List of extreme weather records in Pakistan

Last updated

Supercell thunderstorm in Larkana on 14 March 2015 Supercell thunderstorm Larkana March2015.jpg
Supercell thunderstorm in Larkana on 14 March 2015
Islamabad under dark clouds Islamabad- Under dark clouds.jpeg
Islamabad under dark clouds
Supercell thunderstorm in Faisalabad on 13th March 2020 Thunderstorm approaching Faisalabad.jpg
Supercell thunderstorm in Faisalabad on 13th March 2020
Lightning in Murree during the monsoon of 2005 Lightning in Murree, Pakistan.jpg
Lightning in Murree during the monsoon of 2005

Extreme weather in Pakistan includes everything from heavy rainfall and flooding to extremely low or extremely high temperatures. Pakistan has one of the highest temperature ranges in the world (temperature range refers to the difference between the highest and lowest recorded temperatures of a certain area). Temperatures can range from as high as those in the Sahara Desert, to as low as those in Alaska, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The highest temperature that has ever been recorded in Pakistan is 53.8 °C (128.8 °F), which was recorded in Turbat, Balochistan, and Moenjo Daro, Sindh, on 28 May 2017 and 26 May 2010 respectively. [1] [2] It was not only the hottest temperature ever to be recorded in Pakistan, but it was also the hottest reliably measured temperature that has ever been recorded on the continent of Asia, and it was the fourth-highest temperature that has ever been recorded on Earth. On 23 July 2001, a rainfall of 620 millimetres (24 in) was recorded in Islamabad; the rain fell in just 10 hours. [3] [4]

Contents

Temperature

Temperature is measured, as standard, at 1.2 meters above ground, and out of direct sunlight (hence the term x degrees "in the shade").

High temperatures

In Pakistan, heat waves can occur at any time between April and September; the most powerful ones occur in May and June. Areas of southern Pakistan often experience temperatures above 50 °C (122 °F). The most deadly heat wave in Pakistan's history was the record-breaking heat wave of May 2010. Heat spreads throughout the north-central part of the country, including the Punjab and KPK.

List of cities with temperature of 50 °C or above

This list is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2022, [5] along with other sources. [1]

DateTemperature °CCityProvinceNotesReferences
28 May 201754 °C

(129.2 °F) [1]

Turbat Balochistan The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) has officially evaluated temperature record extremes of 54 °C (129 °F) in Turbat, Pakistan, on 28 May 2017. [6] [1]
26 May 201053 °C (127 °F) [A] Larkana Sindh This was the fifth-highest temperature that has ever been recorded on Earth and the second-hottest reliably-measured temperature to be recorded on the continent of Asia. Larkana has been Pakistan's hottest city since 2010. 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded on four consecutive days from 24 to 27 May 2010. [2]
26 May 201053 °C (127 °F) Jacobabad Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for four consecutive days: 24 to 27 May 2010. This temperature was also recorded on 12 June 1919. [2]
26 May 201053 °C (127 °F) [A] Sibi Balouchistan 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded on five consecutive days between 22 and 26 May 2010. Previously, 52.6 °C (126.7 °F) was recorded on June 5, 2003. [7] [2]
12 June 191952.8 °C (127.0 °F) Jacobabad Sindh [8] [9]
31 May 199852.7 °C (126.9 °F) [A] Larkana Sindh This was the highest recorded temperature in 1998. [10]
26 May 201052.5 °C (126.5 °F) [A] Padidan Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded on three consecutive days from 24 to 26 May 2010. [2]
19 May 201652.2 °C (126.0 °F) [A] Larkana Sindh It was the highest recorded temperature in Pakistan in 2016. 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for four consecutive days from 17 to 20 May 2016. [11]
30 May 200952 °C (126 °F) Turbat Balouchistan 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for five consecutive days from 26 to 29 May 2009. [2]
26 May 201052 °C (126 °F) [A] Nawabshah Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for five consecutive days from 22 to 26 May 2010. [2]
19 May 201351.5 °C (124.7 °F) Larkana Sindh [12]
22 May 201051.3 °C (124.3 °F) Larkana Sindh [13]
9 June 200751 °C (124 °F) Bhakkar Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for two consecutive days on the 9 and 10 June 2007. [2]
1 June 199651 °C (124 °F) Rohri Sindh [14]
28 May 201051 °C (124 °F) [A] Dadu Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded for two days, 26 and 27 May 2010. [2]
26 May 201051 °C (124 °F) [A] Noorpurthal Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded on May 19, 2011. [2] [15]
25 May 201051 °C (124 °F) [A] Sukkur Sindh 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for three consecutive days, 25 to 27 May 2010. [2]
10 June 200751 °C (124 °F) Sargodha Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded for 2 days, 9 and 10 June 2007. [2]
15 May 200950 °C (122 °F) Lasbella Balochistan 50 °C (122 °F) was recorded for 2 days, 15 and 16 May 2009. 50 °C (122 °F) was also recorded on May 21, 2011. [2] [16]
27 May 201050 °C (122 °F) [A] Multan Punjab Record temperature in city; previous highest was 49 °C (120 °F) in 1956. [2]
26 May 201050 °C (122 °F) [A] Bahawalnagar Punjab [2]
20 May 201150 °C (122 °F) Pasni Balochistan [17]
20 June 198650 °C (122 °F) [A] Dera Ghazi Khan Punjab 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for three consecutive days from 20 June 1986. [18]
5 June 197850 °C (122 °F) Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [19]
10 June 200750 °C (122 °F) Bannu Khyber Pakhtunkhwa 50 °C (122 °F) or above was recorded for two days, 9 and 10 June 2007. [2]

List of cities with temperature of 45 °C or above but below 50 °C

This list is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2020, [5] and other sources.

DateTemperature °CCityProvinceNotes
20 April 201749.0 °C (120.2 °F) Sukkur Sindh This was a record breaking temperature for the month of April.

Record breaking heat wave of April 2017

A severe heat wave with temperatures as high as 50 °C (122 °F) hit Pakistan, especially its southern areas, in April 2017. This heat wave broke the old temperature records of many cities in the country for the month of April. Larkana, Sindh, experienced the highest maximum temperature of 50 °C (122 °F) on 19 April and broke its old record of 48.5 °C (119.3 °F), which was recorded in April 2000. Other cities of the country also broke their old records of highest maximum temperatures in the month of April. [20]

Recorded temperatures

Extreme temperatures started to affect these parts of the country from mid-April and peaked on 19–20 April.

PlaceTemperatureDate
Larkana 50.0 °C (122.0 °F)19 April
Sukkur 49.0 °C (120.2 °F)20 April
Moenjo Daro 48.5 °C (119.3 °F)19 & 20 April
Dadu 48.5 °C (119.3 °F)20 April
Jacobabad 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)20 April
Nawabshah 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)20 April
Sibi 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)19 & 20 April
Karachi 48.0 °C (118.4 °F)22 & 23 April

Record breaking 2010 summer heat wave

The hottest temperature ever to be recorded in Asia, and the fourth highest temperature that has ever been recorded in the world, was recorded in Mohenjo-daro, Sindh, at 53.5 °C (128.3 °F). The second hottest temperature ever to be recorded in Asia and the fifth highest temperature ever to be recorded in the world was in Larkana, Sindh at 53 °C (127 °F) on May 26, 2010. Twelve cities in Pakistan saw temperatures that went above 50 °C (122 °F) during the extreme summer heatwave of 2010, which lasted from May 22 to May 31 of that year. [21] On May 27, temperatures higher than 45 °C (113 °F) hit areas across Pakistan and at least 18 people died as a result. [22] In addition, during the extreme heatwave season, eleven cities saw their highest-ever recorded temperatures of 50 °C (122 °F) or above, and five cities saw temperatures of 53 °C (127 °F). Eleven cities also saw extreme temperatures of more than 45 °C (113 °F), although they were below 50 °C (122 °F). The previous highest temperature ever recorded for Pakistan and for Asia was on June 12, 1919, at 52.8 °C (127.0 °F); this occurred at Jacobabad. [8] [9]

Low temperatures

In northern and western Pakistan, cold waves can occur between October and March. The most powerful cold waves usually occur in December and January. During these cold waves, some areas of northern and western Pakistan often experience temperatures that are below 0 °C. Often, the place most affected by these cold waves is the glacial parts of Gilgit Baltistan, where, in winter, the average temperature remains below -20 °C. The K2 Peak has recorded a wind chill of -65 °C. [23] The most deadly cold wave in the recent history of Pakistan was the record-breaking cold wave of winter 2020. Temperatures in the hottest places of Pakistan fell below 2 °C or more. Cities that are near the foothills of the Himalayas, including Islamabad, Peshawar, and Lahore, can record temperatures that are below freezing. It is not uncommon for Islamabad to receive snow in strong cold spells; the Khyber Hills, in Peshawar, Hayatabad can also receive light snowfall.

List of some important cities of Pakistan with temperature of 0 °C or below Official data (according to Pakistan Metrological Department)

DateTemperature °CCityProvinceReferences
7 January 1995-24 °C. (-11.2 °F) Skardu Gilgit-Baltistan [ citation needed ]
???-23.9 °C Naran (town) Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [25]
8 January 1970-18.3 °C (-0.9 °F) Quetta Balochistan, Pakistan [ citation needed ]
20 January 1978−17 °C (1 °F) Kalat Balochistan [ citation needed ]
5 February 1984-13.9 °C Dir Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [ citation needed ]
11 January 1987-13.5 °C Gilgit Gilgit Baltistan [ citation needed ]
29 December 1972-12.2 °C Chitral Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [ citation needed ]
????-11 °C Murree Punjab, Pakistan [26]
30 December 1997-11 °C Dalbandin Balochistan, Pakistan [ citation needed ]
26 January 2008-11 °C Drosh Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [ citation needed ]
9 February 1974-10 °C Nok Kundi Balochistan, Pakistan [ citation needed ]
30 December 1977-10 °C Barkhan Balochistan, Pakistan [ citation needed ]
23 January 1982-7.3 °C Kakul Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [ citation needed ]
17 January

1967

−6.0 °C (21.2 °F) Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [27]
6 January 2006−5.4 °C (22.3 °F) Mohenjo Daro Sindh [ citation needed ]
11 December 1996−4.1 °C (24.6 °F) Faisalabad Punjab [28]
17 January 1967-3.9 °C Rawalpindi Punjab, Pakistan [29]
11 January 1967-3.9 °C Multan Punjab, Pakistan [ citation needed ]
27 January 2008-3 °C Saidu Sharif Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [ citation needed ]
1 February 1929-3 °C Sialkot Punjab [ citation needed ]
15 January 1935-3 °C Bahawalpur Punjab, Pakistan [ citation needed ]
17 January 1935-2 °C Lahore Punjab [30]
10 January 1983-1.6 °C Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [ citation needed ]
6 January 2006−1.0 °C (30.2 °F) Larkana Sindh [ citation needed ]

Precipitation

The standard instrument for measuring rain or snowfall is the rain gauge.

Rainfall

Pakistan receives rainfall from both monsoons and western disturbances. The Monsoon season occurs from July to September and brings a heavy downpour across the country, except in western Balochistan. Western disturbances occur from October to May and bring rainfall across the country, with some heavy downpour in northern Pakistan. In June, however, western disturbances occasionally hit the northern parts of the country. Occasionally, pre-monsoon weather can also occur in this month.

Heaviest rainfall in a single season

Record-breaking rainfall in Pakistan that occurred over a single season. This table is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2022 [5] and other sources. [31] [32]

SeasonRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)CityProvinceNotes
July–August 20221,763.969.4 Padidan Sindh 1,763.9 millimetres (69.44 in) of rainfall was recorded from 01.07.2022 to 26.08.2022 in Padidan. This was a result of a consistent low pressure area that occurred over northern Sindh. It was the heaviest rainfall in Sindh that has ever been recorded.

Heaviest rainfall of 400 mm or above during a 24 hour period

Record-breaking rainfall that occurred in Pakistan, which reached over 400 millimetres (16 in) or above during a 24-hour period. This table is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2016, [5] along with other sources. [3] [4]

DateRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)CityProvinceNotes
23 July 200162024.4 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall was recorded in a period of 10 hours, on 23 July 2001. This occurred in Islamabad as the result of a cloudburst. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad and also the heaviest recorded in Pakistan.

Rainfall between 200 mm and 400 mm during a 24 hour period

Record-breaking rainfall that occurred in Pakistan, recorded to be between 200 millimetres (7.9 in) and 400 millimetres (16 in), during a 24-hour period. This is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2020, [5] along with other sources.

DateRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)CityProvinceNotesReferences
19 August 202235513.7 Padidan Sindh Record-breaking rainfall, which occurred due to a well marked low pressure area
11 August 201135013.7 Tando Ghulam Ali Sindh [33]
23 July 200133513.1 Rawalpindi (Shamsabad) Punjab Record-breaking rainfall in Rawalpindi, which occurred due to a cloudburst.
7 September 201131212.2 Diplo Sindh Record-breaking rainfall in Diplo. [34]
10 September 201230511.8 Jacobabad Sindh Heaviest 24 hours rainfall while 441 mm rainfall in 36 hours in the month of September.
5 September 201430011.8 Lahore Punjab Heaviest rainfall to ever occur in the month of September during a 24-hour period. [35]
5 September 201429611.7 Jhelum Punjab Heaviest rainfall to ever occur in the month of September during a 24-hour period. [35]
5 September 201429711.7 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [35]
10 August 201129111.5 Mithi Sindh Record-breaking rainfall in Mithi. [36] [37] [38]
29 July 201028011.0 Risalpur Khyber Pakhtunkhwa

[39]

7 August 1953278.110.95 Karachi (Manora) Sindh [40]
29 July 201027410.7 Peshawar Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Record-breaking rainfall in Peshawar; the previous record was 187 millimetres (7.4 in) mm, which was recorded on 10 April 2009. [41] [39]
5 September 1961264.210.4 Faisalabad Punjab [42]
30 July 201025710.1 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [39]
29 July 201025710.1 Cherat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [39]
2 July 1972256.510.1 Nawabshah Sindh [43]
10 September 199225510.0 Murree Punjab [44]
5 September 20142519.9 Mangla Punjab [35]
5 September 20142519.9 Sialkot Punjab [45]
12 September 1962250.79.8 Hyderabad Sindh [46]
18 July 20092058.07 Karachi (Masroor) Sindh

[47]

5 September 20142439.6 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [35]
2 September 20202409.4 bahawalnagar Punjab [39]
26 August 20112409.4 Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [48]
31 August 20112389.4 Padidan Sindh [49]
5 September 20142349.2 Rawalakot Azad Kashmir [35]
27 August 1997233.89.2 Murree Punjab [44]
29 July 20102339.1 Kohat Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [39]
30 July 20102319.1 Murree Punjab [39]
6 June 20102278.9 Gwadar Balouchistan Record-breaking rainfall in Gwadar. [50]
7 September 20112258.85 Mithi Sindh [51]
13 August 20082218.7 Lahore Punjab [52]
20 July 20132178.6 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [53]
1 August 19762118.3 Lahore Punjab [54]
7 July 20032098.2 Larkana Sindh Record-breaking rainfall in a span of 24 hours.
10 September 19922088.2 Muzaffarabad Azad Kashmir [55]
1 July 1977207.68.1 Karachi Sindh [2]
29 July 20072058.0 Sargodha Punjab
4 August 20102027.9 Dera Ismail Khan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Record-breaking rainfall in Dera Ismail Khan; the previous record was 116 millimetres (4.6 in), which was recorded on 4 July 1994. [2] [19]
11 August 20112007.8 Tando Mohammad Khan Sindh [56]
11 August 20112007.8 Tando Ghulam Haider Sindh [56]
24 July 20012007.8 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [57]
27 August 19972007.8 Islamabad Islamabad Capital Territory [57]

Record-breaking heavy rainfall of August 2022 in Sindh

In early July, 2022, when the monsoon began, week long periods of rainfall were already affecting Sindh. A low pressure area had developed over the Bay of Bengal, which became a depression, before it hit northern Sindh on 18 August. The depression became stationary over the northern areas of the province, and caused unprecedented, record-breaking rainfall in places such as Larkana, Naushahro Feroze, Kambar Shahdadkot, Khairpur, Jacobabad, Dadu, Nawabshah, Shikarpur until 22 August. Another low pressure area hit the same part of the province on 25 August, and caused levels of rainfall that stretched from heavy to very heavy.

Heavy rainfall recorded during the month of August 2022 in Sindh

Heavy rainfall of more than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) that was recorded during the month of August 2022, in the province of Sindh, but particularly in northern Sindh. This information is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.

CityRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)
Padidan 1228.548.4
Moenjo Daro 779.530.7
Larkana 762.330.0
Sakrand 61724.3
Khairpur Mir's606.323.8
Tando Jam 60323.7
Chhor 547.921.6
Jacobabad 498.719.6
Nawabshah 495.719.5
Sukkur 37914.9
Rohri 371.414.6
Dadu 33713.3
Badin 307.512.1
Mirpur Khas 30412.0
Mithi 27310.7
Hyderabad 2439.6
Thatta 208.88.2

Record-breaking heavy Rainfall of September 2014

In the first week of September, 2014, an August-like monsoonal period hit the country. This occurred when a very low air pressure system (29") was formed over Kashmir; this then moved eastward into Northern Pakistan. The spell caused torrential rainfall on the first five days of September. This resulted in devastation to life and property. As the last two days of the spell were extremely wet, the River Chenab, Jhelum, Ravi, Sutlej and Indus burst their banks.

Heavy rainfall recorded during the wet spell of September 2014

Rainfall exceeding 200 millimetres (7.9 in) that was recorded during the wet spell of September 1 to 5, 2014, in northern Pakistan. This information is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department. [35]

CityStationsRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)ProvinceNotes
Lahore Shahi Qila55721.9 Punjab Record-breaking rainfall for the month.
Lahore Misri Shah53921.2 Punjab
Lahore Shahdra53821.2 Punjab
Sialkot Cantt (city)52320.6 Punjab
Lahore Airport51820.4 Punjab
Rawalakot 50720.0 Azad Kashmir
Sialkot Airport43917.3 Punjab
Lahore Jail Road43717.2 Punjab
Kotli 43117.0 Azad Kashmir
Lahore Upper Mall42116.6 Punjab
Rawalpindi Chaklala (Old Islamabad Airport)34513.6 Punjab Record-breaking rainfall for the month.
Mangla 34513.6 Azad Kashmir
Gujranwala 33613.2 Punjab
Islamabad Zero Point33113.0 Islamabad Capital Territory
Rawalpindi Shamsabad31912.6 Punjab
Gujrat 31012.0 Punjab
Islamabad Saidpur29811.7 Islamabad Capital Territory
Okara 29311.5 Punjab
Dina 28411.2 Punjab
Murree 26210.3 Punjab
Faisalabad 2289.0 Punjab
Rawalpindi Bokra2228.7 Punjab
Jhelum 2208.7 Punjab
Islamabad Golra Sharif2118.3 Islamabad Capital Territory

Record-breaking heavy rainfall of September 2012 in Sindh

After severe drought conditions, which occurred in Sindh during the months of July and August, 2012, an intense low-pressure area developed in the Bay of Bengal. This occurred in late August. The low-pressure area moved towards Sindh, causing torrential rains in Upper Sindh. The highest rainfall to be recorded was in Jacobabad, with a record 481 millimetres (18.9 in) in just 7 days, and 441 millimetres (17.4 in) in just 36 hours. In Larkana, 239 millimetres (9.4 in) of rainfall was recorded; 206 millimetres (8.1 in) of rainfall was recorded in Sukkur. Larkana was the worst affected by heavy rainfall.

Heavy rainfall recorded during the wet spell of September 2012 in Sindh

Heavy rainfall of more than 200 millimetres (7.9 in) that was recorded during the wet spell of September 5 to 11, 2012, in the province of Sindh, but particularly in Upper Sindh. This information is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department.

CityRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)Monsoon spellNotes
Jacobabad 48118.9September 5 to 11Record-breaking rainfall for the month; 441 mm in just 36 hours.
Larkana 2168.5September 5 to 11Record-breaking rainfall for the month of September.
Sukkur 2068.1September 5 to 11Record-breaking rainfall for the month of September.
Rohri 2058.0September 5 to 11Record-breaking rainfall for the month of September.

Record-breaking torrential rainfall of August and September 2011 in Sindh

Heavy clouds over Larkana, during the wet spell of September 2011 Supercell-best.JPG
Heavy clouds over Larkana, during the wet spell of September 2011

In the month of July, Pakistan received unusually low monsoon rainfall; however, in August and September, the country received unusually high monsoon rainfall. A strong weather pattern entered Sindh from the Indian states of Rajasthan and Gujarat, in August. It gained strength over time and caused a heavy downpour. The first monsoon spell hit the southern parts of Sindh on 10 August. It produced record breaking, widespread, torrential rainfall, and caused floodig in the district of Badin. The second spell hit on 30 August and lasted until 2 September. In the month of September, four more consecutive spells of monsoon rainfall devastated the southern parts of the province. The first spell of September hit the already inundated parts of the province, on 2 September. Thereafter, the second spell hit on 5 September, the third on 9 September, and the fourth on 12 September 2011. The four spells of monsoon rainfall produced even more devastating torrential rains in the already affected areas of Sindh.

Heavy rainfall recorded during the wet spells of August and September 2011 in Sindh

Rainfall of exceeding 200 millimetres (7.9 in) that was recorded in the heaviest monsoon spell, in different areas of Sindh province, during the months of August and September, 2011. This table is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department. [58] [59] [60]

CityRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)Monsoon SpellNotes
Mithi 76030.0September 1 to 14Record-breaking rainfall in Mithi.
Mirpur Khas 60323.7September 1 to 14Record-breaking rainfall in Mirpur Khas.
Padidan 35614.0August 30 to September 4Record-breaking rainfall in Padidan.
Nawabshah 353.213.9September 1 to 14Record-breaking rainfall in Nawabshah.
Dadu 348.113.7September 1 to 14Record-breaking rainfall in Dadu.
Badin 302.111.8August 10 to 14Record-breaking rainfall in Badin.
Chhor 26810.6September 1 to 14Record-breaking rainfall in Chhor.
Hyderabad 244.29.6September 1 to 14
Karachi 212.28.3September 1 to 14

Record-breaking heavy rainfall of July 2010

Unprecedented heavy monsoon rains began, in the last week of July 2010, in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Punjab, Gilgit-Baltistan and Azad Kashmir regions of Pakistan, which caused floods in Balochistan and Sindh. [61] The floods that were caused by these monsoon rains, and were forecast to continue into early August, were described as the worst in the last 80 years. [62] The Pakistan Meteorological Department said that over 200 millimetres (7.9 in) of rain fell over a 24-hour period, in a number of places in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab, and that more was expected. [63] A record-breaking 274 millimetres (10.8 in) of rain fell in Peshawar in 24 hours; [64] previously 187 millimetres (7.4 in) of rain was recorded in April 2009. [41] Other record-breaking rains were recorded in Risalpur, Cherat, Saidu Sharif, Mianwali, and Kohat regions of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

Heavy rainfall recorded during the wet spell of July 2010

Heavy rainfall exceeding 200 millimetres (7.9 in) that was recorded during the four-day wet spell of July 27 to 30, 2010, in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab. This table is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department. [39]

CityRainfall (mm)Rainfall (in)Monsoon spellProvince
Risalpur 415 [B] 16.3July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Islamabad 39415.5July 27 to 30 Islamabad Capital Territory
Murree 37314.6July 27 to 30 Punjab
Cherat 372 [B] 14.6July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Garhi Dopatta 34613.6July 27 to 30 Azad Kashmir
Saidu Sharif 338 [B] 13.3July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Peshawar 333 [B] 13.1July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kamra 30812.1July 27 to 30 Punjab
Rawalakot 29711.7July 27 to 30 Azad Kashmir
Muzaffarabad 29211.5July 27 to 30 Azad Kashmir
Lahore 28811.3July 27 to 30 Punjab
Mianwali 271 [B] 10.6July 27 to 30 Punjab
Lower Dir 26310.3July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Kohat 262 [B] 10.3July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Balakot 25610.0July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Sialkot 25510.0July 27 to 30 Punjab
Pattan 2429.5July 27 to 30 Azad Kashmir
Dir 2319.10July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Gujranwala 2228.7July 27 to 30 Punjab
Dera Ismail Khan 2208.6July 27 to 30 Khyber Pakhtunkhwa
Rawalpindi 2198.6July 27 to 30 Punjab

Snowfall

Pakistan receives snowfall from western disturbances. Between the months of November and February, western disturbances bring snowfall to the more mountainous or hilly areas of Pakistan; the heaviest snowfall occurs in those areas that are farther north, where blizzards are common. In February 2017, at least 14 people were killed and 9 were injured by an avalanche in the Sher Shall area of Chitral district. [65] [66]

Heaviest snowfall of 40" or above during 24 hours

Record-breaking snowfall in Pakistan that exceeded 40 inches (100 cm), during a 24-hour period. This is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2020, [5] along with other sources.

DateSnowfall (in)Snowfall (cm)City or StationProvinceReferences
4 February 201342107 Malam Jabba Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [67]

Heaviest snowfall of 20" or above but below 40" during 24 hours

Record-breaking snowfall in Pakistan that exceeded 20 inches (51 cm) but did not exceed 40 inches (100 cm), during a 24-hour period. This information is based on data from the Pakistan Meteorological Department, 1931–2020, [5] along with other sources.

DateSnowfall (in)Snowfall (cm)City or StationProvinceReferences
4 February 20132460.96 Kalam Khyber Pakhtunkhwa [67]

Wind

DateCityWind speed (km/h)Wind speed (mph)NotesReferences
9 June 2005 Multan 205126Duststorm [68] [69]
28 March 2001 Bhalwal, Sargodha 193121Tornado reported [70]
12 June 1962 Rawalpindi 177110
13 October 2006 Rawalpindi 176110Tornado reported
2 June 2000 Faisalabad 15194 [69]

Floods

A NASA satellite image showing the Indus River at the time of 2010 floods Pakistan 2010 Floods.jpg
A NASA satellite image showing the Indus River at the time of 2010 floods

Pakistan has seen many floods. The worst, and most destructive, flooding was the recent 2010 Pakistan floods, which swept away 20% of Pakistan's land. The flood was the result of unprecedented monsoon rains, which lasted from 28 July to 31 July 2010. Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and North eastern Punjab were badly affected during the monsoon rains, when dams, rivers and lakes overflowed. By mid-August, according to the governmental Federal Flood Commission (FFC), due to the flooding, at least 1,540 people had died; 2,088 people had received injuries; 557,226 houses had been destroyed; and over 6 million people had been displaced. [71] One month later, the data had been updated to reveal 1,781 deaths, 2,966 people with injuries, and more than 1.89 million homes destroyed. [72] The flood affected more than 20 million people, and exceeded the combined total of the individuals who were affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, the 2005 Kashmir earthquake, and the 2010 Haiti earthquake. [73] [74] This flood is considered the worst in Pakistan's history, as it affeced people of all four provinces, including Gilgit Baltistan and Azad Kashmir. [75] The climate in Pakistan is very unpredictable and extreme, due to its geographical location, and the geography of the country itself, which includes both tropical plains and the world's highest peaks. Monsoon season can be harsh, due to Pakistan's close proximity with the monsoon areas of India, Bangladesh, Thailand, and Myanmar. Floods in the mountainous regions of the country, which cover about 70% of Pakistani land, can experience very dangerous landfalls and avalanches, and the glaciers in the most distant and remote parts of the countries can bring danger to nearby villages.

The 2011 Sindh floods began during the monsoon season in mid-August 2011, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Sindh, eastern Balochistan, and southern Punjab. [76] These floods have caused considerable damage: an estimated 270 civilians were killed, and 5.3 million people – as well as 1.2 million homes – were affected. [77] Sindh is a fertile region, and is often called the "breadbasket" of the country; the damage and toll of the floods on the local agrarian economy is said to be extensive. At least 1.7 million acres of arable land has been inundated as a result of the flooding. [77] The flooding has been described as the worst since the 2010 Pakistan floods, which devastated the entire country. [77] Unprecedented torrential monsoon rains caused severe flooding in 16 districts of Sindh province. [60]

Other floods that have caused destruction in Pakistan include the flood of 1950, which killed 2,910 people; the flood of 1977, which killed 248 people, in Karachi (according to Pakistan Meteorological Department, 207 millimetres (8.1 in) of rain fell within 24 hours); [78] the flood of 1992, which killed 1,834 people;[ citation needed ]the flood of 1993, which killed 3,083 people across South Asia, of which fifteen were in Pakistan; [79] the flood of 2003, which killed 178 people; and the flood of 2007, when Cyclone Yemyin submerged lower part of Balochistan Province in sea water, killing 380 people (before that, Cyclone Yemyin killed 213 people in Karachi).

See also

Notes

A. ^ Indicates new record. Record-breaking extreme heat wave observed in the plain areas of Punjab, Sindh and Balochistan where 50 °C (122 °F) or more was observed in 12 cities between 22 and 27 May 2010. Previous extreme heat wave conditions were observed in 1998, 2002 and 2007.
B. ^ Indicates new record. Record-breaking monsoon rains observed during the month of July, 2010 in northeastern Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, and Azad Kashmir.

Related Research Articles

The climate of Mumbai is tropical, with defined wet and dry seasons. The mean annual temperature is 27.7 °C or 81.9 °F. Average annual rainfall is 2,213.4 millimetres or 87 inches in Colaba, which represents South Mumbai and 2,502.3 millimetres or 99 inches in Santacruz, which represents central and suburban Mumbai. The mean maximum average temperatures is about 32 °C (90 °F) in summer and 30 °C (86 °F) in winter, while the average minimums are 26 °C (79 °F) in summer and 18 °C (64 °F) in winter. The city experiences a lengthy, practically rainless dry season, and a relatively short, but extremely rainy wet season; due to the Southwest Monsoon and orographic influences from the nearby Western Ghats.These conditions effectively place Mumbai between a Tropical monsoon climate (Am) and a Tropical savannah climate (Aw), with more tilt towards the former considering annual precipitation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cloudburst</span> Short and very intense rain

A cloudburst is an enormous amount of precipitation in a short period of time, sometimes accompanied by hail and thunder, which is capable of creating flood conditions. Cloudbursts can quickly dump large amounts of water, e.g. 25 mm of the precipitation corresponds to 25,000 metric tons per square kilometre. However, cloudbursts are infrequent as they occur only via orographic lift or occasionally when a warm air parcel mixes with cooler air, resulting in sudden condensation. At times, a large amount of runoff from higher elevations is mistakenly conflated with a cloudburst. The term "cloudburst" arose from the notion that clouds were akin to water balloons and could burst, resulting in rapid precipitation. Though this idea has since been disproven, the term remains in use.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of India</span>

The climate of India consists of a wide range of weather conditions across a vast geographic scale and varied topography. Based on the Köppen system, India encompasses a diverse array of climatic subtypes. These range from arid and semi-arid regions in the west to highland, sub-arctic, tundra, and ice cap climates in the northern Himalayan regions, varying with elevation. The northern lowlands experience subtropical conditions, with some areas at higher altitudes, like Srinagar, touching continental climates. In contrast, much of the south and the east exhibit tropical climate conditions, which support lush rainforests in these territories. Many regions have starkly different microclimates, making it one of the most climatically diverse countries in the world. The country's meteorological department follows the international standard of four seasons with some local adjustments: winter, summer, monsoon or rainy season, and a post-monsoon period.

Karachi has a tropical semi arid climate, albeit a moderate version of this climate, influenced by monsoons. Karachi has a tropical climate, despite being located slightly above the Tropic of Cancer. It is situated in the monsoon region of Pakistan. It is located on the coast bordering the Arabian Sea, and as a result, has a relatively mild climate. However, in more recent years, rainfall has become more abundant, with annual rainfall projected to reach over 500 mm by 2100. For this reason, the city may be classed as almost semi-arid (BSh), since it has a mild climate with a short but defined wet season, along with a lengthy dry season.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Pakistan</span>

Pakistan's climate varies from a continental type of climate in the north (Gilgit-Baltistan,Kashmir,KPK), a mountainous dry climate in the west (Baluchistan), a wet climate in the East (Punjab) an arid climate in the Thar Desert, to a tropical climate in the southeast (Sindh), characterized by extreme variations in temperature, both seasonally and daily, because it is located on a great landmass barely north of the Tropic of Cancer.

The 1911–16 Australian drought consisted of a series of droughts that affected various regions of Australia between the years of 1911 and 1916. Most of the dry spells during this period can be related to three El Niño events in 1911, 1913 and 1914, though rainfall deficiencies actually began in northern Australia before the first of these El Niños set in and did not ease in coastal districts of New South Wales until well after the last El Niño had firmly dissipated and trends toward very heavy rainfall developed in other areas of the continent.

The climate of Islamabad is a humid subtropical climate with four seasons: a pleasant Spring (March–April), a hot Summer (May–August), a warm dry Autumn (September—October), and a cold Winter (November—February). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 37 °C (98.6 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfall and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst. The coldest month is January, with temperatures variable by location. In Islamabad, temperatures vary from cold to mild, routinely dropping below zero. In the hills there is sparse snowfall. The weather ranges from a minimum of −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) in January to a maximum of 46.1 °C (115.0 °F) in June. The average low is 2 °C (35.6 °F) in January, while the average high is 38.1 °C (100.6 °F) in June. The highest temperature recorded was 46.5 °C (115.7 °F) in June, while the lowest temperature was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) in January. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Pakistan during the past 100 years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Lahore</span>

Lahore features a five-season semi-arid climate, bordering a humid subtropical climate, with five seasons: foggy winter with few western disturbances causing rain; pleasant spring ; summer with dust, rain storms and heat wave periods; rainy monsoon ; and dry autumn. However, in some cases, it can be classified as being humid subtropical (Cwa), rather than semi-arid, since it has well defined seasons and an ample amount of rain. It occasionally has very prolonged and dense monsoons, typical of a humid subtropical climate.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Gwadar</span>

The climate of Gwadar is located at 0 metres (0 ft)–300 metres (984 ft) meters above sea level and features a dry and hot arid climate. The oceanic influence keeps the temperature lower than that in the summer and higher in winter. The mean temperature in the hottest month of June remains between 31 °C (88 °F) and 32 °C (90 °F). The mean temperature in the coldest month of January varies from 18 °C (64 °F) to 19 °C (66 °F). The uniformity of temperature is a unique characteristic of the coastal region in Balochistan. Occasionally, winds moving down the Balochistan plateau bring cold spells, otherwise the winter is pleasant. In Gwadar, winter is shorter than summer. Gwadar's weather is identical to that of the Middle East as most rain occurs from December till January. The highest rainfall of 227 millimetres (8.9 in) in 24 hours was recorded on 6 June 2010.

Quetta, Pakistan features a continental semi-arid climate with a large variation between summer and winter temperatures. The highest temperature recorded in Quetta was 42 °C (108 °F) on 10 July 1998. The lowest temperature in Quetta is −18.3 °C (−0.9 °F) which was recorded on 8 January 1970.

Multan is a city located in the southern part of Punjab, province in Pakistan. Multan features a hot semi arid climate with very hot and rainy summers and cold winters. The city witnesses some of the most extreme temperatures in the country. Dust storms are a common occurrence within the city. The closest major city is Bahawalpur. The area around the city is a flat plain and is ideal for agriculture, with many citrus and mango farms. There are many canals that cut across the Multan District, providing water from nearby farms. This makes the land very fertile. However usually land close to the Chenab River are flooded in the monsoon season.

The climate of Hyderabad is semi-arid, featuring too little rain to feature the tropical savanna climate. The days are hot and dry, usually going up to extreme highs of 40 °C (104 °F), while the nights are cool and breezy. Winds usually bring along clouds of dust, and people prefer staying indoors in the daytime, while the breezes at night are pleasant and clean.

Dhaka experiences a hot, wet and humid tropical climate. Under the Köppen climate classification, Dhaka has a tropical wet and dry climate. The city has a distinct monsoonal season, with an annual average temperature of 25 °C (77 °F) and monthly means varying between 18 °C (64 °F) in January and 29 °C (84 °F) in August. Nearly 80% of the annual average rainfall of 1,854 millimetres (73.0 in) occurs during the monsoon season which lasts from May until the end of September. Increasing air and water pollution emanating from traffic congestion and industrial waste are serious problems affecting public health and the quality of life in the city. Water bodies and wetlands around Dhaka are facing destruction as these are being filled up to construct multi-storied buildings and other real estate developments. Coupled with pollution, such erosion of natural habitats threatens to destroy much of the regional biodiversity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Climate of Agra</span>

The climate of Agra features a semi-arid climate that borders on a humid subtropical climate. The city features mild winters, hot and dry summers and a monsoon season. The monsoon, though substantial in Agra, is not quite as heavy as the monsoon in other parts of India. The mean annual rainfall of Agra district is 671 mm (26.4 in). The district receives the majority of this rainfall during the monsoon months i.e., June to September, which averages around 603 mm (23.7 in). Agra has a reputation for being one of the hottest and the coldest towns in India. In summer the city witnesses a sudden surge in temperature and at times, mercury goes beyond the 46 °C (115 °F) mark in addition to a very high level of humidity. During summer, the daytime temperature hovers around 46–50 °C (115–122 °F). Nights are relatively cooler and temperature lowers to 30 °C (86 °F). Winter minimum temperatures sometimes go as low as 3 or 3.5 °C but usually hover in the range of 6–8 °C (43–46 °F).

The climate of Uttar Pradesh is a tropical monsoon climate, consisting mainly of a humid subtropical climate with dry winter (Cwa). Parts of western Uttar Pradesh consist of a hot semi-arid climate (BSh). The uniformity of the vast Indo-Gangetic Plain covering most of the state causes it to have a predominantly single climate pattern with minor regional variations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Balochistan floods</span> 2021 floods in Balochistan, Pakistan

The 2011 Balochistan floods started from the last week of February and continued until the first week of March. Balochistan province was already badly affected from last year's devastating floods as UNHCR claims that 166,000 flood victims are still homeless in the province with 240 people still living in camps.

On 23 July 2001, Islamabad experienced a record breaking 620 millimetres (24 in) of rainfall, which was the 24 hours heaviest rainfall in Pakistan during the past 100 years. Continuous downpour lasted for about 10 hours from 0600 to 1600 PST in Islamabad and Rawalpindi, caused the worst ever Flash flood in the local stream called Nulla Lai and its tributaries of Rawalpindi, which not only flood the low-lying areas of the twin cities but swept away the banks of the stream and buildings built in the encroachments. Islamabad's twin city, Rawalpindi experienced 335 millimetres (13.2 in) of rain during this event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 Sindh floods</span> Floods in Pakistan

The 2011 Sindh floods was the highest-ever recorded rainfall between 11 August 2011, and 14 September 2011 in Sindh Province, Pakistan.

The 2012 Pakistan floods began in early September 2012, resulting from heavy monsoon rains in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Upper Sindh, Southern Punjab and Balochistan regions of Pakistan.

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