Alba

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Coronation of King Alexander III on Moot Hill, Scone, on 13 July 1249. He is being greeted by the ollamh righ, the royal poet, who is addressing him with the proclamation "Benach De Re Albanne" (= Beannachd do Righ Albann, "Blessings to the King of Scotland"); the poet goes on to recite Alexander's genealogy. Alexander III and Ollamh Righ.JPG
Coronation of King Alexander III on Moot Hill, Scone, on 13 July 1249. He is being greeted by the ollamh rìgh, the royal poet, who is addressing him with the proclamation "Benach De Re Albanne" (= Beannachd do Rìgh Albann, "Blessings to the King of Scotland"); the poet goes on to recite Alexander's genealogy.

Alba ( /ˈælbə,ˈælvə/ AL-bə, AL-və, [1] [2] Scottish Gaelic: [ˈal̪ˠəpə] ⓘ ) is the Scottish Gaelic name for Scotland. It is also, in English-language historiography, used to refer to the polity of Picts and Scots united in the ninth century as the Kingdom of Alba, [3] until it developed into the Kingdom of Scotland of the late Middle Ages following the absorption of Strathclyde and English-speaking Lothian in the 12th century. [4] It is cognate with the Irish term Alba (gen. Alban, dat. Albain) and the Manx term Nalbin, the two other Goidelic Insular Celtic languages, as well as contemporary words used in Cornish (Alban) and Welsh (Yr Alban), both of which are Brythonic Insular Celtic languages. The third surviving Brythonic language, Breton, instead uses Bro-Skos, meaning 'country of the Scots'. In the past, these terms were names for Great Britain as a whole, related to the Brythonic name Albion.

Contents

Etymology

The peoples of Britain Britain.peoples.original.traditional.jpg
The peoples of Britain

The term first appears in classical texts as ἈλβίωνAlbíōn [5] or ἈλουΐωνAlouíōn (in Ptolemy's writings in Greek), and later as Albion in Latin documents. Historically, the term refers to Britain as a whole and is ultimately based on the Indo-European root for "white". [6] It later came to be used by Gaelic speakers in the form of Alba (dative Albainn, genitive Albann, now obsolete) as the name given to the former kingdom of the Picts which, when first used in this sense (around the time of king Causantín mac Áeda (Constantine II, 943–952)), had expanded. The region of Breadalbane (Bràghad Albann, the upper part of "Alba") takes its name from it as well.

As time passed, that kingdom incorporated other territories to its south. It became re-Latinised in the High Medieval period as "Albania" (it is unclear whether it may ultimately share the same etymon as the modern Albania). This latter word was employed mainly by Celto-Latin writers, and most famously by Geoffrey of Monmouth. It was this word which passed into Middle English as Albany, although very rarely was this used for the Kingdom of Scotland, but rather for the notional Duchy of Albany. It is from the latter that Albany, the capital of the US state of New York, and Albany, Western Australia, take their names.

It also appears in the anglicised literary form of Albyn, as in Byron's Childe Harold :

And wild and high the 'Cameron's gathering' rose,
The war-note of Lochiel, which Albyn's hills
Have heard, and heard, too, have her Saxon foes

Modern uses

Scotland welcomes arrivals on the A7: Failte gu Alba . Failte Scottish.jpg
Scotland welcomes arrivals on the A7: Fàilte gu Alba.

BBC Alba, a television channel broadcasting mainly in Scottish Gaelic, was launched in September 2008 as a joint venture between the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and Gaelic company MG Alba. A new version of Runrig's song Alba (originally on their album, The Cutter and the Clan ) was featured on the channel's launch.

In the mid-1990s, the Celtic League started a campaign to have the word "Alba" on the Scottish football and rugby tops. Since 2005, the SFA have supported the use of Scottish Gaelic by adding Alba on the back of the official team strip. [7] However, as of 2008, the SRU is still being lobbied to have Alba added to the national rugby union strip. [8]

In 2007, the then Scottish Executive re-branded itself as "The Scottish Government" and started to use a bilingual logo with the Gaelic name Riaghaltas na h-Alba. However, the Gaelic version from the outset had always been Riaghaltas na h-Alba.[ clarification needed ] The Scottish Parliament, likewise, uses the Gaelic name Pàrlamaid na h-Alba.

A new welcome sign on the historic A7 route into Scotland was erected in 2009, with the text Fàilte gu Alba.

Phrases such as Alba gu bràth may be used as a catch-phrase or rallying cry. It was used in the movie Braveheart as William Wallace encouraged the troops at the Battle of Stirling Bridge.

In March 2021, former first minister of Scotland and leader of the SNP Alex Salmond launched the pro-independence Alba Party, set to contest the 2021 Scottish Parliament elections. [9]

See also

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The origins of the Kingdom of Alba pertain to the origins of the Kingdom of Alba, or the Gaelic Kingdom of Scotland, either as a mythological event or a historical process, during the Early Middle Ages.

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Great Britain is an island in the North Atlantic Ocean off the north-west coast of continental Europe, consisting of the countries England, Scotland and Wales. With an area of 209,331 km2 (80,823 sq mi), it is the largest of the British Isles, the largest European island and the ninth-largest island in the world. It is dominated by a maritime climate with narrow temperature differences between seasons. The island of Ireland, with an area 40 per cent that of Great Britain, is to the west—these islands, along with over 1,000 smaller surrounding islands and named substantial rocks, form the British Isles archipelago.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scotland in the early Middle Ages</span> Overview of Scotland in the Early Middle Ages

Scotland was divided into a series of kingdoms in the early Middle Ages, i.e. between the end of Roman authority in southern and central Britain from around 400 AD and the rise of the kingdom of Alba in 900 AD. Of these, the four most important to emerge were the Picts, the Gaels of Dál Riata, the Britons of Alt Clut, and the Anglian kingdom of Bernicia. After the arrival of the Vikings in the late 8th century, Scandinavian rulers and colonies were established on the islands and along parts of the coasts. In the 9th century, the House of Alpin combined the lands of the Scots and Picts to form a single kingdom which constituted the basis of the Kingdom of Scotland.

The name Britain originates from the Common Brittonic term *Pritanī and is one of the oldest known names for Great Britain, an island off the north-western coast of continental Europe. The terms Briton and British, similarly derived, refer to some or all of its inhabitants and, to varying extents, those of the smaller islands in the vicinity. "British Isles" is the only ancient name for these islands to survive in general usage.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaels</span> Celtic ethnic group of Ireland, Scotland and the Isle of Man

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scottish toponymy</span>

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References

  1. ↑ "Alba". Collins English Dictionary . Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  2. ↑ "Alba". Lexico UK English Dictionary. Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 24 June 2021.
  3. ↑ Webster, Bruce (1997). Medieval Scotland: The Making of an Identity. Macmillan Education UK. p. 21. ISBN   978-0333567616 . Retrieved 21 April 2021.
  4. ↑ Walker, Ian (2006). Lords of Alba: The Making of Scotland. The History Press. p. 168. ISBN   978-0-7524-9519-4.
  5. ↑ Ancient Greek "... ἐν τούτῳ γε μὴν νῆσοι μέγιστοι τυγχάνουσιν οὖσαι δύο, Βρεττανικαὶ λεγόμεναι, Ἀλβίων καὶ Ἰέρνη, ...", transliteration "... en toutôi ge mên nêsoi megistoi tynchanousin ousai dyo, Brettanikai legomenai, Albiôn kai Iernê, ...",Aristotle: On Sophistical Refutations. On Coming-to-be and Passing Away. On the Cosmos., 393b, pages 360–361, Loeb Classical Library No. 400, London William Heinemann LTD, Cambridge, Massachusetts University Press MCMLV
  6. ↑ MacBain, A An Etymological Dictionary of the Gaelic Language Gairm 1896, reprinted 1982 ISBN   0-901771-68-6
  7. ↑ "Gaelic added to Scotland strips". BBC News. 24 August 2006. Retrieved 1 January 2010.
  8. ↑ "Gàidhlig air lèintean rugbaidh na h-Alba". BBC Scotland Alba. 24 June 2008.
  9. ↑ "Alex Salmond becomes leader of new pro-independence Alba Party ahead of Scottish elections". Sky News. Retrieved 27 March 2021.
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