Census in the United Kingdom

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Form used to poll English households during the 2001 Census Census 2001.png
Form used to poll English households during the 2001 Census

Coincident full censuses have taken place in the different jurisdictions of the United Kingdom every ten years since 1801, with the exceptions of 1941 (during the Second World War), Ireland in 1921/Northern Ireland in 1931, [1] and Scotland in 2021. In addition to providing detailed information about national demographics, the results of the census play an important part in the calculation of resource allocation to regional and local service providers by the UK government.

Contents

The most recent UK census took place in England, Wales and Northern Ireland on 21 March 2021. [2] Because of the COVID-19 pandemic, the census in Scotland was delayed to 20 March 2022. [3] [4]

History

Tax assessments (known in the later Empire as the indiction) were made in Britain in Roman times, but detailed records have not survived. [5] In the 7th century AD, Dál Riata (parts of what is now Scotland and Northern Ireland) conducted a census, called the "Tradition of the Men of Alba" (Scottish Gaelic : Senchus fer n-Alban ). The first census in England was the Domesday Book, compiled in 1086 under William the Conqueror for tax purposes.

Distinct from earlier, less inclusive censuses (e.g. for religious purposes), national decennial censuses of the general population started in 1801, championed by the statistician John Rickman. The censuses were initially conducted partly to ascertain the number of men able to fight in the Napoleonic Wars, and partly over population concerns stemming from the 1798 work An Essay on the Principle of Population by Reverend Thomas Robert Malthus. Rickman's twelve reasons – set out in 1798 and repeated in parliamentary debates – for conducting a census of Great Britain included the following justifications:[ citation needed ]

Regular national censuses have taken place every ten years since 1801, most recently in 2021; other partial censuses have been made on some of the intervening fifth anniversaries. The first four censuses (1801–1831) were mainly statistical: that is, mainly headcounts, with virtually no personal information. A small number of older records exist in local record offices as by-products of the notes made by enumerators in the production of those earlier censuses; these might list all persons or just the heads of households. The 1841 Census was the first to intentionally record names of all individuals in a household or institution. [6] [7]

The first simultaneous census of the British Empire, covering the United Kingdom, India and the Crown Settlements, took place in 1881. [8]

The Census Act 1920 provides the legal framework for conducting all censuses in Great Britain (Scotland, [9] England, and Wales). The primary legislation for Northern Ireland was introduced in 1969. Before this legislation, it was necessary to have a separate act of parliament for each census. [10] Britain was also responsible for initiating and co-ordinating censuses in many of its overseas colonies.

Because of the disruption caused by the Second World War, there was no census in 1941. However, following the passage into law on 5 September 1939 of the National Registration Act 1939, a population count was carried out on 29 September 1939. The resulting National Register was later used to develop the National Health Service Central Register. Censuses were taken on 26 April 1931 in Great Britain, but the returns for England and Wales were destroyed in an accidental fire during the Second World War. [11]

On 24 April 1966, the UK trialled an alternative method of enumeration – long form/short form. Every household was given a short form to complete, while a sample of the population was given a long form to collect more detailed information. The short form was used for the population count and to collect basic information such as usual address, sex, age and relationships to other household members. This was the first and only time that a five-yearly census was carried out in the UK. [12] [13] [14]

The 1971 and 1981 census in Northern Ireland were boycotted by some Irish Republicans, with the 1981 census happening at the same time as the 1981 hunger strike. [15]

Release of information

England and Wales

The British government undertakes the census for policy and planning purposes, and publishes the results in printed reports and on the website of the Office for National Statistics (ONS). A number of datasets are also made available. Public access to individual census returns in England and Wales is normally restricted under the terms of the 100-year rule (Lord Chancellor's Instrument no.12, issued in 1966 under S.5 (1) of the Public Records Act 1958).

Some argue that ministers and civil servants in England and Wales made no attempts to strictly enforce the 100-year census closure policy until 2005, five years after the Freedom of Information Act 2000 was passed, which, they argue, effectively abolished the 100-year rule. However, personal information provided in confidence is likely to be exempted if disclosure could result in successful prosecution for breach of confidence. [16] [17] In exceptional circumstances, the Registrar General for England and Wales does release specific information from 70-, 80-, or 90-year-old closed censuses.

Scotland

National censuses in Scotland have been taken on the same dates as those in England and Wales, but with differing legislation, governorship and archiving arrangements. The 2001 census was the first to be taken under full domestic control, while all preceding censuses since 1861 had been under the control of the Registrar General for Scotland. [18] The 19th-century Scottish censuses were all released after 50–80 years of closure, while the 1901 and 1911 censuses were made available to the public after their 100th anniversaries. Unlike the censuses for England and Wales, there was a statutory bar on early release of the 1911 census details.

The census that had been due in 2021 was delayed until March 2022, with the COVID-19 pandemic cited as the reason. This was the first time since 1941 that the census count had been delayed. [19] The return rate of the 2022 census was lower than expected, leading to plans to extend the deadline. There were concerns the data collected would be statistically invalid. [20]

Ireland and Northern Ireland

Irish censuses from before 1901 have not generally survived to the present day, [21] due to a combination of official incompetence (the 1881 and 1891 returns were pulped before they could be transcribed into books), non-retention (1861 and 1871), and a fire during the Irish Civil War in 1922. The 1901 and 1911 censuses for Ireland (all of which was then part of the UK) have been available for inspection since 1960 – they were made available earlier than the other British records, since Irish law is different on this matter. No census was taken in 1921 due to the disruption of the Irish War of Independence. The first census taken in the Irish Free State (now the Republic of Ireland) was in April 1926; the first Northern Ireland census occurred at the same time. [22] No census took place in Northern Ireland in 1931, but one took place there in 1937. [23]

Coverage

In 2001, the census form was completed by 94 per cent of the population in England and Wales, with a further 4 per cent identified by the census enumerators, though the results still represented 100 per cent of the population through the use of cross-matching with a follow-up survey. [24] [25] The Census Act 1920 (as amended) legislates a fine of up to £1,000 for those who refuse to complete their census forms.

In some censuses, significant numbers of people intentionally did not participate for political reasons. In 1911, the Women's Freedom League, a suffragette organisation campaigning for female suffrage in the United Kingdom, organised a boycott of the census. They encouraged women to go to all-night parties or to stay at friends' houses to avoid the census and some heads of households refused to report the women at the address. In 1991, many people again avoided the census, which was conducted during the time of the poll tax debate, in case the government used it to enforce the tax. It was estimated that up to one million people were not counted by the 1991 census due to such evasion. [26]

Criminal law

Under section 8 of the Census Act 1920, whoever refuses or neglects to comply with the census, makes a false declaration, makes, signs, or delivers a false document, or causes the same, or refuses to answer, or gives false answers, shall be liable on summary conviction and face a maximum fine of £1,000. [27] [28] Exceptions exist for refusing or neglecting to respond to questions about religion, as stipulated by the Census (Amendment) Act 2000.

Data sets

Traditionally, outputs are released in the form of tables of counts at various levels of geography. However, microdata, known Samples of Anonymised Records (SARs) are UK data-sets consisting of samples of individual records from national censuses. These very large datasets resemble survey data and are used for a range of applications by social scientists and policymakers.

The first SAR was released in 1991. In 2001, the SAR system was extended, and it is anticipated that there will be SAR files from the 2011 census. [29]

2001

The 1851 census included a question about religion on a separate response sheet, whose completion was not compulsory. However, the 2001 census was the first in which the government asked about religion on the main census form. New legislation was enacted through the Census (Amendment) Act 2000 to allow the question to be asked, and to make its response optional. Perhaps encouraged by a chain letter that started in New Zealand, 390,000 people entered their religion as "Jedi Knight", with some areas registering up to 2.6% of people as Jedi. Thus, "Jedi" was the fourth-largest reported religion in the country.(See: Jedi census phenomenon).

2011

The 2011 national census took place on 27 March 2011. Several identity and status questions were included for the first time in the census, including questions relating to civil partnerships. The first set of data to be released from this census (basic counts of population by age and sex) was made available in July 2012, with the remainder of the tables following thereafter. [30]

2021

The 2021 National census took place on 21 March 2021. On behalf of the Government, the UK Statistics Authority initiated a research programme, called Beyond 2011, to investigate a range of alternative options to conducting a UK-wide census in 2021. There was not one census covering the whole UK in 2021 as the census in Scotland was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. [19]

Following agreement to the recommendations in January 2015, the UK Statistics Authority formally closed the Beyond 2011 Programme. It has been replaced by the Census Transformation Programme which has the purpose of taking forward and implementing the vision and recommended approaches.

List of UK censuses

YearDateNotesNew questions asked
180110 MarchThe pre-1841 censuses were simply headcounts. The data was collected on pre-printed forms which were destroyed after the details had been extracted and published in official census reports. There was no requirement to record details of individuals but some local officials took it upon themselves to do so. Some of these unofficial lists have survived and can be found in local record offices.
181127 May
182128 May
183130 May
1841 6 JuneName. Age (for those over 15, this was supposed to be rounded down to the nearest 5 years, though this instruction was not obeyed in all cases). Occupation. Whether born in same county recorded as "Yes" or "No" of resident county and if no whether born in Scotland, Ireland or Foreign Parts would be indicated by an 'S', 'I' or 'F' as appropriate. Religion (Ireland).
1851 30 MarchRelation to head of the household. Marital status. Place of birth. Whether blind, deaf or dumb. Language spoken (Ireland). Rounding down of ages dropped.
1861 7 April
1871 2 AprilEconomic status. [31] Whether an imbecile, idiot or lunatic [32]
1881 3 AprilLanguage spoken (in Scotland). [33]
1891 5 AprilLanguage spoken (in Wales). [31] Whether an employer, an employee, or neither. Number of rooms occupied, if fewer than 5. [34]
1901 31 MarchNumber of rooms in dwelling. [31] Whether an employer, worker or working on one's own account. Whether working at home or not. Language spoken (in Wales – children under three years of age excluded). [35]
1911 2 AprilFirst UK Census where the Census Return for a particular household or institution written directly by the "Head of Household" was used as the primary census return.

Industry or service with which the worker is connected. [31] How long the couple has been married. How many children were born alive, how many who are still alive, and how many who have died. "Nationality of any Person born in a Foreign Country". The final column, which had been "Deaf and Dumb, Blind, Lunatic, Imbecile, Feeble-minded", becomes "INFIRMITY: Totally Deaf and Dumb, Totally Blind, Lunatic, Imbecile, Feeble-minded".

1921 19 JuneIreland - no census; a Northern Ireland census was held in 1926 instead. [1] Place of work and industry [31] Whether a marriage has been dissolved by divorce. [36]
1931 26 AprilEngland and Wales – documents destroyed in 1942 fire; Scotland - documents survive. [37] Northern Ireland – no census; a Northern Ireland census was held in 1937 instead. [1] Place of usual residence [31]
193929 September National Registration Act 1939. [38] Includes every civilian member of household, their full birth date, full name and occupation.
1941No census due to the Second World War.
1951 8 AprilHousehold amenities. [31]
1961 23 AprilThe first time a computer was used - an IBM 705 at the Royal Army Pay Corps, Worthy Down, Winchester, England .Qualifications, migration, household tenure. [31]
1966 24 AprilLong-form/short-form census, trialling an alternative method of enumeration.Car ownership, method of travel to work. [31]
1971 25 April
1981 5 April
1991 21 AprilEthnic group, long-term limiting illness, central heating, term-time address of students. [39]
2001 29 AprilSize of workforce, supervisor status, first question on religion on the main census form (England, Wales, and Scotland). [31]
2011 27 MarchAn option to complete the form online. [40] Also provided English, Northern Irish, Scottish, Welsh and British national identity option following criticism that English and Welsh were absent from 2001. [41] [42] [43] [44] Includes questions relevant to civil partnerships. Other new questions involve asking migrants their date of arrival and how long they intend to stay in the UK; respondents also required to disclose which passports they held. [45] A rehearsal census was conducted on 11 October 2009. [46]
2021 21 March'First digital-first census' with the aim of most completions being done online. [47] Census is not being done in Scotland in 2021 but in 2022 instead because of the COVID-19 pandemic. [48] Question asking whether respondents have previously been in the armed forces (not asked in Northern Ireland); [49] voluntary questions for those aged 16 and over about whether respondents identify as their birth-assigned gender (not asked in Northern Ireland), separate from the compulsory question about respondents' sex, and voluntary question about sexual orientation. [50] [51] [52] [53] A rehearsal was conducted between September and December 2019. [54]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of the United Kingdom</span>

The population of the United Kingdom was estimated at 67,596,281 in 2022. It is the 21st most populated country in the world and has a population density of 279 people per square kilometre, with England having significantly greater density than Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Almost a third of the population lives in south east England, which is predominantly urban and suburban, with 8,866,180 people in the capital city, London, whose population density was 5,640 inhabitants per square kilometre (14,600/sq mi) in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of Wales</span>

Demographics of Wales include population, place of birth, age, ethnicity, religion, and number of marriages in Wales.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Demographics of England</span>

The demography of England has since 1801 been measured by the decennial national census, and is marked by centuries of population growth and urbanization. Due to the lack of authoritative contemporary sources, estimates of the population of England for dates prior to the first census in 1801 vary considerably. The population of England at the 2021 census was about 56,489,800.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Languages of the United Kingdom</span>

English is the most widely spoken and official language of the United Kingdom. A number of regional and migrant languages are also spoken. Regional English variant languages are Scots and Ulster Scots; indigenous Celtic languages are Irish, Scottish Gaelic and Welsh. There are many non-native languages spoken by immigrants, mainly in inner city areas. British Sign Language is sometimes used as well as litergical and hobby languages such as Latin and a revived form of Cornish

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jedi census phenomenon</span> People reporting their religion was Jedi

In some national population censuses which include a question on religious identity, media report numerous respondents giving their religion as Jedi after the quasi-religious order in the Star Wars science fiction franchise. While a few individuals claim to practise Jediism sincerely, the answer can also be a joke or protest against the religion question. While giving false information on a census form is often illegal, any religion question is sometimes an exception; in any case, prosecutions are rare. The Jedi census phenomenon sprang from a 2001 urban legend spread by chain email prior to the separate censuses that year in New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom. The email asserted that any religion passing a minimum threshold would be entitled to some form of official recognition. Other reasons proffered include "do it because you love Star Wars" or "just to annoy people". The 2001 censuses recorded Jedi as 1.5% of New Zealanders, 0.37% of Australians, and 0.8% of Britons. Later censuses there and elsewhere have recorded smaller proportions. In some cases any "Jedi" responses are collected under "other" rather than reported separately.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2001 United Kingdom census</span> Nationwide census in the United Kingdom in 2001

A nationwide census, known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday, 29 April 2001. This was the 20th UK census and recorded a resident population of 58,789,194.

Religion in the United Kingdom is mainly expressed in Christianity, which dominated the land since the 7th century. Results of the 2021 Census for England and Wales showed that Christianity is the largest religion, followed by the non-religious, Islam, Hinduism, Sikhism, Judaism, Buddhism, and Taoism. Among Christians, Anglicanism is the most common denomination, followed by Catholicism, Presbyterianism, Methodism, Unitarianism, and Baptism.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White British</span> Ethnic classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census

White British is an ethnicity classification used for the indigenous White population identifying as English, Scottish, Welsh, Cornish, Northern Irish, or British in the United Kingdom Census. In the 2011 census, the White British population was 49,997,686, 81.5% of Great Britain's total population. For the United Kingdom entirely, due to different reporting measures within Northern Ireland which includes all those who identified as British with those who identified as Irish, an amalgamated total of 52,320,080 including those who identified as White Irish in Great Britain is given making up 82.8% of the population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mixed (United Kingdom ethnicity category)</span> Ethnicity category

Mixed is an ethnic group category that was first introduced by the United Kingdom's Office for National Statistics for the 2001 Census. Colloquially, it refers to British citizens or residents whose parents are of two or more races or ethnic backgrounds. The Mixed or Multiple ethnic group numbered just under 1.8 million in the 2021 United Kingdom census or 2.7% of the total UK population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Spaniards in the United Kingdom</span> British residents of Spanish descent

Spaniards in the United Kingdom are people of Spanish descent resident in Britain. They may be British citizens or non-citizen immigrants. In the 2021 census for England and wales, 81,150 people self-identified as ethnic Spanish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Other White</span> Classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom

The term Other White, or White Other, is a classification of ethnicity in the United Kingdom, used in documents such as the 2021 United Kingdom Census, to describe people who identify as white persons who are not of the English, Welsh, Scottish, Roma, Irish or Irish Traveller ethnic groupings. In Scotland, the term Other White is also used to refer collectively to those not of Scottish or Other British ethnicity, in which case it also includes those of a Gypsy, Roma, Irish or Irish Traveller background.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Arabs</span> British citizens of Arab descent

British Arabs are British citizens of Arab descent. They share a common Arab ethnicity, culture, language and identity from different Arab countries. Arabs also come from non-Arab countries as ethnic minorities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Countries of the United Kingdom</span> Component parts of the UK since 1922

Since 1922, the United Kingdom has been made up of four countries: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. The UK Prime Minister's website has used the phrase "countries within a country" to describe the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White Irish</span> Ethnicity classification used in the United Kingdom Census

White Irish is an ethnicity classification used in the census in the United Kingdom for England, Scotland and Wales. In the 2021 census, the White Irish population was 564,342 or 0.9% of Great Britain's total population. This was a slight fall from the 2011 census which recorded 585,177 or 1% of the total population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2011 United Kingdom census</span> 2011 census of the population of the United Kingdom

A census of the population of the United Kingdom is taken every ten years. The 2011 census was held in all counties of the UK on 27 March 2011. It was the first UK census which could be completed online via the Internet. The Office for National Statistics (ONS) is responsible for the census in England and Wales, the General Register Office for Scotland (GROS) is responsible for the census in Scotland, and the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) is responsible for the census in Northern Ireland.

Irreligion in the United Kingdom is more prevalent than in some parts of Europe, with about 8% indicating they were atheistic in 2018, and 52% listing their religion as "none". A third of Anglicans polled in a 2013 survey doubted the existence of God, while 15% of those with no religion believed in some higher power, and deemed themselves "spiritual" or even "religious".

Beyond 2011, also known as The Beyond 2011 Programme, was a project initiated by the UK Statistics Authority to look at the alternatives to running a UK census in 2021. In 2008, the Treasury Select Committee had expressed concerns about the increasing cost of running the census and inaccuracies in data gathered only every ten years. In 2010 the newly elected coalition government reiterated such concerns responding to a report by the UK Statistics Authority.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 United Kingdom census</span> 2021–22 census of the population of the UK

The 2021 United Kingdom census is the 23rd official census of the United Kingdom. Beginning in 1801, they have been recorded every 10 years. The 2021 censuses of England, Wales, and Northern Ireland took place on 21 March 2021, and the census of Scotland took place 364 days later on 20 March 2022. The censuses were administered by the Office for National Statistics (ONS) in England and Wales, by the Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (NISRA) in Northern Ireland, and by the National Records of Scotland in Scotland. These were the first British censuses for which most of the data was gathered online. Two of them went ahead despite the COVID-19 pandemic, in part because the information obtained would assist government and public understanding of the pandemic's impact. The census-taking in Scotland was postponed, and took place in 2022 because of the pandemic.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller</span> Ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census

White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller is an ethnicity classification used in the 2011 United Kingdom Census. In the 2011 census, the White: Gypsy or Irish Traveller population was 63,193 or about 0.1 per cent of the total population of the country. The ethnicity category may encompass populace from the distinct ethnic groups of Romanichal Travellers or Irish Travellers, and their respective related subgroupings, who identify as, or are perceived to be, white people in the United Kingdom.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "Preliminary Report on the Census of Northern Ireland 1926" (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency.
  2. ↑ "Census 2021 milestones". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  3. ↑ "News release - Scotland's Census to be moved to March 2022". Scotland's Census. 17 July 2020. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  4. ↑ "Changes for 2022". Scotland's Census. Retrieved 25 June 2022.
  5. ↑ A. H. M. Jones (1964). The Later Roman Empire. Blackwell: Oxford.
  6. ↑ "Census records". The National Archives. Retrieved 24 June 2023. The 1841 census was the first to list the names of every individual
  7. ↑ Population Act 1840 (An Act for taking an Account of the Population of Great Britain). Parliamentary Archives, HL/PO/PU/1/1840/3&4V1n273.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
  8. ↑ Hull, Terence H. (11 November 2009). "Research Guides: Early Australian census records: Census history". Research Guides at State Library of Victoria. Retrieved 2 February 2020.
  9. ↑ The Scottish Government. "Scotland's Census questions unveiled". 26 November 2009. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  10. ↑ R. H. Hooker. "Modes of CensusTaking in the British Dominions (with discussion)". Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. 57 (2). 1894. pp. 298-43.5.
  11. ↑ "(Not) Accessing the 1931 Census". 1911census.org.uk. Retrieved 30 September 2011.
  12. ↑ ESRC Census Programme. About Archived 23 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Census.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  13. ↑ Vision of Britain. Reports of the 1966 Census. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  14. ↑ Hansard. HC Deb, 16 December 1963, vol. 686 cc850-3. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  15. ↑ Cooley, Laurence (29 August 2024). "'No status – no census!' The causes and consequences of the 1971 and 1981 Northern Ireland census boycotts". Contemporary British History: 1–38. doi:10.1080/13619462.2024.2387584. ISSN   1361-9462.
  16. ↑ "Freedom of Information Act 2000, Section 41". opsi.gov.uk. Archived from the original on 9 October 2007. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  17. ↑ Freedom of Information Act 2000 (Section 50) Decision Notice (PDF) Archived 30 June 2007 at the Wayback Machine . ICO.gov.uk. 11 December 2006. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  18. ↑ "Scotland's Census Blog". Wordpress.com. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  19. 1 2 "Coronavirus: Census delayed by a year because of disease". BBC News. 17 July 2020.
  20. ↑ "Scottish census 2022: Deadline 'to be extended' due to lack of responses". The National. 28 April 2022.
  21. ↑ "History of Irish census records". National Archives of Ireland. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  22. ↑ Census Archived 17 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . NISRA. 2010. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  23. ↑ https://www.nisra.gov.uk/sites/nisra.gov.uk/files/publications/1937-census-preliminary-report.PDF [ bare URL PDF ]
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  25. ↑ "The Big Number: Census 2001 reveals UK population is 58,789,194" (PDF). Office for National Statistics. 30 September 2002. p. 3. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 June 2011. Retrieved 26 September 2010.
  26. ↑ The Independent (17 October 1992). "'Missing million' indicates poll tax factor in census". Retrieved 18 February 2013.
  27. ↑ Glaister, Dan (27 January 2012). "120 people convicted for not filling in census form". The Guardian.
  28. ↑ Census Act 1920, section 8
  29. ↑ "2011 SARs information from the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research". Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
  30. ↑ "Proposed 2011 Census Outputs Running Order" (PDF). ONS. 6 March 2012 [July 2011]. Retrieved 9 March 2013.
  31. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Graham Vidler. The 2001 Census of Population Archived 20 November 2006 at the Wayback Machine . Research Paper 01/21. House of Commons Library. ISSN 1368-8456
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  33. ↑ "A Century on the Census". Archived from the original on 2 July 2009. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  34. ↑ Image of 1891 census from Ancestry.co.uk requires trial membership
  35. ↑ Image of 1901 census from Ancestry.co.uk (requires trial membership).
  36. ↑ "1921 Census". Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  37. ↑ 1931 Census
  38. ↑ National Registration Act, 1939. Rootsweb.com. URL accessed 1 March 2008.
  39. ↑ Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, General Register Office for Scotland (1992). 1991 Census Definitions Great Britain. London: HMSO. ISBN   0-11-691361-4.
  40. ↑ Traditional census 'is obsolete'. The Guardian . 5 June 2008
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  42. ↑ "English tick box, No 10 e-petition response". Archived from the original on 11 January 2012.
  43. ↑ 2011 Census tick-box for 'English' national identity Archived 6 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  44. ↑ "2011 census form to include Welsh tick-box". walesonline.co.uk. 12 December 2008. Archived from the original on 17 August 2009.
  45. ↑ Next census aims to map migrant populations. The Independent . 11 December 2008.
  46. ↑ 2009 rehearsal questionnaire Archived 25 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine . ONS. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  47. ↑ "About the census: About Census 2021". Census 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  48. ↑ "Census to go ahead in England and Wales in March despite Covid, says ONS". The Guardian. 22 January 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  49. ↑ "History is Made as Armed Forces Question will be included in the 2021 Census". Cobseo. 13 July 2020. Retrieved 13 February 2021.
  50. ↑ Barton, Cassie (2 April 2021). "Preparing for the 2021 census (England and Wales)".{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  51. ↑ Barton, Cassie. "Preparing for the 2021 census (England and Wales)" (PDF). Parliament Research.
  52. ↑ Guyan, Kevin (2021). "Constructing a queer population? Asking about sexual orientation in Scotland's 2022 census". Journal of Gender Studies: 1–11. doi: 10.1080/09589236.2020.1866513 . ISSN   0958-9236.
  53. ↑ Cooley, Laurence (2020). "Sexual orientation and the 2021 UK census" (PDF). European Journal of Politics and Gender. 3 (3): 445–447. doi:10.1332/251510820X15845548424385. ISSN   2515-1088. S2CID   216328507.
  54. ↑ "2019 collection rehearsal evaluation report for Census 2021, England and Wales - Office for National Statistics". www.ons.gov.uk. Retrieved 4 February 2021.

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