Hinduism in Punjab, Pakistan

Last updated

Punjabi Hindus of Pakistan
Cholistan Hindus celebrating Holi.jpg
Hindus in Cholistan celebrating Holi
Total population
Increase2.svg 249,716 (2023) [1]
0.20% of total Province population
Religions
Hinduism (majority)
Nanakpanthi and Kalash
Scriptures
Bhagavad Gita, and Vedas
Guru Granth Sahib (only by Nanakpanthi )
Languages
Sanskrit (sacred)
Punjabi, Marwari, Saraiki [2]
Hindi, Urdu and other languages (minority)

Hinduism is a minority religion in Punjab province of Pakistan followed by about 0.19% of its population. Punjab has the second largest number of Hindus in Pakistan after Sindh. [3] Hinduism is followed mainly in the Southern Punjab districts of Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur. [4]

Contents

Hinduism has a strong historical presence in Punjab with many mandirs, shrines (samadhis), alongside various religious traditions and texts that were developed in the region. According to the 1941 census, Punjabi Hindus constituted approximately 13.7 percent of the population in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, Pakistan. [lower-alpha 1] With violence and religious cleansing accompanying the partition of India in 1947, the vast majority departed the region en masse, primarily migrating eastward to Delhi and the region of Punjab that would fall on the eastern side of the Radcliffe Line, in the contemporary Indian states of Punjab, Haryana, and Himachal Pradesh.

History

One of the Amb Temples constructed between the 7th and 9th centuries. AMB Temples, three temples inside fort big temple side view.jpg
One of the Amb Temples constructed between the 7th and 9th centuries.
Hindu Population History
Punjab, Pakistan
YearPop.±% p.a.
1881 1,449,913—    
1901 1,944,363+1.48%
1911 1,645,758−1.65%
1921 1,797,141+0.88%
1931 1,957,878+0.86%
1941 2,373,466+1.94%
1951 33,052−34.78%
1998 116,410+2.72%
2017 211,641+3.20%
2023 249,716+2.80%
Source: [lower-alpha 2] [lower-alpha 3] [lower-alpha 4] [lower-alpha 5] [lower-alpha 6] [lower-alpha 1] [14] [15] [16] [17] [1]
Census of India, Census of Pakistan

Ancient era

Hinduism is the oldest recorded religion practiced by the Punjabi people. [18] The Rig Veda, the oldest and most sacred Hindu text, is believed to have been composed in the Punjab region of modern-day Pakistan (and India) on the banks of the Indus River around 1500 BCE. [19] The Punjab region also features heavily in the Mahabharata. [20] [21] According to Hindu religious texts, Multan was founded by the Hindu sage Kashyapa [22] and also asserts Multan as the capital of the Trigarta Kingdom ruled by the Katoch dynasty at the time of the Kurukshetra War that is central the Hindu epic poem, the Mahabharata . [23] [24] [25] Historically, the Punjabi Hindus and Saraiki Hindus followed mainly a Brahminical form of Hinduism. [26] The Prahladpuri Temple in Multan is believed to be constructed by Prahlada in honor of Narasimha. [27] Most of the Hindus in Punjab once also had also influence of Sikhism on their culture and lifestyle. Nanakpanthis are the Hindus who follows the teaching of Sikh guru, Guru Nanak. [28]

Colonial era

By the early 20th century, Western Punjab (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) had a Punjabi Muslim majority population (primarily supporting the Muslim League and Pakistan Movement) but also included significant Punjabi Hindu and Punjabi Sikh minority populations.

According to the 1941 census, Punjabi Hindus constituted approximately 13.7 percent of the population in the region that comprises the contemporary state of Punjab, Pakistan, numbering around 2.4 million persons. [lower-alpha 1] Following the partition of Punjab, according to the 1951 census, the Hindu population declined to 33,052 persons or 0.2 percent due to religious cleansing violence alongside large-scale mass migration and population transfer to East Punjab, India and Delhi in the violent events of partition of India. [14]

With the formation of independent Pakistan and India during the partition of India in 1947, approximately 3 million Punjabi Hindus migrated to India. [29] [30] [31]

Geographical distribution

Hindu Khatri man, Lahore circa 1859-1869 Portret van een onbekende handelaar uit Lahore Khatris. Hindoo traders. Lahore (titel op object), RP-F-2001-7-1122D-51.jpg
Hindu Khatri man, Lahore circa 1859-1869
Hindu Arora Storekeeper, Lahore, circa 1862-72 Portrait of an unidentified Arora Storekeeper from Lahore with coins in hand and in front of him, ca.1862-72.png
Hindu Arora Storekeeper, Lahore, circa 1862–72
Rattan Chand temple, Lahore, 1880 1880 photo of the Rattan Chand temple, Lahore Pakistan.jpg
Rattan Chand temple, Lahore, 1880
Hindu Shivite temple, Lahore, 1914 True-colour photograph - Lahore, India (now Pakistan) A Hindu temple, possibly Shaivite in 1914.jpg
Hindu Shivite temple, Lahore, 1914

Colonial era

Hindus in the administrative divisions that compose the contemporary Punjab, Pakistan region (1881–1941)
District or Princely State 1881 [5] [6] [7] [32] 1901 [8] : 34  [33] : 62 1911 [9] : 27  [10] : 27 1921 [11] : 29 1931 [12] : 277 1941 [13] : 42 
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Sialkot District 299,311302,012242,325217,912206,421231,319
Lahore District 193,319276,375217,609255,690259,725284,689
Gujranwala District 127,322169,594176,075101,56692,764108,115
Multan District 112,001133,560126,603134,013182,029249,872
Shakargarh Tehsil [lower-alpha 7] 109,241111,81993,05290,645101,318116,553
Bahawalpur State 91,272114,670109,548114,621149,454174,408
Rawalpindi District 86,16286,26948,44957,18559,48582,478
Montgomery District 83,974109,94566,80394,791136,783210,966
Gujrat District 72,45069,34649,43062,52973,35684,643
Jhang District 64,89279,65073,42685,339102,990129,889
Jhelum District 60,94951,80134,26134,83736,06840,888
Shahpur District 59,02668,48972,69582,18290,561102,172
Dera Ghazi Khan District 46,69757,81556,48556,34657,21767,407
Muzaffargarh District 43,29752,22168,15869,87872,57790,643
Lyallpur District [lower-alpha 8] ——210,459154,603181,488173,344204,059
Mianwali District ——50,20236,32645,97449,79462,814
Biloch Trans–Frontier Tract——136169180173160
Attock District [lower-alpha 9] ————19,74126,18431,93243,209
Sheikhupura District [lower-alpha 10] ——————85,78181,88789,182
Total Hindus1,449,9131,944,3631,645,7581,797,1411,957,8782,373,466
Total Population7,942,39910,427,76511,104,58511,888,98514,040,79817,350,103

Modern era

According to the 2023 Cenus, Hinduism is followed by 0.2 percent of the population, [34] which is roughly the same proportion as reported in the 2017 Census. [3] There are 249,716 Hindus in Punjab. [34] However according to the Pakistan Hindu Council, there are 349,230 Hindus in Punjab. [35]

According to estimates in religious minorities in Pakistan's elections, there are above 50,000 or more in 11 districts in Pakistan. All of these are in Sindh except the Rahim Yar Khan District in Punjab and is the only district in Punjab with more than 2% of its population as Hindu. [36]

About 90% of the Hindus in Punjab province live in Rahim Yar Khan and Bahawalpur. [37]

Hindus in the administrative divisions in Punjab, Pakistan (1951–2023)
District 1951 [14] 2017 [16] [17] 2023 [1]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%
Sialkot District 14,3972,8703,195
Rahim Yar Khan District 10,755150,093176,416
Lahore District 2,4332,6702,811
Bahawalpur District 1,91641,05148,684
Gujranwala District 1,2112871,033
Faisalabad District 8885982,150
Sheikhupura District 461323820
Attock District 308575501
Multan District 1512,3661,709
Rawalpindi District 1141,2441,013
Gujrat District 99120217
Sahiwal District 90297217
Jhelum District 72356343
Jhang District 6919573
Sargodha District 58141456
Muzaffargarh District 24733716
Dera Ghazi Khan District 6248166
Mianwali District 02163
Bahawalnagar District ——2,6313,106
Rajanpur District ——1,4421,030
Narowal District ——657833
Layyah District ——553252
Mandi Bahauddin District ——357326
Khanewal District ——297304
Nankana Sahib District ——2451,196
Kasur District ——243475
Okara District ——214214
Chakwal District ——187142
Vehari District ——179226
Toba Tek Singh District ——123279
Pakpattan District ——9761
Lodhran District ——9397
Chiniot District ——62132
Hafizabad District ——48380
Bhakkar District ——1325
Khushab District ——1255
Total Hindus33,052211,641249,716
Total responses20,636,702109,989,655127,333,305
Total population20,636,702109,989,655127,688,922

Community life

Hindus in Punjab is mainly concentrated in the Southern Punjab districts. According to a study, the majority (86.5%) of the scheduled caste Hindus in Southern Punjab have experienced discrimination. The study found that majority (i.e 91.5%) of the respondents in Rahimyar Khan districts believed that political parties are not giving importance to them. [38] In Central Punjab, the population of Hindus are very low, so many of the Hindus have married Sikhs and vice versa. Intermarriages between the Hindus and Sikh community are very common there. [39] The Forced conversion of Hindu girls are a problem faced by the Hindu community. According to a report by Minority Rights Commission, the number of forced conversions and forced marriages increasing in South Punjab, particularly the Rahim Yar Khan District and adjacent areas. [40]

Hindu marriages in Punjab are registered under the Hindu marriage act of 2017. [41] [42]

Politics

Punjab Assembly has eight reserved seats for non-Muslims and most of them are Christians. [36] In 1997, the Seth Bharta Ram became the first Hindu to be elected to the minority reserved seat in Punjab Provincial assembly. It was only after 16 years, another Hindu member Kanji Ram was elected to the provincial assembly. [43] [44] Currently there are no Hindu member in the 17th Punjab provincial assembly.

Hindus form a significant electoral role in the assembly seats of Rahim Yar Khan District. [36]

Temples

There are many temples in the Punjab and mainly of them served as a worship place for multi-religious community. The notable of them includes:

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 1941 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1941 census data here: [13] : 42 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  2. ↑ 1881 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Montgomery, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), and one princely state (Bahawalpur) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1881 census data here: [5] [6] [7]
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  3. ↑ 1901 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur (inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census), Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1901 census data here: [8] : 34 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  4. ↑ 1911 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1911 census data here: [9] : 27  [10] : 27 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  5. ↑ 1921 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1921 census data here: [11] : 29 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  6. ↑ 1931 figure taken from census data by combining the total population of all districts (Lahore, Sialkot, Gujranwala, Sheikhupura, Gujrat, Shahpur, Jhelum, Rawalpindi, Attock, Mianwali, Montgomery, Lyallpur, Jhang, Multan, Muzaffargargh, Dera Ghazi Khan), one tehsil (Shakargarh – then part of Gurdaspur District), one princely state (Bahawalpur), and one tract (Biloch Trans–Frontier) in Punjab Province, British India that ultimately fell on the western side of the Radcliffe Line. See 1931 census data here: [12] : 277 
    Immediately following the partition of India in 1947, these districts and tract would ultimately make up the subdivision of West Punjab, which also later included Bahawalpur. The state that makes up this region in the contemporary era is Punjab, Pakistan.
  7. ↑ Part of Gurdaspur District which was awarded to Pakistan as part of the Radcliffe Line.
  8. ↑ District formerly inscribed as the Chenab Colony on the 1901 census, later renamed to Lyallpur District, created between Jhang District, Gujranwala District, Lahore District, Montgomery District, and Multan District to account for the large population increase in the region, primarily due to the Chenab Canal Colony.
  9. ↑ District created in 1904 by taking Talagang Tehsil from Jhelum District and Pindi Gheb, Fateh Jang and Attock Tehsils from Rawalpindi District.
  10. ↑ District created between Gujranwala District, Sialkot District, Amritsar District, Lahore District, Montgomery District, and Lyallpur District in 1920 to account for the large population increase in the region, primarily due to the Chenab Canal Colony.

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Islam is a minority religion in Punjab, India followed by 535,489 people constituting about 1.93 percent of the state population out of 27.7 million population as of 2011 census report.

References

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  2. ↑ Aiza Hussain. "An evening with the Hindu Marwari of Cholistan". Dawn. Retrieved 22 May 2021.
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  25. ↑ Hutchison, John (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States, Volume 1. Asian Educational Services. ISBN   9788120609426.
  26. ↑ Eaton, Richard Maxwell, 1940- ... (2006). Essays on Islam and Indian history. Oxford University Press. ISBN   0-19-566265-2. OCLC   469584446.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
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  28. ↑ "Navjot Singh Sidhu thinks there are 14 crore Sikhs in India instead of 2.4 crore". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 2021-05-21.
  29. ↑ Salamat, Zarina (1997). The Punjab in 1920's: a case study of Muslims. Karachi: Royal Book Company. p. 145. ISBN   978-969-407-230-2. OCLC   40480171.
  30. ↑ Banerjee-Dube, Ishita; Dube, Saurabh (2009). Ancient to modern: religion, power, and community in India. New Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0-19-569662-2. OCLC   302183130.
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  32. ↑ "Gazetteers Of Gurdaspur District, 1883-84". 1884. Retrieved 7 April 2024.
  33. ↑ "Punjab District Gazetteers Gurdaspur District Vol.21 Statistical Tables". 1913. Retrieved 10 March 2024.
  34. 1 2 "7th Population and Housing Census". www.pbs.gov.pk. Retrieved 2024-07-21.
  35. ↑ "Hindu Population (PK) – Pakistan Hindu Council". Archived from the original on 15 March 2018. Retrieved 2019-03-18.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  36. 1 2 3 Aqeel, Asif (1 July 2018), "Problems with the electoral representation of non-Muslims", Herald (Pakistan) , retrieved 21 May 2021
  37. ↑ "District wise census" . Retrieved 4 August 2021.
  38. ↑ Shah, Zulfiqar (December 2007), Information on Caste Based Discrimination in South Asia, Long Behind Schedule, a Study on the Plight of Scheduled Caste Hindus in Pakistan (PDF), Indian Institute of Dalit Studies (IIDS) and International Dalit Solidarity Network (IDSN), retrieved 21 May 2021
  39. ↑ Javaid, Maham (18 August 2016), "State of fear", Herald (Pakistan) , retrieved 21 May 2021
  40. ↑ Zahid Gishkori (3 September 2012). "Intolerance growing in South Punjab: Report" . Retrieved 25 May 2021.
  41. ↑ "Pakistan Senate passes landmark Hindu marriage bill". The Hindu. 18 February 2017. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  42. ↑ Kalbe Ali (27 September 2016). "NA finally passes Hindu marriage bill". Dawn. Retrieved 21 May 2021.
  43. ↑ "ECP announces by-polls on vacant seats". www.pakistantoday.com.pk. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
  44. ↑ "Hindus get representation in Punjab Assembly of Pakistan after 16 years". India Today. 13 June 2013. Archived from the original on 27 January 2018. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
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