Hinduism Om.svg [at] 154,081166,984129,306119,942149,881142,977180,3212,4327,0116,3736,102
Sikhism Khanda.svg 9,20521,11025,73330,34528,04042,51057,939——————4,050
Christianity Christian cross.svg 4,7255,4375,1196,58510,61012,21310,8893,82338,97450,018134,884
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 106108374301————————
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 52484649206024——————36
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 00000225————————
Judaism Star of David.svg ——441401171————————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg ————————————————48,7037,204951
Others520000021516,8089,5128,944
Total Responses [au] 1,955,5152,281,7082,050,7242,196,9332,251,3402,425,0763,038,0675,864,55020,919,97635,501,96440,641,120
Total Population [au] 1,955,5152,281,7082,125,4803,819,0275,076,4764,684,3645,415,6665,899,90520,919,97635,501,96440,856,097
Note1: Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.

Note2: 1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.

Balochistan

Religion in Balochistan (1901–2023)
Religious
group		1901 [54] 1911 [59] 1921 [64] 1931 [70] 1941 [74] 1951 [41] [42] [81] 1998 [48] 2017 [49] [4] 2023 [50] [1]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 765,368782,648733,477798,093785,1811,137,0636,484,00612,255,52814,429,568
Hinduism Om.svg 38,15838,32651,34853,68154,39413,08739,14649,37859,107
Sikhism Khanda.svg 2,9728,3907,7418,42512,044——————1,057
Christianity Christian cross.svg 4,0265,0856,6938,0596,0563,93726,46233,33062,731
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 1661701651677679————181
Judaism Star of David.svg 4857191720————————
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 81017177————————
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 01616068431——————
Ahmadiyya Liwa-e-Ahmadiyya 1-2.svg ————————————9,8002,469557
Others015751406,4713,7038,810
Total responses810,746834,703799,625868,617857,8351,154,1676,565,88512,344,40814,562,011
Total population810,746834,703799,625868,617857,8351,174,0366,565,88512,344,40814,894,402

Azad Jammu and Kashmir

Religious groups in Azad Jammu and Kashmir (1901–1941)
Religious
group		1901 [55] [i] 1911 [60] [n] 1921 [65] [r] 1931 [66] [x] 1941 [75] : 337–352  [v]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 747,426749,945780,607850,135939,460
Hinduism Om.svg 108,33184,13081,73387,55493,559
Sikhism Khanda.svg 17,13220,39124,49131,70939,910
Christianity Christian cross.svg 185524168136
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 086110
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 02000
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 00010
Tribal——————00
Judaism Star of David.svg ————————0
Others800089
Total population872,915854,531886,861969,5781,073,154

Gilgit–Baltistan

Religious groups in Gilgit–Baltistan (1901–1941)
Religious
group		1901 [55] [j] 1911 [60] [o] 1921 [65] [s] 1931 [66] [w] 1941 [75] : 337–352  [aa]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 58,77977,18988,64394,940115,601
Hinduism Om.svg 2,0011,1129481,361295
Sikhism Khanda.svg 74819093121
Christianity Christian cross.svg 2822164928
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 10030
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 00000
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 00000
Tribal——————02
Judaism Star of David.svg ————————0
Others20000
Total population60,88578,40489,69796,446116,047

Islam

The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia. Faisal Mosque by M Ali Mir.jpg
The Faisal Mosque in Islamabad, which is the largest mosque of Pakistan and is also one of the largest in the world, was built by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.

Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 96–98% of Pakistanis are Muslim. [9] Pakistan has the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia. [110] The majority are Sunni (estimated at 85-90%), [17] [18] with an estimated 10–15% Shia. [17] [18] [19] [111] A PEW survey in 2012 found that 6% of Pakistani Muslims were Shia. [112] There are a number of Islamic law schools called Madhab (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or 'Maktab-e-Fikr' in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of thought, while a small number belong to the Hanbali school. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. [113] Sufis and above mentioned Sunni and Shia sects are considered to be Muslims according to the Constitution of Pakistan; the Ahmadiyya (though self-described Muslims) are specifically declared not to be.

The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan. [114] [115] Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.

Sunni

Barelvi and Deobandi Sunni Muslims

There are two major Sunni sects in Pakistan, the Barelvi movement and Deobandi movement. Statistics regarding Pakistan's sects and sub-sects have been called "tenuous", [116] but estimates of the sizes of the two groups give a slight majority of Pakistan's population to followers of the Barelvi school, while 15–25% are thought to follow the Deobandi school of jurisprudence. [117] [118] [119]

However, the Hanbali school is also gaining popularity due to Ahl-i Hadith movement and also recent Wahhabi and Salafi movement influence from the Middle East. [120]

Sufi

The shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar Shrine Lal Shahbaz Qalandar, Sehwan Shareef, Sindh, Pakistan.jpg
The shrine of Lal Shahbaz Qalandar

Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 11th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century).[ citation needed ] Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, promoted by Fariduddin Ganjshakar in Pakpatan, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, 5 in 2010 that killed 64 people. [121] [122]

Ahmadiyya

Yadgar Mosque, the first mosque of Rabwah Yadgar Masjid.jpg
Yadgar Mosque, the first mosque of Rabwah

According to the last Census in Pakistan, Ahmadi Muslim made up 0.07% of the population; however, the Ahmadiyya Muslim community boycotted the census. Independent groups generally estimate the population to be somewhere between two and five million Ahmadi Muslims. In media reports, four million is the most commonly cited figure. [123]

In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended the Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim according to Qu'ran 33:40, [124] as a person who believes in finality of Muhammad under the Ordinance XX. According to Ordinance XX, Ahmadi Muslims cannot call themselves Muslim or "pose as Muslims" which is punishable by three years in prison. [125] Ahmadi Muslims believe in Muhammad as the final law-bearing prophet, but also believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be a prophet, the prophecised Mehdi and second coming of Jesus. Consequently, Ahmadi Muslims were declared non-Muslims by a parliamentary tribunal and are subject to persecution under Pakistani blasphemy laws.

Hinduism

Shri Hinglaj Mata temple shakti peetha is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people. Hawan at Hinglaj Mata (Rani ki Mandir) During Yanglaj Yatra 2017 Photo by Aliraza Khatri.jpg
Shri Hinglaj Mata temple shakti peetha is the largest Hindu pilgrimage centre in Pakistan. The annual Hinglaj Yathra is attended by more than 250,000 people.

Hinduism is the second largest religion affiliation in Pakistan after Islam. [127] As of 2020, Pakistan has the fourth largest Hindu population in the world after India, Nepal and Bangladesh. [128] According to the 1998 Census, the Hindu population was found to be 2,111,271 (including 332,343 scheduled castes Hindus). While according to latest census of 2017, There are 4.4 million Hindus in Pakistan out of 207.68 million total population comprising 2.14% of the country's population of both General and Schedule caste. [92] Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh. About 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan. [129] They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri [130] and Gujarati. [131]

The Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text, is believed to have been composed in the Punjab region in the Indian subcontinent around 1500 BCE [132] and spread from there across South and South East Asia slowly developing and evolving into the various forms of the faith we see today. [133]

Many ancient Hindu temples are located throughout Pakistan. A significant Hindu pilgrimage site known as Hinglaj Mata takes place in southern Balochistan, where over 250,000 people visit during spring as a pilgrimage.

Cases collected by Global Human Rights Defence show that underage Hindu (and Christian) girls are often targeted by Muslims for forced conversion to Islam. [15] According to the National Commission of Justice and Peace and the Pakistan Hindu Council (PHC) around 1,000 non-Muslim minority women are converted to Islam and then forcibly married off to their abductors or rapists. [134] [16]

Christianity

Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore Church Sacred Heart.jpg
Sacred Heart Cathedral, Lahore

Christians (Urdu : مسيحى، عیسائی) make up 1.3% of Pakistan's population. [135] The majority of the Pakistani Christian community consists of Punjabis who converted during the British colonial era and their descendants. In British colonial India, there were waves of conversions to Christianity among the Chuhra and Chamar between the 1870s and 1930s in the Punjab Province and United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. [136] Christians mainly live in the urban centres of Punjab. There is also a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed between the two World Wars. A few Protestant groups conduct missions in Pakistan. The present Christian population in Pakistan is ranged between 2 and 3 million as per as recent (2020–21) year estimation by various institution and NGOs of Pakistan. [3]

There are a number of church-run schools in Pakistan that admit students of all religions, including Forman Christian College, [137] [138] St. Patrick's Institute of Science & Technology and Saint Joseph's College for Women, Karachi.

Sikhism

Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the birthplace of the founder of Sikhism in Nankana Sahib Gurdwara Janam Asthan (151719).jpg
Gurdwara Janam Asthan, the birthplace of the founder of Sikhism in Nankana Sahib

In the 15th century, the Sikh faith was born in the Punjab region (of present day India and Pakistan) where Sikhism's founder Guru Nanak was born. Home to some of the world's most sacred gurdwaras, Sikhs have a become a crucial part in Pakistan's religious tourism with large numbers coming to the country particularly during festivals. Aside from religious tourists, estimates on the Sikh population permanently residing in Pakistan vary due to the community being excluded from the national census up until 2023 which marks the first inclusion of Sikhs in census data since partition (where almost 99% fled to India). [139] The results of the 2023 Census of Pakistan thus are significant in the first official Sikh count since the formation of Pakistan as a sovereign nation.

In a news article published in December 2022, there was an estimated 30,000–35,000 Sikhs in Pakistan according to Gurpal Singh. [140] Other sources, including the US Department of State, claim the Sikh population in Pakistan to be at 20,000. [141] [142] Though full community counts have not yet been available, the National Database and Registration Authority (NADRA) does provide the numbers of eligible voters belonging to minority religions (registered in electoral rolls):

In recent years, their numbers have increased with many Sikhs migrating from neighboring Afghanistan who have joined their co-religionists in Pakistan. [144]

Other religions

Baháʼí

The Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was still under British colonial rule. The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844, [145] with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi who was from Multan. [146] During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area that is present day Pakistan. [147]

The Baháʼís in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. [148] Bahá'í sources claim their population to be around 30,000. [149] Shoba Das of Minority Rights Group International reported around 200 Baháʼís in Islamabad and between 2,000 and 3,000 Baháʼís in Pakistan, in 2013. [150] One more PhD thesis says that "It is an assumption that the Bahá’ís do not want to declare their exact population, which is supposed to be more or less 3,000 in total". Most of these Bahá’ís have their roots in Iran. [151]

Zoroastrianism

Bai Virbaiji Soparivala Parsi School, Karachi Bvs 608.jpg
Bai Virbaiji Soparivala Parsi School, Karachi

There are at least 4,000 Pakistani citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion. [152] The region of Balochistan is believed to be a stronghold of Zoroastrianism before the advent of Islam. [153] [154] With the flight of Zoroastrians from Greater Iran into the Indian subcontinent, the Parsi communities were established. More recently, from the 15th century onwards, Zorastrians came to settle the coast of Sindh and have established thriving communities and commercial enterprises. At the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi and Lahore were home to a thriving Parsi business community. Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan, though their population is declining. [155] [156] Parsis have entered Pakistani public life as social workers, business folk, journalists and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as Minocher Bhandara. The founding father of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, married Ratti Bai who belonged to a Parsi family before her conversion to Islam. [157]

Kalash

Guardians of a Kalasha village in the valley of Mumuret (Bumburet) Kalasha village guardians.JPG
Guardians of a Kalasha village in the valley of Mumuret (Bumburet)

The Kalash people practise a form of ancient Hinduism [158] mixed with animism. [159] Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral; Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion has been compared to that of ancient Greece, but they are much closer to the Hindu traditions in other parts of the Indian subcontinent. [158] It is more similar to the historical Vedic religion, than later forms of Hinduism. [160]

Jainism

A Jain Temple at Sirkap, part of the Indo-Greek kingdom, near modern-day Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan SirkapJainTemple.JPG
A Jain Temple at Sirkap, part of the Indo-Greek kingdom, near modern-day Taxila, Punjab, Pakistan

Several ancient Jain shrines are scattered across the country. [161] Baba Dharam Dass was a holy man whose tomb is located near the bank of a creek called (Deoka or Deokay or Degh) near Chawinda Phatic, behind the agricultural main office in Pasrur, near the city of Sialkot in Punjab, Pakistan. Another prominent Jain monk of the region was Vijayanandsuri of Gujranwala, whose samadhi (memorial shrine) still stands in the city. [161]

Buddhism

A statue of Buddha (at Jaulian, Taxila) with a hole in the navel is an odd artifact. It is called the "Healing Buddha". Buddhist pilgrims put their fings in the navel hole and pray for the ailment of the patients. A statue of buddha with a hole in the navel.jpg
A statue of Buddha (at Jaulian, Taxila) with a hole in the navel is an odd artifact. It is called the "Healing Buddha". Buddhist pilgrims put their fings in the navel hole and pray for the ailment of the patients.

Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan; currently there is a small community of at least 1500 Pakistani Buddhist in the country. [152] The country is dotted with numerous ancient and disused Buddhist stupas along the entire breadth of the Indus River that courses through the heart of the country. Many Buddhist empires and city states existed, notably in Gandhara but also elsewhere in Taxila, Punjab and Sindh. [162]

The number of Buddhist voters was 1,884 in 2017 and are mostly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab. [163]

Judaism

Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence on 14 August 1947, with the majority living in Karachi and a few living in Peshawar. However, almost all emigrated to Israel after 1948. There are a few disused synagogues in both cities; while one Karachi synagogue was torn down for the construction of a shopping mall. The one in Peshawar still exists, although the building is not being used for any religious purpose. There is a small Jewish community of Pakistani origin settled in Ramla, Israel.

One Pakistani, Faisal Khalid (a.k.a. Fishel Benkhald) of Karachi claims to be Pakistan's only Jew. [164] [165] He claimed that his mother is Jewish (making him Jewish by Jewish custom) but, his father is a Muslim. Pakistani authorities have issued him a passport which stated Judaism as his religion and have allowed him to travel to Israel. [166] [167] [168]

Irreligion

Irreligion is present among a minority of mainly young people in Pakistan. There are people who do not profess any faith (such as atheists and agnostics) in Pakistan, but their numbers are not known. [169] They are particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population, but social pressure against claiming no religion was strong. [144] A 2012 study by Gallup Pakistan found that people not affiliated to any religion account for 1% of the population. [170] Many atheists in Pakistan have been lynched and imprisoned over unsubstantiated allegations of blasphemy. When the state initiated a full-fledged crackdown on atheism since 2017, it has become worse with secular bloggers being kidnapped and the government running advertisements urging people to identify blasphemers among them and the highest judges declaring such people to be terrorists. [171]

Freedom of religion in Pakistan

In 2022, Freedom House rated Pakistan’s religious freedom as 1 out of 4, [172] noting that the blasphemy laws are often exploited by religious vigilantes and also curtail the freedom of expression by Christians and Muslims, especially Ahmadi Muslims. Hindus have spoken of vulnerability to kidnapping and forced conversions. Pakistan, a Muslim-majority country of about 220 million, is often under fire for crimes against members of its religious minorities, including Christians, Ahmadi and Shi’ite Muslims, and Hindus. [173] [174]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, [51] [g] Sindh, [52] [h] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [53] Balochistan, [54] Azad Jammu and Kashmir, [55] [i] and Gilgit–Baltistan. [55] [j]
  2. 1 2 3 4 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, [56] [l] Sindh, [57] [m] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [58] Balochistan, [59] Azad Jammu and Kashmir, [60] [n] and Gilgit–Baltistan. [60] [o]
  3. 1 2 3 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, [61] [p] Sindh, [62] [q] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [63] Balochistan, [64] Azad Jammu and Kashmir, [65] [r] and Gilgit–Baltistan. [65] [s]
  4. 1 2 3 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, [67] [t] Sindh, [68] [u] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [69] Balochistan, [70] Azad Jammu and Kashmir, [66] [v] and Gilgit–Baltistan. [66] [w]
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all administrative divisions that compose the region of contemporary Pakistan, including Punjab, [71] : 42  [y] Sindh, [72] : 28  [z] Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, [73] : 22  Balochistan, [74] : 13–18  Azad Jammu and Kashmir, [75] : 337–352  [v] and Gilgit–Baltistan. [75] : 337–352  [aa]
  6. 1 2 3 Including Ad-Dharmis
  7. 1 2 3 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [51]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  8. 1 2 3 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1901 census data here: [52]
  9. 1 2 3 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Bhimber and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1901 census data here: [55]
  10. 1 2 3 1901 figure taken from census data using the total population of Gilgit District in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1901 census data here: [55]
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Religious data only collected in North West Frontier Province, and not in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas. Total responses to religion includes North West Frontier Province, and total population includes both North West Frontier Province and the Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later amalgamated to become Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.
  12. 1 2 3 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [56] [103]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  13. 1 2 3 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1911 census data here: [57]
  14. 1 2 3 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1911 census data here: [60]
  15. 1 2 3 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1911 census data here: [60]
  16. 1 2 3 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [61]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  17. 1 2 3 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1921 census data here: [62]
  18. 1 2 3 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1921 census data here: [65]
  19. 1 2 3 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1921 census data here: [65]
  20. 1 2 3 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [67]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  21. 1 2 3 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1931 census data here: [68]
  22. 1 2 3 4 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1941 census data here: [75] : 337–352 
  23. 1 2 3 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of Gilgit District and the Frontier Ilaqas in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1931 census data here: [66]
  24. 1 2 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of two districts (Mirpur and Muzaffarabad) and one Jagir (Poonch) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary self-administrative territory of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. See 1931 census data here: [66]
  25. 1 2 3 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [71]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  26. 1 2 3 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Dadu, Hyderabad, Karachi, Larkana, Nawabshah, Sukkur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1941 census data here: [72]
  27. 1 2 3 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of one district (Astore) and one agency (Gilgit) in the Princely State of Jammu and Kashmir that ultimately would be administered by Pakistan, in the contemporary administrative territory of Gilgit–Baltistan. See 1941 census data here: [75] : 337–352 
  28. 1 2 Including Federal Capital Territory (Karachi)
  29. ↑ Excluding 76,388 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  30. ↑ Excluding 14,438 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  31. ↑ Sindh: Excluding 2,715 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.

    Karachi Federal Capital Territory: Excluding 4,011 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  32. ↑ Excluding 35,355 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  33. ↑ Excluding 19,869 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  34. ↑ Excluding 97,883 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  35. ↑ Excluding 37,794 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  36. ↑ Sindh: Excluding 6,974 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  37. ↑ Excluding 21,441 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  38. ↑ Excluding 31,674 persons claiming Nationalities other than Pakistani.
  39. ↑ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here: [98] [99] [100]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  40. ↑ 1931–1941 census: Including Ad-Dharmis
  41. ↑ 1872 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. Religious affiliation was not enumerated in Khairpur. See 1872 census data here: [105]
  42. ↑ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1881 census data here: [106]
  43. ↑ 1891 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Karachi, Hyderabad, Shikarpur, Tharparkar, Upper Sind Frontier), and one princely state (Khairpur), in Sindh Province, British India. See 1891 census data here: [107]
  44. ↑ 1872 census: Also includes Tribals, Jains, Buddhists, and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

    1881 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).

    1891 census: Also includes Tribals.

    1901 census: Also includes Tribals and Nanakpanthis (Sikhs).
  45. 1 2 1901 census: Enumerated as Hindus.
  46. ↑ 1951, 1998, 2017, 2023: Including Hindu (Jati) and Scheduled Castes.
  47. 1 2 Pre-partition populations for religious data is for North-West Frontier Province only and excludes the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (both administrative divisions later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018), as religious data was not collected in the latter region at the time.

    1951, 1998, and 2017 populations for religious data combine the North-West Frontier Province and Federally Administered Tribal Areas, both administrative divisions which later merged to form Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in 2018.

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  158. 1 2 West, Barbara A. (19 May 2010). Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania. Infobase Publishing. p. 357. ISBN   9781438119137. The Kalasha are a unique people living in just three valleys near Chitral, Pakistan, the capital of North-West Frontier Province, which borders Afghanistan. Unlike their neighbors in the Hindu Kush Mountains on both the Afghani and Pakistani sides of the border the Kalasha have not converted to Islam. During the mid-20th century a few Kalasha villages in Pakistan were forcibly converted to this dominant religion, but the people fought the conversion and once official pressure was removed the vast majority continued to practice their own religion. Their religion is a form of Hinduism that recognizes many gods and spirits and has been related to the religion of the Ancient Greeks, who mythology says are the ancestors of the contemporary Kalash… However, it is much more likely, given their Indo-Aryan language, that the religion of the Kalasha is much more closely aligned to the Hinduism of their Indian neighbors that to the religion of Alexander the Great and his armies.
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