Pahari people (Kashmir)

Last updated

The Pahari people or Pahari-speaking people is a cover term for a number of heterogeneous communities inhabiting in the Indian province of Himachal Pradesh, Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir, Pothohar Plateau, the Hindkowans of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and also some parts of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir who speak Pahari languages/dialects. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7]

Contents

Pahari Ethnic Group

The J&K Socially Economically Backward Classes Commission constituted by the Government of Jammu and Kashmir in 2020 in its report has recommended to renaming the group 'Pahari Speaking People' (who speak Pothowari dialects fall under Lahnda Western Punjabi) with the substitute nomenclature 'Pahari Ethnic Group' in terms of provisions that grant Reservation to them, as PSP, under J&K Reservation Rules 2004 and accordingly, the J&K government has issued instructions on October 19, 2022, and replaced 'Pahari Speaking People' with 'Pahari Ethnic Group' , [8] which tends to identify them as an ethnic group to be brought under the purview of the Schedule of Tribes under the Constitution of India. [9] [10]

Scheduled Tribes status granted Pahari Ethnic Group

ST status was granted to Pahari Speaking People' (who speak Pothowari dialects fall under Lahnda Western Punjabi) through an Act passed by Parliament. On 26 July 2023, the bill to add Pahari Ethnic Group along with the Paddari Tribe, Koli and Gadda Brahman in the existing list of scheduled tribes in Jammu and Kashmir was introduced in the Lok Sabha. [11] The bill was taken into consideration on February 6, 2024, and was passed the same day. [12] The bill was further passed from the Rajya Sabha on February 9. [13] The Act of Parliament received the President's Assent on the Constitution (Jammu and Kashmir) Scheduled Tribes Order (Amendment) Act, 2024. A gazette notification in this regard was issued by the Ministry of Law and Justice states on 12 February 2024. [14]

People and Languages

According to the United Nations Education, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO), all of Western Pahari languages, except for Dogri, are under either definitely endangered or critically endangered category. [15] None of these languages, except for Dogri, have any official status. The Pahari people are mainly referred to two groups:

Gujjar-Pahari issue over Scheduled Tribe status

The Gujjars who have been already listed as Scheduled Tribes in Jammu and Kashmir in 1991 are opposing grant of ST status and other similar benefits to the Pahari Speaking People of J&K with the argument that such a step will dilute the entire Scheduled Tribe status. They (Gujjars) are constantly countering the move to grant Scheduled Tribe status to 'Pahari Speaking People' on the basis of (Pahari) Language. [28] [29] [30] [31] The Gujjars are of the view that such a move will dilute their share of reservation in the UT of J&K.

In order to oppose the demand of ST to Paharis, the tribal Gujjar youth started foot March in November 2022.After 21 days struggle the Joint Action Committee was invited by the Home Minister of India in New Delhi for a dialogue. [32] [33] [34] [35] [36] [37]

The Gujjars argue that majority of Pahari Speaking People belongs to upper class Muslims such as Syeds, Qazi, Per, Beg, Raja, Malik, Mirza, Khan, Mughals, Rajputs, Kashmiris and upper caste Sikhs, Hindus including Brahmins, Rajputs, Mahajans and they do not face any social stigma or caste inequality like Gujjars, Bakerwals, Gaddis and other tribes of Jammu and Kashmir do. [38] [39] [40] [41] [42] [43] [44] They said as per 2011 census the literacy rate among Scheduled Tribes of J&K is 50% and 59% in STs across India but in Pahari Speaking People especially in Poonch, Rajouri districts it is 68% and if Paharis entered into ST status the existing tribes will get affected adversely. [45] [46] [47] [48] The Gujjars further arguing that the 'Pahari Speaking People' do not belong to a Socially, Economically and Educationally backward class like Gujjars, Bakarwals, Gaddis, Sippis and Shina who are in ST list of J&K. Gujjars are opposing ST status to Paharis as they believe Paharis are already enjoying 4% reservation under Actual Control Line habitat, 10% under RBA, 4% under Other Social Castes, 10% under Economically Weaker Section, 4% under Pahari Speaking besides 48% General Category and now they are trying to get the share in 10% granted to Gujjars under ST. [49] [50] [51] [52]

Meanwhile, a number of organisations of displaced communities consisting of West Pakistan refugees who were exiled during partition now residing primarily in Jammu have been struggling and demanding ST status for them as they are also Paharis. [53] [54] In addition to this, they are urging for a share in 4% reservations in Govt Jobs/ Admissions granted to 'Pahari Speaking People' as these communities belongs to same clans of PSP and they speaks Pahari dialects fall under Lahnda Group. [55] [56]

Establishment of Pahari Board & grant of 4% Reservation to PSP

The Government of Jammu and Kashmir has established an advisory board for the development of Pahari Speaking People in 1989 for the welfare of Pahari People. [57] [58] Nevertheless, core demands – like that for a Scheduled Tribe status and the associated affirmative action benefits – were not met (until 2024). In 1989, the Government of Jammu and Kashmir recommended to the Union Government of India that the Paharis of Kashmir should be granted such status, [59] [60] and this recommendation was reiterated in 1994 by the governor of Jammu and Kashmir and the chief ministers of the state. [61] [62]

In April 2020, the government of Jammu and Kashmir granted to "Pahari-speaking people" four percent reservation for direct recruitment and admission and distribution of seats in professional institutions. [63] This has sparked disagreements between representatives of the two unrelated "Pahari" communities – those of eastern Kashmir and those of mountains of western Jammu – as to which group of the two constitutes the "genuine Paharis" with a more disadvantaged status, and therefore stronger claim to receiving the benefits of the reservation policy. [64] [65]

Status of the Pahari Language in Himachal Pradesh

The demand for the inclusion of 'Pahari (Himachali)' under the Eight Schedule of the Constitution, which is supposed to represent multiple Pahari languages of Himachal Pradesh, had been made in the year 2010 by the state's Vidhan Sabha. There has been no positive progress on this matter since then even when small organisations are striving to save the language. Due to political interest, the language is currently recorded as a dialect of Hindi, even when having a poor mutual intelligibility with it and having a higher mutual intelligibility with other recognised languages like Dogri. [66]

In October 2021 a PIL was also filed in the Himachal Pradesh High Court which re-ignited the quest for recognizing Pahari (Himachali) or Western Pahari dialect chain spoken in Himachal as one of official languages of Himachal Pradesh.The petitioners through the PIL also requested the court to direct the State government to promote Pahari (Himachali) and other local languages as the medium of instruction in primary and middle-level schools as per the National Education Policy, 2020. As well as also prayed that the court direct the state government to include Pahari (Himachali) language as a separate category for the 2021 census of India and simultaneously undertake an awareness campaign to create awareness amongst the masses, especially the youth of the State who speak Pahari (Himachali), to get it marked as their mother tongue in the upcoming Census. A bench of Chief Justice Mohammad Rafiq and Justice Sabina while disposing off the PIL stated,“The direction as has been prayed for, cannot be issued to the State Government until and unless it is established on record that the Pahari (Himachali) language has its own script and that a common Pahari dialect is spoken throughout the State of Himachal Pradesh.  We, however, set the petitioner at liberty to approach the Department of Language Art & Culture to the Government of Himachal Pradesh with his demand for undertaking research to promote a common Pahari (Himachali) nuclear language structure and nuclear Tankri script. If the petitioner approaches the respondents-State through its Additional Chief Secretary (Language Art & Culture) to the Government of Himachal Pradesh) for the prayer made in the Civil Writ Public Interest Litigation, it would be for the said authority to consider the same in accordance with the law.” Additionally, the petition had emphasised that Sanskrit, which is the second official language of the state, had only 936 speakers according to the 2011 census and Pahari (Himachali) dialect chain which is spoken by more than 40 lakh people was being neglected and has not been made an official language even after having so many speakers. [67] [68]


See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Northern Indo-Aryan languages</span> Group of Indo-Aryan languages

The Northern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Pahāṛi languages, are a proposed group of Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the lower ranges of the Himalayas, from Nepal in the east, through the Indian states of Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh and Punjab was coined by G. A. Grierson.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pahari-Pothwari</span> Indo-Aryan language variety spoken in Pakistan

Pahari-Pothwari is an Indo-Aryan language variety of the Lahnda group, spoken in the northern half of Pothohar Plateau, in Punjab, Pakistan, as well as in the most of Pakistan-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western areas of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir. It is known by a variety of names, the most common of which are Pahari, and Pothwari.

The Western Pahari languages are a range of languages and dialects of Northern Indo-Aryan languages spoken in the western parts of the Himalayan range, primarily in the Indian state of Himachal Pradesh. They are also spoken in Jammu and Jaunsar-Bawar regions of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kangri language</span> Language of northern India

Kangri is an Indo-Aryan language, spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Kangra, Una and Hamirpur of Himachal Pradesh as well as in some parts of Mandi and Chamba districts of Himachal Pradesh and Gurdaspur, Rupnagar and Hoshiarpur districts of Punjab. Kangri language is also spoken in Duggar i.e. Jammu region and in a few villages of Pakistan by the people belonging to the families migrated from Kangra Valley. It is associated with the people of the Kangra Valley. The total number of speakers has been estimated at 2.3 million as of 2024.

The North Indian state of Himachal Pradesh is a state that has remained largely uninfluenced by Western culture. Himachal Pradesh is a multi-religion practising, multicultural and multilingual state. Some of the most commonly spoken languages are Hindi and the various Pahari languages. The Hindu communities residing in Himachal include the Brahmins, Rajputs, Kannets, Rathis and Kolis. There is also a tribal population in the state which mainly comprises Gaddis, Kinnarms, Gujjars, Pangawals and Lahaulis.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Takri script</span> Writing system for some Indic languages

The Tākri script is an abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts. It is derived from the Sharada script formerly employed for Kashmiri. It is the sister script of Laṇḍā scripts. It has another variant Dogra Takri employed in Jammu region. There are numerous varieties present throughout Himachal Pradesh. Until the late 1940s, the adapted version of the script was the official script for writing Dogri in the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir. Throughout the history, different kingdoms of what now forms Himachal Pradesh used their own variety to maintain their records. The Takri script used in Sirmour in Himachal Pradesh and in the adjacent region of Jaunsar-Bawar in Uttarakhand has some distinction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gujari language</span> Variety of Rajasthani spoken by the Gujars

Gujari is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by most of the Gujjars in the northern parts of India and Pakistan as well as in Afghanistan. It is a member of the Rajasthani group of languages.

The Gurjar are an agricultural ethnic community, residing mainly in India, Pakistan, and Afghanistan, divided internally into various clan groups. They were traditionally involved in agriculture, pastoral and nomadic activities and formed a large heterogeneous group. The historical role of Gurjars has been quite diverse in society: at one end they have been found related to several kingdoms and, at the other end, some are still nomads with no land of their own.

Pahari, or Pahadi, is an ambiguous term that has been used for a variety of languages, dialects and language groups, most of which are found in the lower Himalayas.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjabi dialects and languages</span> Dialects and languages spoken in the Punjab region of Pakistan and India

The Punjabi dialects and languages or Greater Panjabic are a series of dialects and Indo-Aryan languages spoken around the Punjab region of Pakistan and India with varying degrees of official recognition. They have sometimes been referred to as the Greater Punjabi macrolanguage. Punjabi may also be considered as a pluricentric language with more than one standard variety.

Mohammad Aslam Kohli is a political leader from the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir. He is the head of the Gujjar and Bakerwal Tehreek-e-Insaf, an organization representing Gujjar and Bakarwal interests, such as ensuring continuation of statewide job reservations for Gujjars under the Scheduled Tribe list and participating in the Gujjar movement to be listed as a Scheduled Tribe at the national level. He is also a leader of the Jammu Migrants Front, an organization engaged in advocacy for internal migrants from the Jammu region of Jammu and Kashmir state.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mahasu Pahari</span> Indo-Aryan language of Himachal Pradesh, India

Mahasu Pahari is a Western Pahari is a dialect of Himachali language spoken in Himachal Pradesh. It is also known as Mahasui or Mahasuvi. The speaking population is about 1,000,000 (2001). It is more commonly spoken in the Himachal Pradesh, Shimla (Simla) and Solan districts. It is to be known that Shimla and Solan were parts of the old Mahasu district. Himachal Pradesh State on 1 September 1972 reorganised the districts dissolving Mahasu district. The Solan district was carved out of Solan and Arki tehsils of the then Mahasu district and tehsils of Kandaghat and Nalagarh of the then Shimla District of Punjab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduri language</span> Western Pahari language of northern India

Hinduri is a Himachali language of northern India. It was classified as a dialect under the Kiunthali Group

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pahari Kinnauri language</span> Western Pahari language of northern India

Pahari Kinnauri, or Kinnauri Pahari, also known as Oras Boli, is a dialect of Himachali language of northern India. It is spoken by different tribal groups in Kinnaur District, Himachal Pradesh; the language used to be commonly known as 'Kinnauri Tribal language', but this is now considered a derogatory term. It is not clear how distinct it is from other varieties of Himachali.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bilaspuri</span> Language predominantly spoken in northern India

Bilaspuri, or Kahluri (Takri:𑚊𑚩𑚥𑚱𑚤𑚯) is a dialect of Himachali language spoken in northern India, predominantly in the Bilaspur district of Himachal Pradesh. It is associated with the people of the former princely state of Bilaspur in the Hills State.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pangwali</span> Western Pahari language of India

Pangwali is an Indo-Aryan languages. It is spoken in the Pangi Tehsil of Chamba district, and is threatened to go extinct. Pangwali is natively written in the Takri script, but Devanagari is used as well. It is very similar to the Padderi language of Padder, J&K.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gaddi language</span> Indo-Aryan language spoken in India

Gaddi is an Indo-Aryan language of India. It is spoken by the Gaddi people primarily residing in the Bharmour region of Chamba district and the upper reaches of Kangra district in Himachal Pradesh. It is also spoken in neighbouring parts of Jammu, with Gaddi villages found in Udhampur, Kathua and Doda districts.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Javaid Rahi</span> Indian author, tribal social

Javaid Rahi is an Indian author, researcher and tribal social worker. He is a writer and poet of Gojri, Punjabi and Urdu languages. He has written 25 books and edited over 300 books and issues of magazines in different languages especially in the field of tribal literature, history, and culture of pastoralists including Gujjars, Bakarwals, Shina-Dard, Sippis, and Gaddis— and other Scheduled Tribes groups of India.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mumtaz Ahmed Khan (Jammu and Kashmir politician)</span> Mumtaz Ahmad Khan is a Politician from Jammu and Kashmir

Mumtaz Ahmed Khan is Indian Politician and Former Member of 12th Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. Khan was previously associated with Indian National Congress but left the party in 2021 and joined Jammu and Kashmir Apni Party. Prior to Assembly Elections of Jammu and Kashmir 2024, Khan switched back to Indian National Congress and contested elections from Reasi Assembly Constituency. In 2008 and 2014, Haji Mumtaz contested from Gulabgarh constituency earlier his father was used to contest from Gulabgarh. Khan’s father was Haji Buland Khan, who was a three-time member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly. Mumtaz' elder brother is Ajaz Ahmed Khan who was a former Minister and three-time member of the Jammu and Kashmir Legislative Assembly.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pahari culture</span>

Pahari culture refers to the cultural practices, traditions, arts, languages, lifestyles, and social behavior of the people living in the hilly regions of northern India, Pakistan, and Nepal. The term "pahari" or "pahadi" originates from the Hindi word "pahad", denotes "mountain" or "hill", and collectively describes the inhabitants of mountainous areas, including parts of Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Uttarakhand, and northern Pakistan, as well as the Himalayan foothills in Nepal.

References

  1. ↑ "Who are Paharis". Indian Express.
  2. ↑ "Ethnic Plurality in Jammu and Kashmir- A Sociological Analysis -Book- Man in India". Research Gate.
  3. ↑ "Chapter 05-IDENTITY FORMATION AND ASSERTION A STUDY OF PAHARI SPEAKING COMMUNITY OF JAMMU AND KASHMIR" (PDF). Department of Sociology University of Jammu -shodhganga.
  4. ↑ "Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  5. 1 2 "GADDI -Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  6. ↑ "Gujari -Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  7. ↑ Serena Hussain, Vishal Sharma (21 February 2021). "Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia". The Wire. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  8. ↑ "JK govt sets up backward classes commission". Business Standard India. Press Trust of India. 2020-03-19. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  9. ↑ Sharma, Ronik (2022-11-07). "Opposition to ST Status to Pahari ethnic group".
  10. ↑ "J&K amends rules: Pahari ethnicity, not language, to be criterion for reservation". The Indian Express. 2022-10-23. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  11. ↑ Bureau, The Hindu (2023-07-26). "Bills to expand Jammu & Kashmir's Scheduled Castes, Schedule Tribes lists introduced in the Lok Sabha". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2023-07-26.{{cite news}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  12. ↑ Ashiq, Abhinay Lakshman & Peerzada (2024-02-06). "Amid protests in Jammu, Lok Sabha passes Bill to include Paharis in J&K's ST list". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2024-02-06.
  13. ↑ "The new Scheduled Tribe in J&K: Paharis". Hindustan Times. 2024-02-09. Retrieved 2024-02-09.
  14. ↑ https://www.greaterkashmir.com/governance/president-gives-assent-to-jk-scheduled-tribes-amendment-act-2024/%7CSt Status to Pahari granted through notification dated 12/02/2024
  15. ↑ "Endangered languages". TheGuardian.com . 15 April 2011.
  16. ↑ Serena Hussain, Vishal Sharma (21 February 2021). "Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia". The Wire. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  17. ↑ "Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  18. ↑ "Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  19. ↑ "Vol. Linguistic Survey of India published in 1928. Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  20. ↑ "Vol. Linguistic Survey of India Vol 9, Pt. 4 Indo-Aryan Family. Central Group. Specimens of the Pahārī Languages and Gujurī". Digital South Asia Library.
  21. ↑ "Linguistic Survey of India".
  22. ↑ Lothers, Michael; Lothers, Laura (2010). Pahari and Pothwari: A Sociolinguistic Survey (Report). SIL Electronic Survey Reports. Vol. 2010–012.
  23. ↑ Shackle 2007, p. 114.
  24. ↑ Sonstige., Joseph C., Mathew 1966- (2017). Understanding Pakistan : emerging voices from india. ISBN   978-1-138-23490-1. OCLC   991571023.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  25. ↑ A 2000 estimate reported in Ethnologue (2017)
  26. ↑ Singh 2014 , p. 18; Bhat 2014 , ch. 1, pp. 38, 40
  27. ↑ Lists of regions and settlements are found in Bhat (2014 , ch. 1, pp. 40, 43–44) and Kour (2014) .
  28. ↑ https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/j-k/gujjars-oppose-paharis-demand-for-st-status-420531 Gujjars oppose Paharis' demand for ST status
  29. ↑ "Gujjars, Paharis spar over tribe status". The Hindustan Times. December 2007.
  30. ↑ "J&K Gujjars meet Union Tribal Minister oppose ST status to Paharis". The Scoop News.
  31. ↑ "Gujjar and Bakerwal oppose ST status to 'Paharis' in J&K". 20 August 2007.
  32. ↑ Ashiq, Peerzada (2022-11-09). "Paharis in ST list: Gujjars, Bakerwals to boycott Union Tribal Minister's J&K visit in protest". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  33. ↑ "After Home Minister's assurance, Bakerwals, Gujjars discontinue foot march". Hindustan Times. 2022-11-28. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  34. ↑ "Why are tribals from Jammu and Kashmir protesting inclusion of Paharis in ST list?". 16 November 2022.
  35. ↑ "Shah meets protesting Gujjar-Bakerwals, assures no dilution in their existing quota". DailyExcelsior. 2022-11-24. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  36. ↑ Ashiq, Peerzada (2022-11-28). "Gujjar, Bakerwals call off agitation against Paharis' ST status after Amit Shah's assurances". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  37. ↑ "Gujjar Leaders Protest in J&K Against Paharis Getting ST Tag, Say Their Inclusion Will Deter Upliftment". News18. 2022-11-07. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  38. ↑ https://www.news9live.com/india/jks-gujjar-bakkerwal-communities-up-in-arms-against-st-status-for-paharis-140426 Gujjars up in arms against ST status to Paharis
  39. ↑ "Gujjars-Bakerwals, Gaddis oppose ST status to 'Paharis'". DailyExcelsior. 2022-08-12. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  40. ↑ https://www.risingkashmir.com/-Gujjars--Bakerwals--Gaddis-oppose-ST-status-to--Paharis---appeal-HM-to-intervene-113337 Gujjars, Bakerwals, Gaddis oppose ST status to 'Paharis'; appeal HM to intervene
  41. ↑ KO (2021-12-28). "Gujjar-Pahari: The Vicious Divide in Pir Panjal Region". Kashmir Observer. Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  42. ↑ Ashiq, Peerzada (2022-06-06). "Pir Panjal emerges key electoral battleground to capture power in J&K". The Hindu. ISSN   0971-751X . Retrieved 2022-12-08.
  43. ↑ "BJP on their side, Pahari leaders have effectively put their Gujjar counterparts in spot". The Dispatch. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  44. ↑ "J&K: Pahari-Gujjar divide sharpens before Amit Shah visit". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  45. ↑ https://tribal.nic.in/downloads/Statistics/AnnualReport/AREnglish2021.pdf Tribal Affairs, Govt of India Report 2021 on tribes of India
  46. ↑ "The Peak Fault Line". Kashmir Life. 2022-09-24. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  47. ↑ http://www.schedujammu.nic.in/district%20poonch.html Literacy Rate of Poonch
  48. ↑ "Rajouri Population 2023, District Tehsils List, Jammu And Kashmir". www.indiagrowing.com. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  49. ↑ "Gujjars, Paharis spar over tribe status". December 2007.
  50. ↑ "Gujjars oppose ST status for Paharis".
  51. ↑ "Govt push to grant ST status to Pahari community -Mufti". 5 Darya News.
  52. ↑ "CM promises ST status to Paharis". Early Times News.
  53. ↑ Excelsior, Daily. "MJR-47 demands ST status for PoJK DPs of 1947". DailyExcelsior. Retrieved 2023-07-17.
  54. ↑ Service, Statesman News. "PoJK refugees call on BJP govt to fulfil their demands before elections". The Statesman. Retrieved 2023-11-06.
  55. ↑ "Scheduled tribe status for POJK displaced". DailyExcelsior. 2022-08-29. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  56. ↑ "PoJK refugee leader threatens self-immolation if 'Pahari' status denied". ThePrint. 2022-04-21. Retrieved 2023-12-20.
  57. ↑ "Schemes State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People" (PDF). Social Welfare Department, Jammu and Kashmir Government -Pahari Speaking People Board.
  58. ↑ "State Advisory Board for the development of Pahari Speaking People". Jammu and Kashmir Government - Pahari Speaking People Board.
  59. ↑ "Pahari Speaking People meet PM with ST status demand". Excelsior News. 3 February 2019.
  60. ↑ "Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status". Jammu Kashmir Archives.
  61. ↑ "Pahari Community Reiterates Demand For ST Status". Jammu Kashmir Archives.
  62. ↑ "Scheduled Tribe Status for Paharis in J&K". IPCS News.
  63. ↑ "Govt of Jammu and Kashmir ordered granting 4% Reservation for Pahari Speaking People of Jammu and Kashmir" (PDF). IPEC.
  64. ↑ "NC demands Pahari status to erstwhile Doda distt". Daily Excelsior Jammu. 10 September 2020. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  65. ↑ "Row over decision on quota issue Pakistan occupied Jammu and Kashmir refugees claim to be the 'real Paharis'". Daily Excelsior Jammu. Retrieved 1 November 2020.
  66. ↑ Serena Hussain, Vishal Sharma (21 February 2021). "Why Recognising Indigenous Language Movements Is Crucial in Contemporary South Asia". The Wire. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  67. ↑ D, Madan (12 November 2021). "PIL Filed in HP High Court Re-Ignites Quest for Recognizing Pahari (Himachali) as Hill State's Official Language". Himachal Watcher. Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  68. ↑ The Wire, Staff (16 November 2021). "Himachal High Court Passes Order in PIL To Make Pahari Official State Language". The Wire. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.