Punjabi Hindus

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Punjabi Hindus
Total population
c. 17,630,000–19,985,490 approx. [1] [2]
Regions with significant populations
Punjab, India 10,678,140 (2011 Census) [3]
Delhi 4,029,110 – 5,875,780 (2011 est.) [4] [a] [b] [c]
Haryana 2,028,120 – 2,535,150 (2011 est.) [d] [e] [f] [g]
Rajasthan 281,050 (2011 est.) [10] [11]
Himachal Pradesh 222,410 (2011 est.) [12] [13]
Punjab, Pakistan 249,716 (2023 Census) [14]
Chandigarh 94,150 (2011 est.) [10]
Jammu 59,930 (2011 est.) [15] [10]
Uttarakhand 27,240 (2011 est.) [16] [10]
Languages
Punjabi and its dialects
Hindi
Religion
Hinduism (incl. Nanakpanthi)
Related ethnic groups

Punjabi Hindus are adherents of Hinduism who identify ethnically, linguistically, culturally, and genealogically as Punjabis and are natives of the Punjab region of the Indian subcontinent. Punjabi Hindus are the third-largest religious group of the Punjabi community, after the Punjabi Muslims and the Punjabi Sikhs. While Punjabi Hindus mostly inhabit the Indian state of Punjab, as well as Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Delhi, and Chandigarh today, many have ancestry across the greater Punjab region, which was partitioned between India and Pakistan in 1947.

Contents

History

Ancient

Rig Veda is the oldest Vedic Sanskrit Hindu text that originated in the northwestern Punjab region. 1500-1200 BCE Rigveda, manuscript page sample i, Mandala 1, Hymn 1 (Sukta 1), Adhyaya 1, lines 1.1.1 to 1.1.9, Sanskrit, Devanagari.jpg
Rig Veda  is the oldest Vedic Sanskrit Hindu text that originated in the northwestern Punjab region.

Hinduism is the oldest recorded religion practiced by the Punjabi people. [17] The historical Vedic religion of the Vedic period (1500–500 BCE) constituted the religious ideas and practices in Punjab, and centred primarily in the worship of Indra, the Hindu god of heaven and lightning. [18] The Vedic tribes moved further eastwards in the northern Indus Valley and towards the Ganges-Yamuna doab during the late Vedic Period, and Brahminism developed out of the Vedic origins in the Kurukshetra area. The religion of the Vedic Period is one of the precursors of Hinduism, and the Vedic period ended when the Hindu synthesis developed out of the interaction between Brahminism, Sramanism, and local religions. [19] [20] [h]

The bulk of the Rigveda was composed in the Punjab region between circa 1500 and 1200 BCE, [21] while later Vedic scriptures were composed more eastwards, between the Yamuna and Ganges rivers. An ancient Indian law book called the Manusmriti, developed by Brahmin Hindu priests, shaped Punjabi religious life from 200 BCE onward. [22]

British colonial era

Colour photograph of a sadhu and companion sitting under a large tree in Lahore, India in 1914, taken by Stephane Passet Sadhu and companion sit under a large tree in Lahore in 1914, a true-colour photograph taken by Albert Kahn.jpg
Colour photograph of a sadhu and companion sitting under a large tree in Lahore, India in 1914, taken by Stéphane Passet

Prominent Indian nationalists from Punjab, such as Lala Lajpat Rai, belonged to the Arya Samaj. The Arya Samaj, a Hindu reformist sect was active in propagating their message in Punjab. [23] In the early part of the 20th century, the Samaj and organisations inspired by it, such as Jat Pat Todak Mandal, were active in campaigning against caste discrimination. [24] Other activities in which the Samaj engaged included campaigning for the acceptance of widow remarriage and women's education. [25]

During the colonial era, the practice of religious syncretism among Punjabi Hindus and Punjabi Muslims was noted and documented by officials in census reports:

"In other parts of the Province, too, traces of Hindu festivals are noticeable among the Muhammadans. In the western Punjab, Baisakhi, the new year's day of the Hindus, is celebrated as an agricultural festival, by all Muhammadans, by racing bullocks yoked to the well gear, with the beat of tom-toms, and large crowds gather to witness the show, The race is called Baisakhi and is a favourite pastime in the well-irrigated tracts. Then the processions of Tazias, in Muharram, with the accompaniment of tom-toms, fencing parties and bands playing on flutes and other musical instruments (which is disapproved by the orthodox Muhammadans) and the establishment of Sabils (shelters where water and sharbat are served out) are clearly influenced by similar practices at Hindu festivals, while the illuminations on occasions like the Chiraghan fair of Shalamar (Lahore) are no doubt practices answering to the holiday-making instinct of the converted Hindus." [26] : 174 
"Besides actual conversion, Islam has had a considerable influence on the Hindu religion. The sects of reformers based on a revolt from the orthodoxy of Varnashrama Dharma were obviously the outcome of the knowledge that a different religion could produce equally pious and right thinking men. Laxity in social restrictions also appeared simultaneously in various degrees and certain customs were assimilated to those of the Muhammadans. On the other hand the miraculous powers of Muhammadan saints were enough to attract the saint worshiping Hindus, to allegiance, if not to a total change of faith... The Shamsis are believers in Shah Shamas Tabrez of Multan, and follow the Imam, for the time being, of the Ismailia sect of Shias... they belong mostly to the Sunar caste and their connection with the sect is kept a secret, like Freemasonry. They pass as ordinary Hindus, but their devotion to the Imam is very strong." [26] : 130 

— Excerpts from the Census of India (Punjab Province), 1911 CE

1947 Partition

Approximately 3 million Punjabi Hindus migrated from West Punjab and North-West Frontier Province (present-day Pakistan) to East Punjab and Delhi (present-day India) during the Partition. [27] [28] [29]

This split the former British province of Punjab between the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan. The mostly Muslim western part of the province became Pakistan's Punjab province; the mostly Sikh and Hindu eastern part became India's East Punjab state (later divided into the new states of Punjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh). Many Hindus and Sikhs lived in the west, and many Muslims lived in the east, and the fears of all such minorities were so great that the Partition saw many people displaced and much intercommunal violence. Some have described the violence in Punjab as a retributive genocide. [30]

The newly formed governments had not anticipated, and were completely unequipped for, a two-way migration of such staggering magnitude, and massive violence and slaughter occurred on both sides of the new India-Pakistan border. Estimates of the number of deaths vary, with low estimates at 200,000 and high estimates at 2,000,000. The worst case of violence among all regions is concluded to have taken place in Punjab. [31] [32] [33] [34]

Punjabi Suba and trifurcation of Punjab

After the Partition, Sikh leaders and political parties demanded a "Punjabi Suba" (Punjabi Province) where Punjabi language written in the Gurumukhi script would be the language of the state in North India.

At the instigation of the Arya Samaj, many Punjabi Hindus in present-day Ambala, Una, and Sirsa stated Hindi as their mother tongue in the censuses of 1951 and 1961. Some areas of the erstwhile East Punjab state where Hindi, Haryanvi, and Western Pahari-speaking Hindus formed the majority, became part of the newly created states of Haryana and Himachal Pradesh where Hindi was declared the state language. This was in contrast with the primarily Punjabi-speaking locals in some regions of the newly created states. [35] A direct result of the trifurcation of East Punjab into three states made Punjab a Sikh-majority state in India. Today, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% population of present Punjab State of India. [36] [37]

Demographics

India

Devi Talab Mandir in Jalandar, Punjab, India. Devi talab jal.jpg
Devi Talab Mandir in Jalandar, Punjab, India.

In the Indian state of Punjab, Punjabi Hindus make up approximately 38.5% of the state's population; numbering 10.7 million and are a majority in the Doaba region. Punjabi Hindus form a majority in five districts of Punjab, namely, Pathankot, Jalandhar, Hoshiarpur, Fazilka and Shaheed Bhagat Singh Nagar districts. [38]

During the 1947 partition, many Hindus from West Punjab and North-West Frontier Province settled in Delhi. Determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates, Punjabi Hindus form approximately 24 to 35 percent of Delhi's population; [b] [a] based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16.8 million, this amounts to between 4 and 5.9 million people. [4]

Punjabi Hindus form between approximately 8 and 10 percent of Haryana's population and are very much influential in the state politics. [g] Based on 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25.4 million, this amounts to between 2.03 and 2.54 million people.

Pakistan

Katas Raj Temples in Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan. Katas Raj Temple Top Mountain View.jpg
Katas Raj Temples in Chakwal District, Punjab, Pakistan.

Following the large-scale exodus that took place during the 1947 partition, there remains a small Punjabi Hindu community in Pakistan today. According to the 2017 Census, there are about 200,000 Hindus in Punjab province, forming approximately 0.2% of the total population. [39] Much of the community resides in the primarily rural South Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur where they form 3.12% and 1.12% of the population respectively, [40] [41] while the rest are concentrated in urban centres such as Lahore. [42] [43] In 2006, the last functioning Hindu temple in Lahore, once the cultural capital of Punjabi Hindus, was destroyed to make way for a multi-story commercial building, and thus the millennia-old history of Hindus in Lahore came to an end. [44]

Diaspora

Large diaspora communities exist in many countries including in Canada, the Gulf Countries, Australia, the United States, and the United Kingdom.

Culture and religion

Durgiana Temple in Amritsar, Punjab, India. Durgiana Temple, Amritsar.jpg
Durgiana Temple in Amritsar, Punjab, India.
Fresco of Radha Krishna painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab Fresco of Radha and Krishna painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab.jpg
Fresco of Radha Krishna painted in the early 19th century on the walls of the Maiyanatha Thakurdwara in Katra Dulo, Amritsar, Punjab
A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in Gurmukhi script with paintings inside A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in Gurmukhi script with paintings inside 04.webp
A Hindu illustrated manuscript written in Gurmukhi script with paintings inside

As in many other parts of India, Hinduism in Punjab has adapted over time and has become a synthesis of culture and history.

Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, Panchkula MATA MANSA DEVI-PANCHKULA, HARYANA outer view of temple on top.jpg
Mata Mansa Devi Mandir, Panchkula

As Hindus believe that dharma is universal and evolves with time, many Hindus also value other spiritual paths and religious traditions. They believe that any traditions that are equally able to nurture one's Atman should be accepted and taught. Hinduism itself encourages any being to reach their own self-realization in their own unique way either through Bhagavan or through other means of devotion and meditation. [46]

The Punjabi Hindus continue heterogeneous religious practices in spiritual kinship with Sikhism. This not only includes veneration of the Sikh gurus in private practice but also visits to Sikh gurdwaras in addition to Hindu temples. [47]

According to Anjali Gera Roy, The Hindu Punjabis of Western Punjab settled away from their ancestral homeland during 1947 partition, speak a hybrid language based on Punjabi and Hindi (or Hindi with Punjabi accent). [48] [49]

Udasis

Udasi is a religious sect of ascetic sadhus centered in Punjab Region. The Udasis were key interpreters of the Sikh philosophy and the custodians of important Sikh shrines until the Akali movement. They brought many converts into the Sikh fold during the 18th and the early 19th centuries. [50] However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of Sikhism and Hinduism. When the Singh Sabha, dominated by Tat Khalsa Sikhs, redefined the Sikh identity in the early 20th century, the Udasi mahants were expelled from the Sikh shrines. Since then, the Udasis have increasingly regarded themselves as Hindus rather than Sikhs. [51]

Nanakpanthis

Numerous Punjabi Hindus are Nanakpanthi, who revere Guru Nanak alongside their Hindu deities but without following the other gurus, and nor identify as Sikhs in terms of religious affiliation; at the time of the 1891 census of British Punjab, it has been estimated that, out of the 1,8 million Sikhs around 579,000 were Hindu Nanakpanthis, but in later classifications the definitions of "Hindu" and "Sikh" would be more precise and the Hindu Nanakpanthis would stop being counted as "Sikhs". [52]

Arya Samaj

The Arya Samaj was a Hindu reformist organization founded in the 1870s by Dayananda Saraswati, and while he was from Gujarat, the movement had a lot of influence among Punjabi Hindus, especially the Khatris and Aroras, the Arya Samajis being social reformers who aimed to promote monotheism and were against what they called "supersititions" such as idolatry, wanted to rise the literacy rates (especially for women) and were fighting caste discrimination. [53]

Temples

Punjabi Hindu temples historically had various names depending on the associated denomination, such as Shivala (Shaivist temple), Devidwara (Shaktist temple), or Thakurdwara (Vaishnavist temple). [54] [55] [56] Thakurdwara complexes often had a samadh (samadhi) mausoleum dedicated to the founder of the temple and a dharamsala (building for accommodating pilgrims and ascetics, such as bairagis ). [55] Devidwaras were devoted to the worship of the devi (goddesses). [56] Temples often have various deities as their central focus in the form of a murti (idol), with there being no general uniformity in this regard. [54] Hindu worshipping practices at a temple are more individualistic in-nature rather than congregational. [54]

Architecture

The main room or area of a temple will house the deity in the form of a murti, with this space being known as garbha griha (sanctum sanctorum), which is the "heart" or inner-most point of the temple. [54] Also, there is a passageway that allows for circuambulation of the garbha griha space, which is a requirement after prayers are given. [54] Architecturally, there is usually a dome or spire structure built over the garbha griha. [54] Another feature is a small passageway called the antrala (vestibule), which connects the garbha griha and mandapa (pillard hall) spaces together. [54] The mandapa is a pavilion that allows the devotees to congregate. [54] Temples are built on a raised, staired platform with one entryway, with the entrance-porch being called a ardh-mandapa . [54]

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 “The most important section among settlers is the Punjabis who are estimated to constitute around 35 percent of the population." [6]
  2. 1 2 “Though Punjabis constitute a mere twenty-four per cent of so of the capital city's population, on average they hold fifty-three per cent of the available managerial positions." [5] : 54 
  3. ↑ Punjabi Hindus represent between 24 and 35 per cent of Delhi's population, determined from 1991 and 2015 estimates. [5] [6] Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 16,787,941, this amounts to between 4,029,106 and 5,875,779 persons. [4]
  4. ↑ “Punjabis constitute about eight per cent of the state’s population, they are a can’t-be-ignored political constituency." [7]
  5. ↑ “Political experts attribute the rise of the BJP in the region to sustained consolidation among certain communities, especially the Punjabis who account for 8% of the state’s estimated population of around 28 million.” [8]
  6. ↑ “From the announcement of candidates to the election campaign, the Congress primarily focused on the 22-25 percent Jat and 20-22 percent Scheduled Caste voters. In contrast, the BJP, in line with its non-Jat strategy, focused on the 30-32 percent OBCs, 9-10 percent Punjabis and 8-9 percent Brahmins.” [9]
  7. 1 2 Punjabi Hindus represent between 8 and 10 percent of Haryana's population, determined from 2014, 2019, and 2024 estimates. [7] [8] [9] Based on the 2011 official census counts out of a total population of 25,351,462, this amounts to between 2,028,117 and 2,535,146 persons.
  8. ↑ Michaels (2004, p. 38): "The legacy of the Vedic religion in Hinduism is generally overestimated. The influence of the mythology is indeed great, but the religious terminology changed considerably: all the key terms of Hinduism either do not exist in Vedic or have a completely different meaning. The religion of the Veda does not know the ethicised migration of the soul with retribution for acts (karma), the cyclical destruction of the world, or the idea of salvation during one's lifetime (jivanmukti; moksa; nirvana); the idea of the world as illusion (maya) must have gone against the grain of ancient India, and an omnipotent creator god emerges only in the late hymns of the rgveda. Nor did the Vedic religion know a caste system, the burning of widows, the ban on remarriage, images of gods and temples, Puja worship, Yoga, pilgrimages, vegetarianism, the holiness of cows, the doctrine of stages of life (asrama), or knew them only at their inception. Thus, it is justified to see a turning point between the Vedic religion and Hindu religions."
    Jamison, Stephanie; Witzel, Michael (1992). "Vedic Hinduism" (PDF). Harvard University. p. 3.: "... to call this period Vedic Hinduism is a contradictio in terminis since Vedic religion is very different from what we generally call Hindu religion – at least as much as Old Hebrew religion is from medieval and modern Christian religion. However, Vedic religion is treatable as a predecessor of Hinduism."
    See also Halbfass 1991, pp. 1–2

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjab</span> Geographical region in South Asia

Punjab, also known as the Land of the Five Rivers, is a geopolitical, cultural, and historical region in South Asia. It is located in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent, comprising areas of modern-day eastern-Pakistan and northwestern-India. Punjab's major cities are Lahore, Faisalabad, Rawalpindi, Gujranwala, Multan, Ludhiana, Amritsar, Sialkot, Chandigarh, Shimla, Jalandhar, Patiala, Gurugram, and Bahawalpur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arya Samaj</span> Vedic reform organisation

Arya Samaj is a monotheistic Indian Hindu reform movement that promotes values and practices based on the belief in the infallible authority of the Vedas. The sannyasi (ascetic) Dayananda Saraswati founded the samaj in the 1870s.

The Punjabis are an Indo-Aryan ethnolinguistic group associated with the Punjab region, comprising areas of northwestern India and eastern Pakistan. They generally speak Standard Punjabi or various Punjabi dialects on both sides.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khatri</span> Caste in South Asia

Khatri is a caste originating from the Malwa and Majha areas of Punjab region of South Asia that is predominantly found in India, but also in Pakistan and Afghanistan. The Khatris claim they are warriors who took to trade. In the Indian subcontinent, they were mostly engaged in mercantile professions such as banking and trade. They were the dominant commercial and financial administration class of late-medieval India. Some in Punjab often belonged to hereditary agriculturalist land-holding lineages, while others were engaged in artisanal occupations such as silk production and weaving.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Udasi</span> Early sect of Sikhism

Udasis, also spelt as Udasins, also known as Nanak Putras, are a religious sect of ascetic sadhus centred in northern India who follow a tradition known as Udasipanth. Becoming custodians of Sikh shrines in the 18th century, they were notable interpreters and spreaders of the Sikh philosophy during that time. However, their religious practices border on a syncretism of Sikhism and Hinduism, and they did not conform to the Khalsa standards as ordained by Guru Gobind Singh. When the Lahore Singh Sabha reformers, dominated by Tat Khalsa Sikhs, would hold them responsible for indulging in ritual practices antithetical to Sikhism, as well as personal vices and corruption, the Udasi mahants were expelled from the Sikh shrines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Arora</span> Community in India

Arora is a community of Punjab and Sindh, comprising both Hindus and Sikhs. The name is derived from their ancestral place Aror, Sindh. In 712, the Arora people are said to have left Aror and started to settle in the cities of Punjab, mainly in South Punjab. However, according to W. H. McLeod, many Aroras originally came from the Pothohar area in North Punjab.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in India</span>

Hinduism is the largest and most practised religion in India. About 80% of the country's population identified as Hindu in the last census. India contains 94% of the global Hindu population. The vast majority of Indian Hindus belong to Shaivite, Vaishnavite and Shakta denominations. India is one of the three countries in the world where Hinduism is the dominant religion.

Chuhra, also known as Bhanghi and Balmiki, is a Dalit caste in India and Pakistan. Populated regions include the Punjab region of India and Pakistan, as well as Uttar Pradesh in India, among other parts of the Indian subcontinent such as southern India. Their traditional occupation is sweeping, a "polluting" occupation that caused them to be considered untouchables in the caste system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ravidassia</span> Indian religion

Ravidassia or the Ravidas Panth is a religion based on the teachings of Guru Ravidas. It was considered a sect within Sikhism until 2009. However, some Ravidassias continue to maintain Sikh religious practices, including the reverence of the Guru Granth Sahib as their focal religious text, wearing Sikh articles of faith (5Ks), and appending Singh or Kaur to their names.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nanakpanthi</span> Religious community in Pakistan and India

Nanakpanthi, also known as Nanakshahi, is a syncretist movement which follows Guru Nanak (1469–1539), the founder of Sikhism, but without necessarily formally identifying as being Sikh in terms of religious affiliation, as it's the case with numerous Punjabi Hindus and Sindhi Hindus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mazhabi Sikh</span> Community from Northern India that follows Sikhism

Mazhabi Sikh is a community from Northern India, especially Punjab region, who follow Sikhism. Mazhabi are part of wider category of Sikhs, who convert from the valmiki (chuhra) community. The word Mazhabi is derived from the Arabic term mazhab, and can be translated as the faithful. They live mainly in Indian Punjab, Rajasthan and Haryana.

The Sikhs are adherents to Sikhism, the fifth largest organized religion in the world, with around 25 million adherents. Sikh History is around 500 years and in that time the Sikhs have developed unique expressions of art and culture which are influenced by their faith and synthesize traditions from many other cultures depending on the locality of the adherents of the religion. Sikhism is the only religion that originated in the Punjab region with all other religions coming from outside Punjab. All the Sikh gurus, many saints, and many of the martyrs in Sikh history were from Punjab and from the Punjabi people. Punjabi culture and Sikhism are mistakenly considered inseparably intertwined. "Sikh" properly refers to adherents of Sikhism as a religion, strictly not an ethnic group. However, because Sikhism has seldom sought converts, most Sikhs share strong ethno-religious ties, therefore it is a common stereotype that all Sikhs share the same ethnicity. Many countries, such as the U.K., therefore misconcievingly recognize Sikh as a designated ethnicity on their censuses. The American non-profit organization United Sikhs has fought to have Sikhs included on the U.S. census as well, arguing that Sikhs "self-identify as an 'ethnic minority'" and believe "that they are more than just a religion".

Adi Dharm refers to the religion of Adi Brahmo Samaj the first development of Brahmoism and includes those Sadharan Brahmo Samajists who were reintegrated into Brahmoism after the second schism of 1878 at the instance of Devendranath Tagore. This was the first organised casteless movement in British India and reverberated from its heart of Bengal to Assam, Bombay State, Punjab and Madras, Hyderabad, and Bangalore.

Punjab is home to 2.3% of India's population; with a density of 551 persons per km2. According to the provisional results of the 2011 national census, Punjab has a population of 27,743,338, making it the 16th most populated state in India. Of which male and female are 14,639,465 and 13,103,873 respectively. 32% of Punjab's population consists of Dalits. In the state, the rate of population growth is 13.9% (2011), lower than national average. Out of total population, 37.5% people live in urban regions. The total figure of population living in urban areas is 10,399,146 of which 5,545,989 are males and while remaining 4,853,157 are females. The urban population in the last 10 years has increased by 37.5%. According to the 2011 Census of India, Punjab, India has a population of around 27.7 million.

Religion in the Punjab in ancient history was characterized by Hinduism and later conversions to Jainism, Buddhism, Islam, Sikhism and Christianity; it also includes folk practices common to all Punjabis regardless of the religion they adhere to. Such practices incorporate local mysticism, including ancestral worship and worship of local saints of all faiths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Singh Sabha Movement</span> 1870s Sikh movement in Punjab

The Singh Sabhā Movement, also known as the Singh Sabhā Lehar, was a Sikh movement that began in Punjab in the 1870s in reaction to the proselytising activities of Christians, Hindu reform movements and Muslims. The movement was founded in an era when the Sikh Empire had been dissolved and annexed by the British, the Khalsa had lost its prestige, and mainstream Sikhs were rapidly converting to other religions. The movement's aims were to "propagate the true Sikh religion and restore Sikhism to its pristine glory; to write and distribute historical and religious books of Sikhs; and to propagate Gurmukhi Punjabi through magazines and media." The movement sought to reform Sikhism and bring back into the Sikh fold the apostates who had converted to other religions; as well as to interest the influential British officials in furthering the Sikh community. At the time of its founding, the Singh Sabha policy was to avoid criticism of other religions and political matters.

Below is a timeline of Adi Dharm or Adi Brahmo Samaj.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan</span> Overview of the role and impact of Hinduism in the Pakistani province of Punjab

Hinduism is a minority religion in Punjab province of Pakistan followed by about 0.19% of its population. Punjab has the second largest number of Hindus in Pakistan after Sindh. Hinduism is followed mainly in the Southern Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Balochistan</span> Overview of Hinduism in Balochistan, Pakistan

Hinduism is a minority religion in Balochistan followed by 0.41% of the population of the province. It is the largest minority religion in Balochistan. The Balochistan is home to the shrine of Shri Hinglaj Mata temple, which is one of the most sacred Hindu temples. The annual Hinglaj Yatra to the temple is the largest Hindu pilgrimage in Pakistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hinduism in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span> Overview of Hinduism in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan

Hinduism is a minority religion in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province followed by 0.02% of the population of the province as per 2023 Census.

References

  1. ↑ "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". Archived from the original on 13 November 2019.
  2. ↑ "Behind the decline". 16 September 2015.
  3. ↑ "Population by religion community – 2011". The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Archived from the original on 23 September 2015.
  4. 1 2 3 "Delhi (India): Union Territory, Major Agglomerations & Towns – Population Statistics in Maps and Charts". City Population. Archived from the original on 2 March 2017. Retrieved 28 February 2017.
  5. 1 2 Sanjay Yadav (2008). The Invasion of Delhi. Worldwide Books. ISBN   978-81-88054-00-8.
  6. 1 2 Singh, Raj (6 February 2015). "Delhi Assembly elections 2015: Important facts and major stakeholders". India TV . Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  7. 1 2 Kumar, Virender (28 October 2014). "The 'vulnerable Punjabi' in an unthinkable post in Haryana". Indian Express. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  8. 1 2 Naqshbandi, Aurangzeb (23 October 2019). "Manohar Lal Khattar gives BJP an edge in Haryana's Punjabi belt". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 September 2021.
  9. 1 2 Manav, Sushil (14 October 2024). "Haryana numbers show Congress had best strike rate among Jats, BJP among Punjabis & Ahirs". The Print . Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Language – India, States and Union Territories" (PDF). Census of India 2011. Office of the Registrar General. pp. 13–14. Retrieved 24 November 2018.
  11. ↑ "RSGPC to publicize issue of Punjabi in Rajasthan". The Times of India. 17 January 2018.
  12. ↑ "Una, amalgam of Punjabi and Pahari cultures".
  13. ↑ "Himachal Pradesh Youth status report: Sex ratio up but total fertility rate declining". The Indian Express . Shimla. Express News Service. 5 January 2018. Archived from the original on 18 April 2018. Retrieved 17 April 2018.
  14. ↑ "Population by Religion" (PDF).
  15. ↑ "Include Punjabi as official language in Jammu and Kashmir: Punjab CM Amarinder".
  16. ↑ "A Mini Punjab in Uttrakhand That Has Given Punjabi Cinema a Superstar Diva!".
  17. ↑ Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. p. 7. ISBN   978-0-7735-4070-5. Hinduism is the oldest of the religions practiced by the Punjabis
  18. ↑ Berry, Thomas (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism . Columbia University Press. pp.  20–21. ISBN   978-0-231-10781-5.
  19. ↑ name="Vedic religion"> "Vedic religion". Encyclopedia Britannica . 10 November 2023. It Vedic religion takes its name from the collections of sacred texts known as the Vedas. Vedism is the oldest stratum of religious activity in India for which there exist written materials. It was one of the major traditions that shaped Hinduism.
  20. ↑ Virdee, Pippa (February 2018). From the Ashes of 1947. Cambridge University Press. p. 24. ISBN   978-1-108-42811-8. The Rig Veda and the Upanishads, which belonged to the Vedic religion, were a precursor of Hinduism, both of which were composed in Punjab.
  21. ↑ Flood, Gavin (13 July 1996). An Introduction to Hinduism. Cambridge University Press. ISBN   978-0-521-43878-0.
  22. ↑ Nayar, Kamala Elizabeth (2012). The Punjabis in British Columbia: Location, Labour, First Nations, and Multiculturalism. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP. pp. 7–8. ISBN   978-0-7735-4070-5.
  23. ↑ Raj Kumar (2004). Essays on Social Reform Movements. Discovery Publishing House. pp. 3–5. ISBN   978-81-7141-792-6.
  24. ↑ Rajivlochan, M. (2014). Coping with Exclusions the Non-Political Way. Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands. pp. 82–83.
  25. ↑ Kishwar, Madhu (26 April 1986). "Arya Samaj and Women's Education: Kanya Mahavidyalaya, Jalandhar". Economic and Political Weekly . 21 (17): WS9 –WS24. JSTOR   4375593.
  26. 1 2 "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 1, Report" . Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  27. ↑ Salamat, Zarina (1997). The Punjab in 1920's: a case study of Muslims. Karachi: Royal Book Company. p. 145. ISBN   978-969-407-230-2. OCLC   40480171.
  28. ↑ Banerjee-Dube, Ishita; Dube, Saurabh (2009). Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India. New Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-569662-2. OCLC   302183130.
  29. ↑ "The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes" (PDF). Retrieved 19 December 2006.
  30. ↑ Brass 1974, p. 326.
  31. ↑ Talbot, Ian (2009). "Partition of India: The Human Dimension". Cultural and Social History. 6 (4): 403–410. doi:10.2752/147800409X466254. S2CID   147110854. The number of casualties remains a matter of dispute, with figures being claimed that range from 200,000 to 2 million victims.
  32. ↑ D'Costa, Bina (2011). Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia. Routledge. p. 53. ISBN   9780415565660.
  33. ↑ Butalia, Urvashi (2000). The Other Side of Silence: Voices From the Partition of India. Duke University Press.
  34. ↑ Sikand, Yoginder (2004). Muslims in India Since 1947: Islamic Perspectives on Inter-Faith Relations. Routledge. p. 5. ISBN   9781134378258.
  35. ↑ Chopra R. Love Is The Ultimate Winner Partridge, India 2013. p. 9072. ISBN   9781482800050 Accessed 3 February 2017.
  36. ↑ Lamba K. G. Dynamics of Punjabi Suba Movement Deep and Deep 1999. p. 90 ISBN   9788176291293 Accessed 3 February 2017.
  37. ↑ Grewal J. S. The Sikhs of the Punjab Cambridge University Press 1998. p. 187 ISBN   9780521637640 Accessed 3 February 2017.
  38. ↑ "Religion by districts - Punjab". census.gov.in. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  39. ↑ "SALIENT FEATURES OF FINAL RESULTS CENSUS-2017" (PDF). Retrieved 8 September 2021.
  40. ↑ "District wise census" . Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  41. ↑ Dharmindar Balach (17 August 2017). "Pakistani Hindus celebrate Janmashtami with fervour". Daily Times. Retrieved 20 September 2021.
  42. ↑ "Hindu community celebrates Diwali across Punjab". The Express Tribune. 8 November 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  43. ↑ "Dussehra celebrated at Krishna Mandir". The Express Tribune. 23 October 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2020.
  44. ↑ "Only Hindu temple in Lahore demolished". The Times of India. 13 June 2006.
  45. ↑ "Shri Mata Mansa Devi Shrine Board". mansadevi.org.in. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
  46. ↑ "Sikhism | History, Doctrines, Practice, & Literature". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  47. ↑ Raj, Dhooleka Sarhadi (2003). Where Are You From? Middle-Class Migrants in the Modern World. Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 80. ISBN   9780520233836.
  48. ↑ MINE, T. I., & ROY, A. G. (2004). NOT SPEAKING A LANGUAGE. Translation Today, 1, 26.
  49. ↑ Kumar, P. (1982). Communalisation of Hindus in Punjab. Secular Democracy, 11(9), 27-29.|url=https://idcindia.org/wp-content/themes/idc/pdf/3.communalism/news/1-Communalisation%20of%20Hindus%20in%20Punjab%20_%20Secular%20Democracy%20_%20October%201982%20_%20Vol%2015%20No.%20IX.pdf%7Cpage=8
  50. ↑ Pashaura Singh. Fenech, Louis E. (March 2014). The Oxford handbook of Sikh studies. OUP Oxford. ISBN   978-0-19-969930-8. OCLC   874522334.
  51. ↑ Oberoi, Harjot. (1997). The Construction of religious boundaries: culture, identity, and diversity in the Sikh tradition. Delhi: Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-563780-1. OCLC   39001441.
  52. ↑ Fox, Richard Gabriel (1985). Lions of the Punjab: culture in the making (1. print ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: Univ. of California Pr. pp. 112–113. ISBN   978-0-520-05491-2.
  53. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christopher (2010). Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 97.
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Singh, Jagraj (2009). "Difference Between Gurdwara and Mandir (Temple) - Mandir (Temple)". A Complete Guide to Sikhism. Unistar Books. pp. 106–107. ISBN   9788171427543.
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  56. 1 2 Nath, Viswambhar (2002). "Life in My Ancestral Village: Places of Worship and Religious Practices". Development: A Saga of Two Worlds. Concept Publishing Company. pp. 29–31. ISBN   9788170229469.

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