Sahiwal District

Last updated • 10 min readFrom Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

Sahiwal District
ضلع ساہیوال
Montgomery District
View of Granary and Great Hall on Mound F - Archaeological site of Harappa.jpg
Mir Chaker's Tomb Entrance.png
Top: Ruins of Harappa
Bottom: Tomb of Mir Chaker
Pakistan - Punjab - Sahiwal.svg
Location of Sahiwal in Punjab
CountryFlag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan
Province Flag of Punjab.svg  Punjab
Division Sahiwal
Headquarters Sahiwal
Government
  TypeDistrict Administration
   Deputy Commissioner Babar Bashir
  District Police OfficerSadiq Baloch
Area
   District of Punjab
3,201 km2 (1,236 sq mi)
Population
 (2023) [1]
   District of Punjab
2,881,811
  Density900/km2 (2,300/sq mi)
   Urban
757,631
   Rural
2,124,180
Literacy
[2]
  Literacy rate
  • Total:
    (64.77%)
  • Male:
    (71.06%)
  • Female:
    (58.29%)
Time zone UTC+5 (PST)
Area code 040
Tehsils Sahiwal
Chichawatni
Website sahiwal.punjab.gov.pk

Sahiwal District (Punjabi and Urdu : ضِلع ساہِيوال), formerly known as Montgomery District, is a district in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Contents

In 1998, it had a population of 1,843,194 people, 16.27% of which were in urban areas. Since 2008, Sahiwal District, Okara District, and Pakpattan District have comprised the Sahiwal Division. The city of Sahiwal is the capital of the district and the division.

View of a Jungle in distt. Sahiwal Jungle in chak110.jpg
View of a Jungle in distt. Sahiwal

History

The Sahiwal District has been settled from the pre-historical era. Harappa is an archaeological site, about 35 km (22 mi) west of Sahiwal, that was built approximately 2600 BCE. The area was part of South Asian empires and in crossroads of migrations and invasions from Central Asia.

Sahiwal District was an agricultural region with forests during the Indus Valley civilization. The Vedic period is characterized by Indo-Aryan culture which split from Indo-Iranian culture and founded in Northern Indian subcontinent. The Kambojas, Daradas, Kaikayas, Madras, Pauravas, Yaudheyas, Malavas and Kurus invaded, settled and ruled ancient Punjab region.

After overrunning the Achaemenid Empire in 331 BCE, Alexander marched into present-day Punjab region with an army of 50,000. The Sahiwal was ruled by Maurya Empire, Indo-Greek kingdom, Kushan Empire, Gupta Empire, White Huns, Kushano-Hephthalites and the Turk and Hindu Shahi kingdoms. From the beginning of the 7th century Rajput kingdoms dominated Eastern portions of Pakistan and northern India. In 997 CE, Sultan Mahmud Ghaznavi, took over the Ghaznavid dynasty empire established by his father, Sultan Sebuktegin, In 1005 he conquered the Shahis in Kabul in 1005, and followed it by the conquests of some western Punjab region. Eastern Regions of Punjab from Multan to the Rawalpindi in north (Including region of present-day Sahiwal) remained under Rajput rule until 1193. The Delhi Sultanate and Mughal Empire later ruled the region.

The Punjab region became predominantly Muslim due to missionary Sufi saints whose dargahs dot the landscape of Punjab region.

The pastoral tribes of this barren expanse did not appear to have paid more than a nominal allegiance to the Muslim rulers; the population for the most part remained in a chronic state of rebellion. After the decline of the Mughal Empire, this area became part of the Sikh Empire. The district came under direct British rule in 1849, when the district was officially formed with its headquarters at Pakpattan. The district was expanded to include the trans-Ravi portion in 1852, and the district headquarters were moved to Gugera. In 1865, when the railway was opened, a village on the railway, was named Montgomery and became the capital of the district. [3] During the period of British rule, Sahiwal district increased in population and importance.

During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, there was a general rising of the Rajput clans, the district formed the scene of the only rising which took place north of the Sutlej. Before the end of May 1857, emissaries from Delhi crossed the river from Sirsa and Hissar, where open rebellion was already rife, and met with a ready reception from the Kharrals and other Rajput clans. The district authorities, however, kept down the threatened rising till 26 August 1857 when jail prisoners made a desperate attempt to break loose. At the same time Rai Ahmad Khan, a famous Kharral leader, who had been detained at Gugera, broke his arrest and, though apprehended, was released on security, together with several other suspected chieftains. On 16 September they fled to their homes, and the whole country rose in open rebellion.

Kot Kamalia was sacked. Major Chamberlain, moving up with a small force from Multan, was besieged for some days at Chichawatni on the Ravi. The situation at the civil station remained critical till Colonel Paton arrived with substantial reinforcements from Lahore. An attack which took place immediately after their arrival was repulsed. Several minor actions followed in the open field, until finally the rebels, driven from the plain into the wildest jungles of the interior, were utterly defeated and dispersed. The British troops then inflicted severe punishment on the insurgent clans, destroying their villages, and seizing large numbers of cattle for sale. [4]

The region was traversed by the main line of the North Western Railway, from Lahore to Multan. It is irrigated by the Upper Sutlej inundation canal system and from the Ravi. The Rechna Doab was long home to the pastoral Jats, who had constantly maintained a sturdy independence against the successive rulers of northern India. The sites of Kot Kamalia and Harappa contain large mounds of antique bricks and other ruins left by the Indus Valley civilisation, while many other remains of ancient cities or villages lie scattered along the river bank, or dotted the then-barren stretches of the central waste.

The district comprised three towns and 1371 villages. Its population was 360,445 (1868), 426,529 (1881), 499,521 (1891) and 497,706 (1901). In 1901, 72% of the population were Muslims, while Hindus and Sikhs formed 28%. [4]

The district was part of the Lahore Division of Punjab. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the minority Hindus and Sikhs migrated to India while the Muslim refugees from India settled in the Sahiwal region.

Demographics

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
1951 603,782    
1961 743,614+2.10%
1972 944,656+2.20%
1981 1,281,526+3.45%
1998 1,843,194+2.16%
2017 2,513,011+1.64%
2023 2,881,811+2.31%
Sources: [5]

As of the 2023 census, Sahiwal district has 446,606 households and a population of 2,881,811. The district has a sex ratio of 102.80 males to 100 females and a literacy rate of 64.77%: 71.06% for males and 58.29% for females. [1] [6] 772,183 (26.83% of the surveyed population) are under 10 years of age. [7] 757,631 (26.29%) live in urban areas. [1]

Religion

Religion in Sahiwal district (2023) [8]
ReligionPercent
Islam
97.54%
Christianity
2.41%
Other or not stated
0.05%
Religion in Sahiwal District
Religious
group
1941 [9] :422017 [10] 2023 [8]
Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 289,1612,450,3692,807,32997.54%
Hinduism Om.svg [a] 71,0182972170.01%
Sikhism Khanda.svg 55,258440%
Christianity Christian cross.svg 12,26559,31169,5062.41%
Ahmadi 7146230.02%
Others3272,3204030.01%
Total Population428,0292,513,011100%2,878,122100%
Note: 1941 figures are for Montgomery tehsil of the former Montgomery District, which roughly corresponds to present-day Sahiwal district.
Religious groups in Sahiwal District (British Punjab province era)
Religious
group
1881 [11] [12] [13] 1891 [14] 1901 [15] 1911 [16] [17] 1921 [18] 1931 [19] 1941 [20]
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Islam Star and Crescent.svg 330,495361,923334,474399,723513,055697,542918,564
Hinduism Om.svg [a] 83,974121,481109,94566,80394,791136,783210,966
Sikhism Khanda.svg 11,96416,03219,09268,17595,520148,155175,064
Christianity Christian cross.svg 93856658110,40817,24524,432
Zoroastrianism Faravahar.svg 2014074
Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg 10813123849
Buddhism Dharma Wheel (2).svg 0000023
Judaism Star of David.svg 000000
Others00000021
Total population426,529499,521463,586535,299713,786999,7721,329,103
Note1: British Punjab province era district borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to district borders — which since created new districts — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Note2: Formerly known as Montgomery District, prior to district renaming in 1978.
Religion in the Tehsils of Sahiwal District (1921) [18]
Tehsil Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [b] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery Tehsil156,96537,08023,7374,88760222,675
Okara Tehsil104,01515,09124,4815,12360148,716
Dipalpur Tehsil151,57220,10629,2109000200,978
Pakpattan Tehsil100,50322,51418,09230800141,417
Note: British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.
Religion in the Tehsils of Sahiwal District (1941) [20]
Tehsil Islam Star and Crescent.svg Hinduism Om.svg [a] Sikhism Khanda.svg Christianity Christian cross.svg Jainism Jain Prateek Chihna.svg Others [c] Total
Pop. %Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%Pop.%
Montgomery Tehsil289,16171,01855,25812,26533294428,029
Okara Tehsil203,60241,00839,6828,2881037292,627
Dipalpur Tehsil210,83537,74326,07731403274,972
Pakpattan Tehsil214,96661,19754,0473,234625333,475
Note1: British Punjab province era tehsil borders are not an exact match in the present-day due to various bifurcations to tehsil borders — which since created new tehsils — throughout the historic Punjab Province region during the post-independence era that have taken into account population increases.

Note2: Tehsil religious breakdown figures for Christianity only includes local Christians, labeled as "Indian Christians" on census. Does not include Anglo-Indian Christians or British Christians, who were classified under "Other" category.

Language

Languages of Sahiwal district (2023) [21]

   Punjabi (96.95%)
   Urdu (2.28%)
  Others (0.77%)

At the time of the 2023 census, 96.95% of the population spoke Punjabi and 2.28% Urdu as their first language. [21]

Location

Scenic Jungle in Division Sahiwal Jungle in Punjab.JPG
Scenic Jungle in Division Sahiwal

Sahiwal Division is in the southeast of Punjab. From Multan Division it lies between 30 and 40 north latitude and 73-06 longitude. It is 500 ft (150 m) above sea level. It forms a parallelogram lying NE-SW along the River Ravi. It is 100 km from east to west and 45 km from the north-western boundary of the Division of Sahiwal, Division Faisalabad, District Toba Tek Singh. The dry River Khushak Bias separates it from the District Pakpattan. Okara District is east of the division. District Khanewal and District Vehari form boundaries with the division. On the southern side is Pakpattan District, where there is a shrine of the Sufi Fareed Shaker Gunj.

Administration

Sahiwal District consists of 531 villages in two subdivisions.

Tehsil [22] Area

(km²) [23]

Pop.

(2023)

Density

(ppl/km²)

(2023)

Literacy rate

(2023) [24]

Union Councils
Chichawatni [25] 1,5911,155,978726.5765.25%...
Sahiwal [25] 1,6101,725,8331,071.9564.44%...

It is on the main bypass, 3 kilometers from the main city. Sahiwal Division has an area of 301 km2. Sahiwal Division contains subtowns like Qadirabad, Yousafwala, Iqbal Nagar, Kassowal, Noorshah, Harappa and Ghaziabad. There are transport connections via Highway Services and Pakistan Railways to all over Pakistan.

District Administration Officers

Deputy Commissioners (DC)
NameCadreDate of JoiningDate of Relinquish of Charge
Wajid Ali Shah [26] PAS26-Aug-2021Now
Babar BashirPASAug-202025-Aug-2021

Sahiwal dairy cattle breed

The Sahiwal cattle breed is the best dairy breed of zebu or humped cattle (Bos Indicus), followed by the very similar Red Sindhi and Butana breeds. [27] It originated in the dry Punjab region which lies along the Indo-Pakistani border and was once kept in large herds by herdsmen called "Jaanglees." With the introduction of irrigation to the region their numbers dripped, and farmers used them as draft and dairy animals. The Division Sahiwal has one of the best dairy breeds in India and Pakistan. It is tick-resistant, heat-tolerant and resistant to internal and external parasites. Cows average 2270 kilograms of milk while suckling a calf and much higher milk yields have been recorded. Due to their heat tolerance and high milk production they have been exported to other Asian countries, Africa, Caribbean and around the world. As oxen, they are docile and slow, making them more useful for slow work.

Their colour can range from reddish brown to red, with varying amounts of white on the neck, and the underline. In males, the colour darkens towards the extremities, such as the head, legs and tails. Sahiwal breed arrived in Australia via New Guinea in the early 1950s. In Australia, the Sahiwal breed was initially selected as a dual-purpose breed. It played a valuable role in the development of the two Australian tropical dairy breeds, the Australian milking zebu and the Australian Friesian Sahiwal. Sahiwal breeds are now used in Australia for beef production, as crossing high-grade Sahiwal sires with Bos taurus animals produced a carcass of lean quality with desirable fat cover.

The Sahiwal breed is the heaviest milker of all zebu breeds and displays a well-developed udder. It sires small, fast-growing calves and is noted for its hardiness under unfavourable climatic conditions. [28] [29] [30] [31] [32]

Harappa

One of the ancient civilizations on archaeological evidence dated 3300 B.C. 15 miles (24 km) southwest from downtown in suburb of Harapa which was the northern city of Indus Valley civilization. [33] Harrapa is now a large village in the Sahiwal Division of Punjab, 15 miles (24 km) southwest of the district capital. Archaeologists think that in ancient times Harappa was the urban centre in the upper Indus region, much like Mohenjo-daro dominated the lower Indus Valley and Ganweriwal might have been the urban centre for what is now Rajasthan. The site at Harappa was first excavated by archaeologist Alexander Cunningham in 1872–73, two decades after Brick Robbers carried off the visible remains of the city. He found an Indus seal of an unknown origin.

The first extensive excavations at Harappa were started by Rai Bahadur Daya Ram Sahni in 1920. His excavations at Mohenjo-daro called attention to the Indus Valley civilization as one of the earliest urban culture in the Indian subcontinent. His work was followed later in the decade by that of Madho Sarup Vats, also of the Archaeological Survey of India. Excavations continued in the 1930s. In 1946, Sir Mortimer Wheeler excavated the fortification walls and found the first pre-Indus Valley civilization (Kot Dijian) deposits. After Independence in 1947, Harappa was excavated by Mohammed Rafique Mughal of the Archaeological Survey Department of Pakistan in 1966.

In 1986, the first systematic, multi-disciplinary excavations of an Indus Valley city were begun by the Harappa Archaeological Project (HARP), under the direction of George F. Dales and Jonathan Mark Kenoyer. The main features of the plan, the citadel on the west and the mounds of the 'lower city' towards the east and southeast have already been indicated. To the north, a hollowed belt containing green crops marks an old bed of the River Ravi, which today flows six miles (10 km) further north between the citadel and the riverbed, Mound F contains much of the town planning; to the south of the citadel lie the outlying hills, the Harappan cemetery and the post Harappan cemetery. To the southeast, sporadic digging has been carried out in Area G, but the ragged Mound E and its surroundings are unexplored. Most of the site remains unexcavated. The earliest deposits on the site go back to 5300 B.C. and the area seems to have been continuously inhabited ever since.

Climate

The climate of Sahiwal Division is extremely hot, reaching 45–50 degrees Celsius max in summers, and cold in winter down to 5-10-degree Celsius.[ citation needed ] The soil of the division is very fertile.[ citation needed ] The average rainfall is about 500-600 mm.

Sports

Sahiwal has produced many cricketers,[ citation needed ] such as Mushtaaq Ahmed, Manzoor Elahi, Zahoor Elahi and Saleem Elahi.

Notable residents

Education

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 1931-1941: Including Ad-Dharmis
  2. Including Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated
  3. Including Anglo-Indian Christians, British Christians, Buddhism, Zoroastrianism, Judaism, Tribals, others, or not stated

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahawalpur</span> City in Punjab, Pakistan

Bahawalpur is a city in Punjab, Pakistan. It is the 13th largest city of Pakistan and 8th most populous city of Punjab. Bahawalpur is the capital of Bahawalpur Division.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dera Ismail Khan</span> City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Dera Ismail Khan, abbreviated as D.I. Khan, is a city and capital of Dera Ismail Khan District, located in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. It is the 10th largest city of Pakistan and third or fourth largest in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa by population. Dera Ismail Khan is situated on the west bank of the Indus River, at its junction with the Gomal River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rawalpindi District</span> District of Punjab in Pakistan

Rawalpindi District is a district located in the northernmost part of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Parts of the district form part of the Islamabad Rawalpindi metropolitan area. Rawalpindi city is the district capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dera Ismail Khan District</span> District sub-division in Pakistan

Dera Ismail Khan District, often abbreviated as D.I. Khan is a district in the Dera Ismail Khan division of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. The capital of the district is the town of Dera Ismail Khan. The district has an area of 9,334 km2 (3,604 sq mi) and a population of 1,822,916 as of the 2023 Census. After the Second Anglo-Sikh war in 1849 the district was annexed by the British as part of the Punjab and remained so until 1901 when NWFP Khyber Pakhtunkhwa was created.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lahore District</span> District in Punjab, Pakistan

Lahore District is a district in Punjab, Pakistan, consisting of the provincial capital, Lahore and surrounding areas. It is the most populous district of Pakistan, with a population of 12,978,661 in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Muzaffargarh District</span> District of Punjab in Pakistan

Muzaffargarh District is a district of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Its capital is Muzaffargarh city. It lies on the bank of the Chenab River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nowshera, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa</span> City in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

Nowshera is the capital city of Nowshera District in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. It is the 78th largest city in Pakistan and ninth largest city in the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jhang</span> City in Punjab, Pakistan

Jhang is the capital city of Jhang District in central Punjab, Pakistan. Situated on the east bank of the Chenab river, it is the 13th most populous city of Pakistan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Multan District</span> District of Punjab in Pakistan

Multan District, is a district in the province of Punjab, Pakistan. Its capital is the city of Multan. The district has a population of 5.45 million and an area of 3,720 square kilometres. The district consists of tehsils of Multan saddar, Multan city, Jalalpur Pirwala and Shujabad.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sargodha District</span> District in Punjab, Pakistan

Sargodha District, is a district of Punjab, Pakistan. The capital of the district is Sargodha. It is an agricultural district with wheat, rice, sugarcane and kinnow being its main crops. The Sargodha district and region is also famous for citrus fruit including Kinnow, orange and lemon. The district has an area of 5,864 km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dera Ghazi Khan District</span> Pakistani administrativ unit

Dera Ghazi Khan is a district in Punjab, Pakistan. Its administrative capital is Dera Ghazi Khan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sialkot District</span> District of Sialkot, Pakistan

Sialkot District, is one of the districts of the Punjab province of Pakistan. It is located in the northeast of the province. The city of Sialkot is the capital of the district. The Sialkot Cantonment was established in 1852.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikhism in Pakistan</span> Overview of the role and impact of Sikhism in Pakistan

Sikhism in Pakistan has an extensive heritage and history, although Sikhs form a small community in Pakistan today. Most Sikhs live in the province of Punjab, a part of the larger Punjab region where the religion originated in the Middle Ages, with some also residing in Peshawar in the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa province. Nankana Sahib, the birthplace of Guru Nanak, the founder of Sikhism, is located in Pakistan's Punjab province. Moreover, the place where Guru Nanak died, the Gurudwara Kartarpur Sahib is also located in the same province.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mianwali District</span> District in Punjab, Pakistan

The Mianwali District is a district located in the Mianwali division of the Punjab province of Pakistan created in November 1901, were separated from Bannu District and separated from Dera Ismail Khan District to integrate into new district named Mianwali. Mianwali District remained part of Rawalpindi Division until 1963, when Mianwali District became part of Sargodha Division. According to 2023 Pakistani census Population of Mianwali District is 1.79 million.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gujranwala District</span> District in Punjab, Pakistan

Gujranwala District, is a district that is a part of the Majha region in Punjab, Pakistan. Gujranwala District is bordered by the districts of Wazirabad, Sialkot, Hafizabad and Sheikhupura. Gujranwala district has 5 National Assembly and 12 Punjab Assembly constituencies. Gujranwala is known as the city of wrestlers and famous for its food.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pakpattan District</span> District in Punjab, Pakistan

Pakpattan District, is a district of Punjab province in Pakistan, Pakpattan city is the district capital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bahawalpur Division</span> Division in Punjab, Pakistan

Bahawalpur Division is an administrative division of the Punjab Province, Pakistan. The reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government but division system was restored again in 2008.

Montgomery District was an administrative district of the former Punjab Province of British India, in what is now Pakistan. Named after Sir Robert Montgomery, it lay in the Bari Doab, or the tract between the Sutlej and the Ravi rivers, extending also across the Ravi into the Rechna Doab, which lies between the Ravi and the Chenab. The administrative headquarters was the town of Montgomery, present-day Sahiwal. In 1967, the name of Montgomery District was changed to Sahiwal District.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sahiwal Division</span> Administrative division in Punjab, Pakistan

Sahiwal Division is one of the nine Divisions of Punjab, Pakistan. Sahiwal Division is situated in east-central Punjab, along the N-5 National Highway, approximately midway between Lahore and Multan. It is bordered by Faisalabad Division to the west, Lahore Division to the north, Bahawalpur Division and India to the east, and Multan Division to the south. The division is located on the floodplains of two major rivers: the Ravi River to the west and the Sutlej River to the east. Additionally, the dry Khushak Bias channel traverses the region, forming a natural boundary between Sahiwal District and Pakpattan District. With an elevation of approximately 500 ft (150 m) above sea level, parts of the division rise to over 200 meters, contributing to its varied topography.

References

  1. 1 2 3 "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 1" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  2. "Literacy rate, enrolments, and out-of-school population by sex and rural/urban, CENSUS-2023" (PDF).
  3. Montgomery District, Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 410, 1860–1922
  4. 1 2 Montgomery District, Imperial Gazetteer of India, v. 17, p. 411
  5. "Population by administrative units 1951-1998" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  6. "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 12" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  7. "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 5" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  8. 1 2 "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 9" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  9. "CENSUS OF INDIA, 1941 VOLUME VI PUNJAB PROVINCE" . Retrieved 21 July 2022.
  10. "District Wise Results / Tables (Census - 2017)". www.pbscensus.gov.pk. Pakistan Bureau of Statistics.
  11. "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. I." 1881. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25057656 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  12. "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. II". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25057657 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  13. "Census of India, 1881 Report on the Census of the Panjáb Taken on the 17th of February 1881, vol. III". 1881. p. 14. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25057658 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  14. "The Punjab and its feudatories, part II--Imperial Tables and Supplementary Returns for the British Territory". 1891. p. 14. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25318669 . Retrieved 26 December 2024.
  15. "Census of India 1901. [Vol. 17A]. Imperial tables, I-VIII, X-XV, XVII and XVIII for the Punjab, with the native states under the political control of the Punjab Government, and for the North-west Frontier Province". 1901. p. 34. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25363739 . Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  16. "Census of India 1911. Vol. 14, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1911. p. 27. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25393788 . Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  17. Kaul, Harikishan (1911). "Census Of India 1911 Punjab Vol XIV Part II". p. 27. Retrieved 23 March 2024.
  18. 1 2 "Census of India 1921. Vol. 15, Punjab and Delhi. Pt. 2, Tables". 1921. p. 29. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25430165 . Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  19. "Census of India 1931. Vol. 17, Punjab. Pt. 2, Tables". 1931. p. 277. JSTOR   saoa.crl.25793242 . Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  20. 1 2 India Census Commissioner (1941). "Census of India, 1941. Vol. 6, Punjab". p. 42. JSTOR   saoa.crl.28215541 . Retrieved 28 March 2024.
  21. 1 2 "7th Population and Housing Census - Detailed Results: Table 11" (PDF). Pakistan Bureau of Statistics .
  22. Divisions/Districts of Pakistan Archived 2006-09-30 at the Wayback Machine Note: Although divisions as an administrative structure has been abolished, the election commission of Pakistan still groups districts under the division names
  23. "TABLE 1 : AREA, POPULATION BY SEX, SEX RATIO, POPULATION DENSITY, URBAN POPULATION, HOUSEHOLD SIZE AND ANNUAL GROWTH RATE, CENSUS-2023, PUNJAB" (PDF).
  24. "LITERACY RATE, ENROLMENT AND OUT OF SCHOOL POPULATION BY SEX AND RURAL/URBAN, CENSUS-2023" (PDF).
  25. 1 2 "Tehsils & Unions in the District of Sahiwal". National Reconstruction Bureau, Government of Pakistan website. Archived from the original on 9 February 2012. Retrieved 16 December 2023.
  26. "پنجاب بیوروکریسی میں اکھاڑ پچھاڑ، لاہور سمیت کئی شہروں کے ڈپٹی کمشنر تبدیل". urdu.geo.tv. Retrieved 3 September 2021.
  27. Synthetic Dairy Breed Proposal Archived 20 January 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  28. Handbook of Australian Livestock, Australian Meat & Livestock Corporation, 1989, 3rd edition.
  29. Genus Bos: Cattle Breeds of the World, 1985, MSO-AGVET (Merck & Co., Inc.), Rahway, N.J.
  30. Mason, I.L. 1996. A World Dictionary of Livestock Breeds, Types and Varieties. Fourth Edition. C.A.B International. 273 pp.
  31. Sahiwal Cattle
  32. Research Centre for Conservation of Sahiwal Cattle
  33. Harappa Archived 22 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  34. T. W. B. Kibble, "Muhammad Abdus Salam, K. B. E., (29 January 1926-21 November 1996)" Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society, Vol. 44, Nov., 1998, pp. 386–401.

30°35′N73°20′E / 30.583°N 73.333°E / 30.583; 73.333