Youth in Cambodia (under age thirty) make up 65.3% of Cambodia's 14,805,000 people. [1] Twenty-six percent of Cambodians are between the ages of 14 and 30 and another 30% are under 14. [2] All of the youth in the country are second and third generation offspring of survivors of the Khmer Rouge, a genocide that occurred from 1975-1979. [2] Roughly 20% of the population resides in its cities, mostly in Phnom Penh, the capital. [3]
A Cambodian child may be nursed until he or she is between two and four years of age. Up to the age of three or four, the child is given considerable physical affection and freedom, and there is little corporal punishment conducted in Cambodia. Children around five years of age also may be expected to help look after younger siblings and help with tasks around the home. Children's games emphasize socialization or skill rather than winning and losing. [4]
By the time they reach the age of seven or eight, they are familiar with the society's norms of politeness, obedience, and respect toward their elders and toward Buddhist monks. The father at this time begins his permanent retreat into a relatively remote, authoritarian role. By age ten, a girl is expected to help her mother in basic household tasks; a boy knows how to care for the family's livestock and can do farm work under the supervision of older males. [4]
Formerly, and still in some rural areas, a ceremony marked the entrance of a girl into puberty. Upon the onset of menstruation, a girl would participate in a ritual called chol mlup (entering the shadow). Certain foods were taboo at this time, and she would be isolated from her family for a period of a few days to six months. After the period of seclusion, she was considered marriageable. [4]
In pre-communist days, parents exerted complete authority over their children until the children were married, and the parents continued to maintain some control well into the marriage. Men and women are usually married by the age of 25 and 23, respectfully. [5] Age difference are strictly recognized, and form the structure for dynamics among different age groups. The proper polite vocabulary was used in the pre-communist period, and special generational terms for "you" continued to be used in the late 1980s. Younger speakers had to show respect to older people, including siblings, even if their ages differed by only a few minutes. [4]
Adolescent children are usually segregated in school by sex, because they want this to be a place for education and not entertainment or romance. Thinking that sex education would lead to desire and trouble. [6] The main exception to this occurs during festivals, especially the New Year Festival, when boys and girls take part in group games. [4]
In recent years they have had a rapid increase in enrollment rates in primary education with 91.3% of youth attending. [7] However, these high enrolment rates are offset by low completion rates, 46.8%, meaning nearly half who initially enrolled, dropped out before they reached grade six. [7] Many Cambodians see school as only preparing them for more school, which many cannot financially afford. [7]
Between the ages of seven and nineteen, but most commonly after the eleventh birthday, a boy may become a Theravada temple servant and go on to serve a time as a novice monk. Having a son chosen for such a position is a great honor for the parents, and earns the individual son much merit. [4]
The history of the recent genocide (1975-1979) has not been fully communicated to the future generations, partly because history books were manipulated to create support for the government in power. [2] After the Khmer Rouge and into the 90's students were taught limited reading and writing skills, and most of their knowledge about the genocide was from first hand accounts their teachers would share with them. [2] Because of the controlled environment in school, parents are the primary source of information on the genocide. [2]
From 2005-2009 Cambodia created a “Policy for Curriculum Development” that was enacted with the intentions to include life skills in the national curriculum. [7] They defined life skills as: intellectual, personal, interpersonal and vocational skills that enable informed decision-making, effective communication, coping and self-management skills that contribute to a healthy and productive life. [7] In many rural areas this means a strong concentration on agricultural skills. [7] This is in contrast to a western approach, placing the importance on critical thinking.
Availability of education and reproductive health services to adolescents in Cambodia is lacking as health care services focus mainly on adults and small children. [8] Most adolescents also face issues of confidentiality when trying to find healthcare. [8] Since 1996 Reproductive Health Association of Cambodia (RHAC) has worked with community and local authorities in the area of sexual reproductive health. [8] They are working to open communication and services in the future among all age groups. [8]
HIV rates in Cambodia are low in comparison to most of the world. 0.49% youth age 15-24 have HIV. [8] This is partially due to low rates of sexual activity outside of marriage. Eight percent of women have their first child between the ages of 15-19. [8] Only 1.9% of these women in 2010 used modern contraceptives. [8]
Child labor rates in Cambodia are among the highest in Southeast Asia, with some 90% of all 5–17 year old who are economically active but unpaid. [7] 70% of child labor work in the form of agriculture. [7] Many children and youth in Cambodia have work activities that are embedded in their daily lives by their families, and based on their larger societal status and income. [7] This labor is often seen by outsiders as child labor or street children [ citation needed ]. Families understand this labor as beneficial to the survival, a belief reflected in state policies. [7]
After the Khmer Rouge in 1975-1979, Cambodia had to completely rebuild their society, including how they raised their families and worked as a society. Recently in 2003 they have been working to be more independent and rely less on NGO's for money to support healthcare, education, social welfare and rural development. [9]
Teenage pregnancy, also known as adolescent pregnancy, is pregnancy in a female under the age of 20, according to the WHO. Pregnancy can occur with sexual intercourse after the start of ovulation, which can be before the first menstrual period (menarche) but usually occurs after the onset of periods. In well-nourished girls, the first period usually takes place around the age of 12 or 13.
Reproductive rights are legal rights and freedoms relating to reproduction and reproductive health that vary amongst countries around the world. The World Health Organization defines reproductive rights as follows:
Reproductive rights rest on the recognition of the basic right of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual and reproductive health. They also include the right of all to make decisions concerning reproduction free of discrimination, coercion and violence.
First They Killed My Father: A Daughter of Cambodia Remembers is a 2000 non-fiction book written by Loung Ung, a Cambodian-American author and childhood survivor of Democratic Kampuchea. It is her personal account of her experiences during the Khmer Rouge regime.
Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) is a field of research, healthcare, and social activism that explores the health of an individual's reproductive system and sexual wellbeing during all stages of their life.
Cambodia Town is the official name for a roughly one mile long business corridor along Anaheim Street between Atlantic and Junipero avenues in the Eastside of Long Beach, California. The area has numerous Cambodian restaurants, clothing stores, jewelry stores, and donut shops, as well as churches, temples, and service centers for Cambodian Americans. There are many other businesses in the area, such as auto repair shops, that are Cambodian-owned.
Education in Cambodia is controlled by the state through the Ministry of Education in a national level and by the Department of Education at the provincial level. The Cambodian education system includes pre-school, primary, secondary education, higher education and non-formal education. The education system includes the development of sport, information technology education, research development and technical education. School enrollment has increased during the 2000s in Cambodia. USAID data shows that in 2011 primary enrollment reached 96% of the child population, lower secondary school 34% and upper secondary 21%.
The Don Bosco Foundation of Cambodia is a Non-profit organization of education founded in Cambodia in 1991 to give technical skill education to youth living in extreme poverty and to facilitate the schooling of marginalized children. The organization was a way to answer the needs of a country in its post-war period of reconstruction. DBFC is a branch of the Salesians of Don Bosco. The United Nations asked to the Salesians in Thailand to attend the children and youth of the Cambodian Refugee camps during the 1980s. DBFC answered this request by opening provisional technical schools in the camps. After the peace agreements, the organization was invited by the Cambodian government to settle in the country. The first printing press in Cambodia after the war, was provided by DBFC in the Don Bosco Technical School of Phnom Penh for the republishing, translating and writing of books and documents of education. Many schools were rebuilt in the villages and the Organization gained prestige as the first institution to provide technical education and to offer sponsorship to Cambodian children.
The status of women in Ghana and their roles in Ghanaian society has changed over the past few decades. There has been a slow increase in the political participation of Ghanaian women throughout history. Women are given equal rights under the Constitution of Ghana, yet disparities in education, employment, and health for women remain prevalent. Additionally, women have much less access to resources than men in Ghana do. Ghanaian women in rural and urban areas face slightly different challenges. Throughout Ghana, female-headed households are increasing.
The quality of health in Cambodia is rising along with its growing economy. The public health care system has a high priority from the Cambodian government and with international help and assistance, Cambodia has seen some major and continuous improvements in the health profile of its population since the 1980s, with a steadily rising life expectancy.
World Assistance for Cambodia is a non-profit organization founded in 1993, by Bernard Krisher aimed at giving hope to the Cambodian people following the extermination of 2 million Cambodians during the Khmer Rouge genocide.
Women in Cambodia, due to the influence of the dominant Khmer culture, are traditionally expected to be modest and soft-spoken. They are to be well-mannered, industrious, and hold a sense of belonging to the household. It is expected that they act as the family's caregivers and caretakers, financial administrators, and serve as the "preserver of the home". As financial administrators, women can be identified as having household authority at the familial level. Khmer women are expected to maintain virginity until marriage, become faithful wives, and act as advisors to their husbands. Women in Cambodia have also be known as “light” walkers-- "light" walking and refinement of the Khmer women is further described as being "quiet in […] movements that one cannot hear the sound of their silk skirt rustling".
Child labour refers to the full-time employment of children under a minimum legal age. In 2003, an International Labour Organization (ILO) survey reported that one in every ten children in the capital above the age of seven was engaged in child domestic labour. Children who are too young to work in the fields work as scavengers. They spend their days rummaging in dumps looking for items that can be sold for money. Children also often work in the garment and textile industry, in prostitution, and in the military.
Youth in Mongolia constituted 18.7% of the population in 2014, numbering roughly 552 thousand individuals. The 15-19 age group is the largest in Mongolia; in 2009 about 40% of the population was under 19 years old. Estimated population growth rates as of 2014 were reported as increasing by 1.37%. The steady increase in youth will enlarge the already large proportion of working-aged individuals and create new opportunities to build human capital and facilitate economic development.
Youth in Rwanda constituted 40% of the resident population in 2012, numbering 4.1 million. The Republic of Rwanda's Ministry of Youth, Culture, and Sports defines youth as those from age 14 to 35 years. Like many developing countries, Rwanda's population as a whole is quite young. Over 50% of the Rwandan population is under 20 years old and the median age of the population is 22.7 years old. Urban areas of Rwanda have a higher percentage of youth than rural areas, though 80% of young people in Rwanda live in rural areas. Youth constitute over 53% of the population within the capital, Kigali. The youth population in Rwanda grew by 30% from 2002 to 2012.
Youth in the Dominican Republic constitutes just over 30% of the total population. The Dominican Republic's population at roughly eleven million people has grown tremendously with the help of the youth population. In 1960, the youth population was at 3.3 million, and by 2008, it had reached 9.5 million, with two thirds of them in urban areas of the country.
The effects of genocide on youth include psychological and demographic effects that affect the transition into adulthood. These effects are also seen in future generations of youth.
Armenia was admitted into the United Nations on 2 March 1992, following its independence from the Soviet Union. In December 1992, the UN opened its first office in Yerevan. Since then, Armenia has signed and ratified several international treaties. There are 20 specialized agencies, programs, and funds operating in the country under the supervision of the UN Resident Coordinator. Armenia strengthened its relations with the UN by cooperating with various UN agencies and bodies such as the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, the World Food Programme, and with the financial institutions of the UN. Armenia is a candidate to preside as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 2031.
Sex education in India to the organised delivery by Indian governments and non-profits of material regarding sex, sexuality, and pregnancy. The three categories of sex education in India are (1) the sex education courses targeted at adolescents in school, (2) family planning for adults, and (3) HIV/AIDS Prevention Education. This article outlines the current state of, efficacy of, and opposition to these types of sex education in India. For history regarding family planning in India, see Family Planning in India.
Girl child labour in Nigeria refers to the high incidences( the occurrence, rate, or frequency of a disease, crime, or something else undesirable) of girls aged 5–14 who are involved in economic activities outside education and leisure. The prevalence of girl child labour in Nigeria is largely due to household wealth, but other factors include: the educational accomplishment of parents, peer pressure and demand factors such as high demand for domestic helps and sex workers all contribute to the high incidence of girl child labour in the country. In addition, in many rural and Muslim communities in Northern Nigeria, children are sometimes asked to aid religiously secluded women or mothers in running errands.
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a considerable impact on female education. Female education relates to the unequal social norms and the specific forms of discrimination that girls face. In 2018, 130 million girls worldwide were out of school, and only two out of three girls were enrolled in secondary education. The COVID-19 pandemic may further widen the gaps and threatens to disrupt the education of more than 11 million girls. In addition, girls are less likely to have access to the Internet and online learning.
| History |  | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Geography | |||||
| Politics | |||||
| Economy | |||||
| Society |
| ||||
