Hindustani declension Last updated August 23, 2025 Hindi-Urdu , also known as Hindustani, has three noun cases (nominative, oblique, and vocative) [ 1] [ 2] and five pronoun cases (nominative, accusative, dative, genitive, and oblique). The oblique case in pronouns has three subdivisions: Regular, Ergative , and Genitive . There are eight case-marking postpositions in Hindi and out of those eight the ones which end in the vowel -ā (the semblative and the genitive postpositions) also decline according to number, gender, and case.
Nouns All the case declension paradigms for nouns are shown below.
Case Masculine Feminine ending in -ā ending in -∅ ending in -i/ī ending in -∅ Boy Tree Girl Train Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Nominative लड़का لڑکا laṛkā
लड़के لڑکے laṛke
पेड़ پیڑ peṛ
पेड़ پیڑ peṛ
लड़की لڑکی laṛkī
लड़कियाँ لڑکیاں laṛkiyā̃
ट्रेन ٹرین ṭren
ट्रेनें ٹرینیں ṭrenẽ
Oblique लड़के لڑکے laṛke
लड़कों لڑکوں laṛkõ
पेड़ों پیڑوں peṛõ
लड़कियों لڑکیوں laṛkiyõ
ट्रेनों ٹرینوں ṭrenõ
Vocative लड़को لڑکو laṛko
पेड़ो پیڑو peṛo
लड़कियो لڑکیو laṛkiyo
ट्रेनो ٹرینو ṭreno
Some masculine words ending in -ā (like pitā and kartā ) retain 'ā' throughout their declension, only adding endings -õ and -o in oblique plural and vocative plural respectively.
Pronouns The declension of all the pronouns of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below:
Personal Pronouns Case Personal 1st person 2nd person Singular Plural Singular Plural Intimate Familiar Formal Nominative मैं میں ma͠i
हम ہم ham
तू تو tū
तुम تم tum
आप آپ āp
Dative मुझे مجھے mujhe
हमें ہمیں hamẽ
तुझे تجھے tujhe
तुम्हें تمہیں/تمھیں tumhẽ
— Accusative Oblique Regular मुझ مجھ mujh
हम ہم ham
तुझ تجھ tujh
तुम ہم tum
आप آپ āp
Ergative मैं میں ma͠i
तू تو tū
Emphatic मुझी مجھی mujhī
हमीं ہمیں hamī̃
तुझी تجھی tujhī
तुम्हीं تمہیں/تمھیں tumhī̃
— Genitive ♂ मेरे میرے mere
हमारे ہمارے hamāre
तेरे تیرے tere
तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے tumhāre
— ♀ मेरी میری merī
हमारी ہماری hamārī
तेरी تیری terī
तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری tumhārī
Case 3rd person Demonstrative Relative Interrogative Proximal Non-proximal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Nominative Written/Read यह یہ yah
ये یے ye
वह وہ vah
वे وے ve1
जो جو jo
कौन, क्या کَون، کیا kaun, kyā
Said colloquially ये یے ye
वो وو vo
Dative इसे اِسے ise
इन्हें اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhẽ
उसे اُسے use
उन्हें اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhẽ
जिसे جسے jise
जिन्हें جنھیں/جنہیں jinhẽ
किसे کیسے kise
किन्हें کنھیں/کنہیں kinhẽ
Accusative Oblique Regular इस اِس is
इन اِن in
उस اُس us
उन اُن un
जिस جس jis
जिन جن jin
किस کس kis
किन کن kin
Ergative इन्हों اِنہوں/اِنھوں inhõ
उन्हों اُنہوں/اُنھوں unhõ
जिन्हों جنہوں/جنھوں jinhõ
किन्हों کنہوں/کنھوں kinhõ
Emphatic इसी اِسی isī
इन्हीं اِنہیں/اِنھیں inhī̃
उसी اُسی usī
उन्हीं اُنہیں/اُنھیں unhī̃
— — किसी کسی kisī
किन्हीं کنہیں/کنھیں kinhī̃
1 Rarely used in Urdu.
Possessive Pronouns Pronoun Masculine Feminine Nominative Oblique/Vocative Nominative Oblique/Vocative Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal Singular Plural Formal 1st Person Singular मेरा میرا (merā) मेरे میرے (mere) मेरी میری (merī) Plural हमारा ہمارا (hamārā) हमारे ہمارے (hamāre) हमारी ہماری (hamārī) 2nd Person Intimate तेरा تیرا (terā) तेरे تیرے (tere) तेरी تیری (terī) Familiar तुम्हारा تمہارا/تمھارا (tumhārā) तुम्हारे تمہارے/تمھارے (tumhāre) तुम्हारी تمہاری/تمھاری (tumhārī)
Note : The formal 2nd person pronoun आप آپ (āp) does not have possessive pronoun forms, instead the genitive postposition का کا (kā) is used with the oblique case to form the possessive pronoun.
Postpositions The case-marking postpositions of Hindi-Urdu are mentioned in the table below on the left, and the declensions of the genitive and semblative postpositions are on the right:
Case-markers Case Case Marker Example English Example English Ergative ने نے ne
लड़के ने لڑکے نے laṛke ne
boy उन्होंने انہوں نے unhõne
they Accusative को کو ko
लड़के को لڑکے کو laṛke ko
the boy उनको ان کو unko/un ko
them Dative to the boy to them Instrumental से سے se
लड़के से لڑکے سے laṛke se
with the boy उनसे ان سے unse/un se
with them Ablative from the boy from them Genitive का کا kā
लड़के का لڑکے کا laṛke kā
boy's उनका ان کا unkā/un kā
their(s) Inessive में میں mẽ
लड़के में لڑکے میں laṛke mẽ
in the boy उनमें ان میں unmẽ/un mẽ
in them Adessive पे/पर پے/پہ / پر pe/par
लड़के पे لڑکے پہ laṛke pe
on the boy उनपे ان پے unpe/un pe
on them Terminative तक تک tak
लड़के तक لڑکے تک laṛke tak
till the boy उनतक ان تک untak/un tak
til them Semblative सा سا sā
लड़के सा لڑکے سا laṛke sā
boyish उनसा ان سا unsā/un sā
like them
Verbs In the table below, ♦ represents the verbal root and suffixes are added to the verb roots to construct different participles and other verbal forms.
ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES [ 3] [ 4] Participles Example bolnā / बोलना بوتلا / to say
Singular Plural Singular Plural Habitual ♂ ♦-tā ♦-tē बोलता بولتا boltā
बोलते بولتے boltē
♀ ♦-tī ♦-tī̃ बोलती بولتی boltī
बोलतीं بولتیں boltī̃
Habitual Adjectival
♂ ♦-tā huā ♦-tē huē बोलता हुआ بولتا ہوا boltā huā
बोलते हुए بولتا ہوئے boltē
♀ ♦-tī huī ♦-tī huī̃ बोलती हुई بولتی ہوی boltī huī
बोलती हुईं بولتی ہوئیں boltī huī̃
Perfective ♂ ♦-(y)ā ♦-(y)ē बोला بولا bolā
बोले بولے bolē
♀ ♦-(y)ī ♦-(y)ī̃ बोली بولی bolī
बोलीं بولیں bolī̃
Perfective Adjectival
♂ ♦-(y)ā huā ♦-(y)ē huē बोला हुआ بولا ہوا bolā huā
बोले हुए بولے ہوۓ bolē huē
♀ ♦-(y)ī huī ♦-(y)ī huī̃ बोली हुई بولی ہوئ bolī huī
बोली हुईं بولی ہوئیں bolī huī̃
NON-ASPECTUAL PARTICIPLES [ 4] [ 5] [ 6] [ 7] Participles Example bolnā / बोलना بولنا / to say
Singular Plural Singular Plural Singular Plural Infinitive ♂ ♦-nā ♦-nē बोलना بولنا bolnā
बोलने بولنے bolnē
♀ ♦-nī ♦-nī̃ बोलनी بولنی bolnī
बोलनीं بولنیں bolnī̃
Prospective &
Agentive
♂ ♦-nēvālā ♦-nēvālē बोलनेवाला بولنے والا bolnēvālā
बोलनेवाले بولنے والے bolnēvālē
♀ ♦-nēvālī ♦-nēvālī̃ बोलनेवाली بولنے والی bolnēvālī
बोलनेवालीं بولنے والیں bolnēvālī̃
Oblique Infinitive
♦-nē बोलने بولنے bolnē
Conjunctive ♦-kē, ♦-kar बोलके, बोलकर بول کے، بول کر bolkē, bolkar
Progressive ♦-tē-♦-tē बोलते-बोलते بولتے بولتے boltē-boltē
References ↑ "Hindi Noun Cases" . hindilanguage.info . 2012-04-19. Retrieved 2020-09-01 . ↑ "Ergative Case-marking in Hindi" . researchgate.net . Retrieved 2020-11-10 . ↑ Tokaj, Jolanta (2016-06-01). "A comparative study of participles, converbs and absolute constructions in Hindi and Medieval Rajasthani" . Lingua Posnaniensis . 58 : 105– 120. doi : 10.1515/linpo-2016-0007 . hdl : 10593/17971 . 1 2 Subbarao, K.; Arora, Harbir (2009-01-01). "The Conjunctive Participle in Dakkhini Hindi-Urdu: Making the Best of Both Worlds*" . 70 : 359– 386. ↑ Montaut, Annie (2018-09-10), "On the nature of the Hindi infinitive: History as an answer to its syntactic behavior?" , Trends in Hindi Linguistics , pp. 115– 146, ISBN 978-3-11-061079-6 , retrieved 2020-07-03 ↑ Campbell, George L. (1995). Compendium of the World's Languages . Great Britain: Routledge. pp. 225– 229. ISBN 0-415-11392-X ↑ Shapiro, Michael C. (2003). A Primer of Modern Standard Hindi . New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Pvt Ltd. p. 116. ISBN 81-208-0508-9
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