Youth in Pakistan

Last updated
Population Pyramid of Pakistan as per the 2017 Pakistan Census Population Pyramid of Pakistan - 2017 Census.png
Population Pyramid of Pakistan as per the 2017 Pakistan Census

Pakistan's estimated population (excluding the disputed areas of Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan) was 207,774,520 according to the provisional results of the 2017 Census of Pakistan. [1] [2] [3] Pakistan is the world's fifth-most-populous country.

Contents

The population is young: in 2019 34.8% were thought to be 14 or younger, though in 1990 this had been much higher at 43.7%. [4] In 2010 the figure for those aged 24 or less was 62.19%. [5]

Many young Pakistanis are affected by serious issues around education in Pakistan; only 68% of Pakistani children finish primary school education [6] and Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world. [7] Other areas with significant issues include: child marriage in Pakistan, child labour in Pakistan, street children, malnutrition, and health problems.

Unemployment poses an escalating concern in Pakistan. With a population exceeding 220 million and a workforce of approximately 65 million, the country faces challenges in offering an adequate number of job opportunities for its citizens. This issue is particularly acute for the youth, who constitute roughly 60% of the population and confront an unemployment rate of approximately 10%. [8]

Education

A primary school in a village in the Sindh region Back to school after six months interruption.jpg
A primary school in a village in the Sindh region

Article 25-A of the Constitution of Pakistan obligates the state to provide free and compulsory quality education to children of the age group of 5 to 16 years. "The State shall provide free and compulsory education to all children of the age of five to sixteen years in such a manner as may be determined by law". [9]

Pakistan has one of the lowest literacy rates in the world [7] and the second largest out of school population (22.8 million children) [10] after Nigeria. Only 68% of Pakistani children finish primary school education. [11]

Child marriage

Women and girls in Qamber, Shadadkot, north-west Sindh, Pakistan Women and girls in Qamber, Shadadkot, north-west Sindh, Pakistan (8406155976).jpg
Women and girls in Qamber, Shadadkot, north-west Sindh, Pakistan

The practice of child marriage is prevalent in Pakistan, with the highest prevalence in the Sindh province. It disproportionately affects the girl child. [12] Defined as marriage before the age of 18 years, child marriage is widespread in Pakistan and linked to spousal violence. [13] Child marriage occurs most often in rural and low-income households where education is minimal. [13] The Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey conducted from 2012 to 2013 reported that 47.5% of currently married women aged 15 to 24 had been married before the age of 18. [13] Moreover, of those child marriages, one-third of those women reported spousal violence. [13] [14] [15] Another UNICEF report claims 70 per cent of girls in Pakistan are married before the age of 16. [16] As with India and Africa, the UNICEF data for Pakistan is from a small sample survey in the 1990s.

The exact number of child marriages in Pakistan below the age of 13 is unknown, but rising according to the United Nations. [17]

Another custom in Pakistan, called swara or vani, involves village elders solving family disputes or settling unpaid debts by marrying off girls. The average marriage age of swara girls is between 5 and 9. [16] [18] Similarly, the custom of watta satta has been cited [19] as a cause of child marriages in Pakistan.

According to Population Council, 35% of all females in Pakistan become mothers before they reach the age of 18, and 67% have experienced pregnancy – 69% of these have given birth – before they reach the age of 19. [20] Less than 4% of married girls below the age of 19 had some say in choosing her spouse; over 80% were married to a near or distant relative. Child marriage and early motherhood is common in Pakistan. [21]

Street children

Pakistan's major cities and urban centres are home to an estimated 1.2 million street children. This includes beggars and scavengers who are often very young. The law and order problem worsens their condition as boys and girls are fair game to others who would force them into stealing, scavenging, and smuggling to survive. A large proportion consumes readily available solvents to stave off hunger, loneliness, and fear. Children are vulnerable to contracting STDs such as HIV/AIDS, as well as other diseases. [22] The number of street children in Pakistan is estimated to be between 1.2 million [23] [24] and 1.5 million. [25] Issues like domestic violence, unemployment, natural disasters, poverty, unequal industrialization, unplanned rapid urbanization, family disintegration, and lack of education are considered the major factors behind the increase in the number of street children. Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child (SPARC) carried out a study which presented 56.5% of the children interviewed in Multan, 82.2% in Karachi, 80.5% in Hyderabad, and 83.3% in Sukkur were forced to move on to the streets after the 2010 and 2011 floods. [26]

Child labour

A Pakistani boy working as a cobbler Pathan cobbler in his workspace.jpg
A Pakistani boy working as a cobbler

Child labour in Pakistan is the employment of children for work in Pakistan, which causes them mental, physical, moral, and social harm. [27] The Human Rights Commission of Pakistan estimated that in the 1990s, 11 million children were working in the country, half of whom were under age ten. In 1996, the median age for a child entering the work force was seven, down from eight in 1994. It was estimated that one quarter of the country's work force was made up of children. [28]

Domestic violence

Domestic violence leads to increased risk towards certain health outcomes like major depression, dysthymia, conduct disorder, and drug abuse. [29] Moreover, because women are primary caretakers in Pakistan, children also face increased risk for depression and behavioural problems. [30]

Health

Malnutrition

Malnutrition is one of the most significant public health problems in Pakistan, and especially among children. According to UNICEF, about half of children are chronically malnourished. [31] National surveys show that for almost three decades, the rates of stunting and acute undernutrition in children under five years of age have remained stagnant, at 45 percent and 16 percent, respectively. [32] Additionally, at the “national level almost 40% of these children are underweight...and about 9% [are affected] by wasting”, diseases where muscle and fat tissues degenerate as a result of malnutrition. [33] Similarly, women are also at risk, with about half suffering from anemia, which is commonly caused by iron deficiency. [34]

Mental health

Depression often starts at a young age and affects women more commonly than men. [35] One or two mothers out of 10 have depression after childbirth. Depression also limits a mother's capacity to care for her child, and can seriously affect the child's growth and development. A study showed that exposure to maternal mental distress is associated with malnutrition in 9‐month infants in urban Pakistan. [36]

Polio

A child receives the oral polio vaccine (USAID). Poliodrops.jpg
A child receives the oral polio vaccine (USAID).

Pakistan is one of the two remaining countries [37] [38] in the world where poliomyelitis (polio) is still categorized as an endemic viral infection, [39] the other one being Afghanistan. [37] As of 20 July 2020, there have been 60 documented cases in Pakistan in 2020, and 146 documented cases in Pakistan in 2019. [40] [41] The total count of wild poliovirus cases in Pakistan in 2018 was 12. [42] By 1991, only 83 percent of Pakistani children had been vaccinated. [43] Research by the Center for Disease Control (CDC) in April 1998 cited a failure to vaccinate, vaccine failure, and inadequate immunization strategies as causes for the continued incidences[ spelling? ] of polio in this time. [44] Reasons for under-vaccination included the population being uninformed, considering vaccination unimportant, and having to travel long distances to vaccination sites. [44]

In March 2001, about 27 million children were vaccinated across the country in the hope that Pakistan could be virus-free by the end of that year. [45] As of 2004, when there were 30 million children in Pakistan under five, about 200,000 health workers were required for a vaccination campaign that was carried out eight times a year. [46] A documentary, Polio True Stories, was aired on several television channels to make people aware of the problems facing people affected by the disease. [47] In August 2015, the country launched an injectable polio vaccine intended to treat four million children and bring Pakistan closer to its goal of eradication by 2016. [48] While the new vaccine is pricier than the traditional oral polio vaccine (OPV) and requires that a doctor or nurse administer it, the injection needs only one dose, not repeated doses, to generate immunity. [48]

It has been shown that low parental - specifically, maternal - literacy and knowledge regarding vaccines and immunization schedules, poor socioeconomic status, and residence in rural areas all are attributable to decreased rates of immunization completion. [49] Parental education is one of the most important determiners of whether children will complete their vaccinations. In a study of two-parent households in Pakistan, it was shown that the father's knowledge about health most impacted immunization decisions, with an effect so large that some researchers contend improving education will improve health more than even the provision of health services. [50] Widespread malnutrition in Pakistani children is a factor in lowered resistance to disabling diseases and reduced efficacy of the polio vaccine. [51]

Polio has had drastic effects on the health of the population of Pakistan and on the nation's healthcare infrastructure and economy. The WHO estimates that 65–75% of polio cases in developing countries occur in children under 3 years of age, with 95% of all cases occurring in children under 5 years of age. [52] Researchers at the School of Public Health at Johns Hopkins University quantified the disease burden of various diseases in Pakistan; in the year 1990, a Pakistani person with polio averaged a loss of 1.13 healthy life years to the disease. [53] The duration of disability of polio, averaged over 1000 people, was 81.84 years, the equivalent of diseases including diphtheria, childhood meningitis, and measles. [53]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polio</span> Infectious disease caused by poliovirus

Poliomyelitis, commonly shortened to polio, is an infectious disease caused by the poliovirus. Approximately 75% of cases are asymptomatic; mild symptoms which can occur include sore throat and fever; in a proportion of cases more severe symptoms develop such as headache, neck stiffness, and paresthesia. These symptoms usually pass within one or two weeks. A less common symptom is permanent paralysis, and possible death in extreme cases. Years after recovery, post-polio syndrome may occur, with a slow development of muscle weakness similar to that which the person had during the initial infection.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination</span> Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. However, some diseases, such as measles outbreaks in America, have seen rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates in the 2010s – attributed, in part, to vaccine hesitancy. According to the World Health Organization, vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polio vaccine</span> Vaccine to prevent poliomyelitis

Polio vaccines are vaccines used to prevent poliomyelitis (polio). Two types are used: an inactivated poliovirus given by injection (IPV) and a weakened poliovirus given by mouth (OPV). The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends all children be fully vaccinated against polio. The two vaccines have eliminated polio from most of the world, and reduced the number of cases reported each year from an estimated 350,000 in 1988 to 33 in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pulse Polio</span> Indian governmental immunisation campaign

Pulse Polio is an immunisation campaign established by the government of India to eliminate poliomyelitis (polio) in India by vaccinating all children under the age of five years against the polio virus. The project fights polio through a large-scale, pulse vaccination programme and monitoring for poliomyelitis cases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Polio eradication</span> Effort to permanently eliminate all cases of poliomyelitis infection

Polio eradication, the permanent global cessation of circulation of the poliovirus and hence elimination of the poliomyelitis (polio) it causes, is the aim of a multinational public health effort begun in 1988, led by the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and the Rotary Foundation. These organizations, along with the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and The Gates Foundation, have spearheaded the campaign through the Global Polio Eradication Initiative (GPEI). Successful eradication of infectious diseases has been achieved twice before, with smallpox in humans and rinderpest in ruminants.

The Expanded Program on Immunization(EPI) in the Philippines began in July 1979. And, in 1986, made a response to the Universal Child Immunization goal. The four major strategies include:

  1. sustaining high routine Full Immunized Child (FIC) coverage of at least 90% in all provinces and cities;
  2. sustaining the polio-free country for global certification;
  3. eliminating measles by 2008; and
  4. eliminating neonatal tetanus by 2008.

A vaccination policy is a health policy adopted in order to prevent the spread of infectious disease. These policies are generally put into place by State or local governments, but may also be set by private facilities, such as workplaces or schools. Many policies have been developed and implemented since vaccines were first made widely available.

Mass vaccination is a public policy effort to vaccinate a large number of people, possibly the entire population of the world or of a country or region, within a short period of time. This policy may be directed during a pandemic, when there is a localized outbreak or scare of a disease for which a vaccine exists, or when a new vaccine is invented.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Pakistan</span> Overview of health in Pakistan

Pakistan is the fifth most populous country in the world with population approaching 225 million. It is a developing country struggling in many domains due to which the health system has suffered a lot. As a result of that, Pakistan is ranked 122nd out of 190 countries in the World Health Organization performance report.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in Mali</span> Overview of health in Mali

Mali, one of the world's poorest nations, is greatly affected by poverty, malnutrition, epidemics, and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Mali's health and development indicators rank among the worst in the world, with little improvement over the last 20 years. Progress is impeded by Mali's poverty and by a lack of physicians. The 2012 conflict in northern Mali exacerbated difficulties in delivering health services to refugees living in the north.

The Expanded Program on Immunization is a World Health Organization program with the goal to make vaccines available to all children.

Jean Marie Okwo-Bele is a Congolese physician, public health expert and former Director of the Department of Immunization, Vaccines and Biologicals of the World Health Organization (WHO).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Health in France</span> Overview of health in France

Average life expectancy in France at birth was 81 years in 2008. A new measure of expected human capital calculated for 195 countries from 1990 to 2016 and defined for each birth cohort as the expected years lived from age 20 to 64 years and adjusted for educational attainment, learning or education quality, and functional health status was published by the Lancet in September 2018. France had the ninth highest level of expected human capital with 25 health, education, and learning-adjusted expected years lived between age 20 and 64 years.

Universal Immunisation Programme (UIP) is a vaccination programme launched by the Government of India in 1985. It became a part of Child Survival and Safe Motherhood Programme in 1992 and is currently one of the key areas under the National Health Mission since 2005. The programme now consists of vaccination for 12 diseases- tuberculosis, diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, poliomyelitis, measles, hepatitis B, rotaviral gastroenteritis, Japanese encephalitis, rubella, pneumonia and Pneumococcal diseases. Hepatitis B and Pneumococcal diseases were added to the UIP in 2007 and 2017 respectively. The cost of all the vaccines are borne entirely by the Government of India and is funded through taxes with a budget of ₹7,234 crore (US$910 million) in 2022 and the program covers all residents of India, including foreign residents.

Pakistan is one of the two remaining countries in the world where poliomyelitis (polio) is still categorized as an endemic viral infection, the other one being Afghanistan. As of the March 2023, there has been 1 documented case in Pakistan. There were 20 documented cases in Pakistan in 2022, 1 in 2021, and 84 in 2020. The total count of wild poliovirus cases in Pakistan in 2019 was 147.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Targeted immunization strategies</span>

Targeted immunization strategies are approaches designed to increase the immunization level of populations and decrease the chances of epidemic outbreaks. Though often in regards to use in healthcare practices and the administration of vaccines to prevent biological epidemic outbreaks, these strategies refer in general to immunization schemes in complex networks, biological, social or artificial in nature. Identification of at-risk groups and individuals with higher odds of spreading the disease often plays an important role in these strategies, since targeted immunization in high-risk groups is necessary for effective eradication efforts and has a higher return on investment than immunizing larger but lower-risk groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Non-specific effect of vaccines</span> Unintended side effects of vaccines which may be beneficial or bad

Non-specific effects of vaccines are effects which go beyond the specific protective effects against the targeted diseases. Non-specific effects can be strongly beneficial by increasing protection against non-targeted infections. This has been shown with two live attenuated vaccines, BCG vaccine and measles vaccine, through multiple randomized controlled trials. Theoretically, non-specific effects of vaccines may be detrimental, increasing overall mortality despite providing protection against the target diseases. Although observational studies suggest that diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine (DTP) may be detrimental, these studies are at high risk of bias and have failed to replicate when conducted by independent groups.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Global Polio Eradication Initiative</span> Initiative to eradicate polio

The Global Polio Eradication Initiative is an initiative created in 1988, just after the World Health Assembly resolved to eradicate the disease poliomyelitis. Led by the World Health Organization, it is the largest international public health initiative in history.

DTaP-IPV-HepB vaccine is a combination vaccine whose generic name is diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis adsorbed, hepatitis B (recombinant) and inactivated polio vaccine or DTaP-IPV-Hep B. It protects against the infectious diseases diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, poliomyelitis, and hepatitis B.

The World Health Organization (WHO) created the Global Commission for the Certification of the Eradication of Poliomyelitis in 1995 to independently verify the eradication of wild poliovirus. The GCC certified the worldwide eradication of indigenous wild poliovirus type 2 on 20 September 2015, and wild poliovirus type 3 on 17 October 2019. In addition, five of the six World Health Organization Regions certified their status as free of indigenous transmission of all three serotypes of wild poliovirus :

References

  1. ↑ "Provisional Summary Results of 6th Population and Housing Census – 2017". Pakistan Bureau of Statistics. Archived from the original on 30 October 2017. Retrieved 2020-01-28.
  2. ↑ http://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/population-census Population census
  3. ↑ https://tribune.com.pk/story/1490674/57-increase-pakistans-population-19-years-shows-new-census/ The Express Tribune – 6th census findings: 207 million and counting
  4. ↑ Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations Secretariat, World Population Prospects: The 2019 Revision
  5. ↑ "Demographic Yearbook". UN Data. United Nations. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  6. ↑ Stuteville, Sarah (August 16, 2009). "seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html". The Seattle Times.
  7. 1 2 "Literacy Rate in Pakistan Province Wise | Pakistan Literacy Rate". Ilm.com.pk. 2010-09-28. Retrieved 2013-12-10.
  8. ↑ "Causes And Effects Of Unemployment In Pakistan". www.instacare.pk. Retrieved 2023-06-30.
  9. ↑ "Constitution of Pakistan Artikel 25A (English translation)" (PDF). na.gov.pk. 28 February 2012. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  10. ↑ "Education".
  11. ↑ Stuteville, Sarah (August 16, 2009). "seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2009670134_pakistanschool16.html". The Seattle Times.
  12. ↑ Goonesekere, Savitri, Children, Law and Justice: A south Asian Perspective, p. 20.
  13. 1 2 3 4 Nasrullah, Muazzam; Zakar, Rubeena; Zakar, Muhammad (2014). "Child Marriage and Its Associations With Controlling Behaviors and Spousal Violence Against Adolescent and Young Women in Pakistan". Journal of Adolescent Health. 55 (6): 804–809. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2014.06.013. PMID   25123525.
  14. ↑ Nasrullah, M; et al. (2013). "Bielefeld University, Germany, Girl Child Marriage and Its Effect on Fertility in Pakistan: Findings from Pakistan Demographic and Health Survey, 2006–2007". Matern Child Health J. 18 (3): 534–43. doi:10.1007/s10995-013-1269-y. PMID   23580067. S2CID   26184621.
  15. ↑ "Social customs: 'Nearly half of Pakistani women are married before the age of 18' – The Express Tribune". 31 August 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2016.
  16. 1 2 "Pakistan's child brides: suffering for others' crimes". thestar.com. 26 August 2013.
  17. ↑ "IRIN Asia – PAKISTAN: Child marriages on the rise across rural Sindh – Pakistan – Children – Human Rights". IRINnews. 31 March 2006.
  18. ↑ Mehreen Zahra-Malik. "Child brides blot tribal Pakistan". aljazeera.com.
  19. ↑ Lane, Samuel (2012). "Stealing innocence: child marriage in Pakistan" (PDF). Abo Akademi University. Finland. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-12. Retrieved 2013-09-14.
  20. ↑ Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan Archived 2014-03-12 at the Wayback Machine Zeba Sathar, Cynthia Lloyd, et al., Population Council, with support from UNICEF; pp. 96–101
  21. ↑ Sathar, Zeba; Lloyd, Cynthia; et al. "Adolescents and Youth in Pakistan" (PDF). Population Council, with support from UNICEF. pp. 188–193. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-03-12.
  22. ↑ Surviving on the Streets Pakistan, Poverty Unveiled.World Vision
  23. ↑ "Ilm-o-Amal". Ilm-o-Amal. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  24. ↑ "PAKISTAN: 1.2 Million Street Children Abandoned and Exploited". Acr.hrschool.org. 4 May 2005. Archived from the original on 30 September 2011. Retrieved 12 September 2011.
  25. ↑ Nations, United. "PAKISTAN'S (STREET) CHILDREN".
  26. ↑ "Street Children of Pakistan" (PDF). Islamabad, Pakistan: Society for the Protection of the Rights of the Child. p. 2 – via Royal Norwegian Embassy.
  27. ↑ "What is child labour (IPEC)". ilo.org.
  28. ↑ "Child Labour in Pakistan". Fair Trade Sports. Archived from the original on 2016-08-21. Retrieved 2011-03-07.
  29. ↑ Nasrullah, Muazzam; Haqqi, Sobia; Cummings, Kristin (2009). "The epidemiological patterns of honour killing of women in Pakistan". European Journal of Public Health. 19 (2): 193–197. doi: 10.1093/eurpub/ckp021 . PMID   19286837.
  30. ↑ Zakar, Rubeena; Zakar, Muhammad; Mikolajczyk, Rafael; Kraemer, Alexander (2013). "Spousal Violence Against Women and Its Association With Women's Mental Health in Pakistan". Health Care for Women International. 34 (9): 795–813. doi:10.1080/07399332.2013.794462. PMID   23790086. S2CID   36059658.
  31. ↑ "Fighting malnutrition in Pakistan with a helping hand from children abroad". UNICEF. Retrieved 2018-02-21.
  32. ↑ "Pakistan | Hunger Relief in Asia | Action Against Hunger". actionagainsthunger.org. 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  33. ↑ "Nutrition country profiles: Pakistan summary". fao.org. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  34. ↑ "Malnutrition in Pakistan severest in region: report". thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 2018-03-14.
  35. ↑ Publishing, Harvard Health. "Women and depression". Harvard Health. Retrieved 2019-07-02.
  36. ↑ Rahman, A. (15 December 2003). "Mothers' mental health and infant growth: a case control study from Rawalpindi, Pakistan". Child: Care, Health and Development. 30 (1): 21–27. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2004.00382.x. PMID   14678308.
  37. 1 2 "Global Polio Eradication Initiative > Key countries". endpolio.com.pk. Retrieved 2019-12-23.
  38. ↑ Walsh, Fergus (2015-09-25). "Nigeria reaches polio 'milestone' - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 2015-10-19.
  39. ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2006). "Update on vaccine-derived polioviruses". MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . 55 (40): 1093–7. PMID   17035927.
  40. ↑ "Polio Cases Update 2020 | Across Pakistan's Provinces".
  41. ↑ "Polio this week as of 07 January 2020". polioeradication.org. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  42. ↑ "Polio this week as of 23 December 2019". polioeradication.org. Retrieved 2 November 2019.
  43. ↑ "Third Plenary Session". 1994 Proceedings: Eighty-Fifth Annual Convention of Rotary International. Taipei: Rotary International. 15 June 1994. p. 38. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  44. 1 2 Hennessey, Karen A.; Marx, Arthur; Hafiz, Rehan; Ashgar, Humayun; Hadler, Stephen C.; Jafari, Hamid; Sutter, Roland W. (2000-07-01). "Widespread Paralytic Poliomyelitis in Pakistan: A Case-Control Study to Determine Risk Factors and Implications for Poliomyelitis Eradication". Journal of Infectious Diseases. 182 (1): 6–11. doi: 10.1086/315675 . ISSN   0022-1899. PMID   10882575.
  45. ↑ Silver, Cary, ed. (May 2001). "Pakistani Rotarians help immunize 27 million children in NIDs". The Rotarian: 54. ISSN   0035-838X . Retrieved 28 May 2012.
  46. ↑ Svea Closser (16 August 2010). Chasing Polio in Pakistan: Why the World's Largest Public Health Initiative May Fail. Vanderbilt University Press. pp. 40–41. ISBN   978-0826517098 . Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  47. ↑ "Polio True Stories". Country Programme Human Interest Stories. UNICEF. Retrieved 27 May 2012.
  48. 1 2 "Pakistan launches new polio vaccine, aims for 2016 wipeout". Yahoo News. Retrieved 2015-10-20.
  49. ↑ Owais, Aatekah; Hanif, Beenish; Siddiqui, Amna R.; Agha, Ajmal; Zaidi, Anita KM (2011-04-17). "Does improving maternal knowledge of vaccines impact infant immunization rates? A community-based randomized-controlled trial in Karachi, Pakistan". BMC Public Health. 11 (1): 239. doi: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-239 . ISSN   1471-2458. PMC   3094245 . PMID   21496343.
  50. ↑ Aslam, Monazza; Kingdon, Geeta Gandhi (2012-10-01). "Parental Education and Child Health—Understanding the Pathways of Impact in Pakistan". World Development. 40 (10): 2014–2032. CiteSeerX   10.1.1.180.7540 . doi:10.1016/j.worlddev.2012.05.007.
  51. ↑ Peters, Susan Jeanne (2013-11-26). Education and Disability in Cross-Cultural Perspective. Routledge. ISBN   9781135811587.
  52. ↑ "WHO | Poliomyelitis (Polio)". www.who.int. Archived from the original on August 18, 2014. Retrieved 2015-11-04.
  53. 1 2 Hyder, A A; Morrow, R H (2000-08-01). "Applying burden of disease methods in developing countries: a case study from Pakistan". American Journal of Public Health. 90 (8): 1235–1240. doi:10.2105/ajph.90.8.1235. ISSN   0090-0036. PMC   1446325 . PMID   10937003.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.