| Mindanao expedition (1596) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Spanish–Moro conflict | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Spanish Empire |  Sultanate of Maguindanao | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa † Juan de la Xara | Datu Silonga Datu Malaria Datu Bulusan | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 6,000 men (214 spanish) | Unknown | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| Heavy | Unknown | ||||||
In 1596, the Spanish army launched an expedition to the island of Mindanao to conquer and pacify it; however, the expedition ended in failure and they were forced to withdraw.
By the time the end of the Granada War came, Islam had become the most dominant religion in southwestern Mindanao and Jolo. When the Spanish commander, Miguel López de Legazpi, arrived in Pasig in 1571, two Muslim chiefs were established in Tondo and Manila, and the Filipino Muslims showed hostility to the Spanish. The Spanish called these Muslims "Moros," who shared the name with north African moors, reminding them of seven hundred years of Reconquista, thus beginning a long conflict with Philipino Moros that would last for three hundred years. [1]
The first conflict happened in 1578, when the Spanish force led by Francisco de Sande invaded Brunei, with a force of 400 Spanish, 300 Borneans, and 1,500 Philipinos, the expedition was largely successful; however, an epidemic struck the Spanish army and they were forced to retreat. [2] in 1596, Esteban Rodriguez de Figueroa was given the title to rule Mindanao for conquest at his own expense. [3] [4]
Esteban Rodriguez then began preparing his men and ships; with some galleys, galleots, and frigates, he set out with a force of 214 Spanish for the island of Mindanao in February 1596. He took Captain Juan de la Xara as his master-of-camp and some religious members of the Society of Jesus to give instruction, as well as many natives for the service of the camp and fleet. He reached the Mindanao River and met two settlements, Tampakan and Lumakan, who were both hostile to the Moros of Bwayan. They received the Spanish in a well-mannered manner and joined them, bringing a large force with them; the total army was 6,000 men. [5] [6]
Without a delay, they advanced about 8 leagues, or 24 miles, from the river to Bwayan, the principal settlement of the Bwayan people, where its greatest chiefs had fortified themselves on many sides. [7] [8] The Bwayans were led by Datus Silonga, Malaria, and Bulusan. The Spanish arrived in the settlement, anchored their fleet, and landed a large number of men, but before besieging the fort, the Bwayans attacked the Spanish on various sides; due to the swampiness of the place and the denseness of the Thickets, they couldn't defend unitedly. [9]
Estaban Rodriguez was watching the events in his flagship, seeing the confusion in the Spanish ranks. He took his weapons and joined his men with three or four men and a servant, but as he was crossing the thick jungle, a moro attacked Estaban and dealt him a severe blow to the head. His men killed the moro and took Estaban back to his camp. Immediately after Juan de la Xara took command and withdrew with his troops to the fleet, leaving behind several Spanish killed. Estaban did not regain consciousness and soon died the next day. Juan then later arrived at the friendly settlement of Tampakan, where he would build a spanish settlement called "Murica." [10]
The Sulu Archipelago is a chain of islands in the Pacific Ocean, in the southwestern Philippines. The archipelago forms the northern limit of the Celebes Sea and southern limit of the Sulu Sea. The Sulu Archipelago islands are within the Mindanao island group, consisting of the provinces of Basilan, Sulu, and Tawi-Tawi; hence the archipelago is sometimes referred to as Basulta, derived from the first syllables of the three provinces.
Sulu, officially the Province of Sulu, is a province of the Philippines in the Sulu Archipelago and part of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM).
Isabela, officially the City of Isabela, is a 4th class component city and de facto capital of the province of Basilan, Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 130,379 people.
The Moro Rebellion (1899–1913) was an armed conflict between the Moro people and the United States military during the Philippine–American War.
The Sultanate of Sulu was a Muslim state that ruled the Sulu Archipelago, parts of Mindanao and certain portions of Palawan in today's Philippines, alongside parts of present-day Sabah, North and East Kalimantan in north-eastern Borneo.
The Tausūg, are an ethnic group of the Philippines and Malaysia. A small population can also be found in the northern part of North Kalimantan, Indonesia. The Tausūg are part of the wider political identity of Muslim Filipinos of western Mindanao, the Sulu archipelago, and southern Palawan, collectively referred to as the Moro people. The Tausugs originally had an independent state known as the Sultanate of Sulu, which once exercised sovereignty over the present day provinces of Basilan, Palawan, Sulu, Tawi-Tawi, Zamboanga City, North Kalimantan and the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah. They are also known in the Malay language as Suluk.
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The Moro people or Bangsamoro people are the 13 Muslim-majority ethnolinguistic Austronesian groups of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan, native to the region known as the Bangsamoro. As Muslim-majority ethnic groups, they form the largest non-Christian population in the Philippines, and comprise about 5% of the country's total population, or 5 million people.
The Maguindanao people are an Austronesian ethnic group from the Philippines. The Maguindanaon are part of wider political identity of Muslims of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan known as Moro, who constitute the third largest ethnic group of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan. The Maguindanaons are constitute the sixth largest Filipino ethnic group and are known for their distinguished in the realm of visual art. Historically, they have been renowned as metalworkers, producing the wavy-bladed keris ceremonial swords and other weapons, as well as gongs. The Maguindanaos historically had an independent Sultanate known as Sultanate of Maguindanao which comprises Maguindanao del Norte, Maguindanao del Sur, Zamboanga Peninsula, Davao Region and Soccsksargen.The name "Maguindanao" itself was corrupted by Spanish sources into "Mindanao", which became the name for the entire island of Mindanao.
Luis Pérez Dasmariñas y Páez de Sotomayor was a Spanish soldier and governor of the Philippines from December 3, 1593 to July 14, 1596. In 1596, he sent unsuccessful expeditions to conquer Cambodia and Mindanao.
Francisco de Tello de Guzmán was Spanish governor of the Philippines from July 14, 1596 to May 1602. He was a knight of the Order of Santiago.
The Castilian War, also called the Spanish Expedition to Borneo, was a conflict between the Spanish Empire and several Muslim states in Southeast Asia, including the Sultanates of Brunei, Sulu, and Maguindanao.
The Spanish–Moro conflict was a series of battles in the Philippines lasting over several centuries. It began during the Spanish Era and lasted until the Spanish–American War, when Spain finally began to subjugate the Moro people after centuries of poor attempts to do so. Spain ultimately conquered portions of the Mindanao and Jolo islands and turned the Sultanate of Sulu into a protectorate, establishing geographic dominance over the region until the Spanish-American War. Moro resistance continued.
USS Paragua was a schooner-rigged iron gunboat in the United States Navy during the Philippine–American War. Paragua was one of four Arayat class gunboats built by the Manila Ship Co. for the Spanish navy in 1887–88. Her sister ships were the USS Samar (PG-41), USS Pampanga (PG-39) and USS Arayat.
Datu Ali, was a prominent Moro Chieftain of great distinction and the Rajahmuda of Tinukop before succeeding his cousin, Datu Uto, as Sultan of Bwayan from 1899 until 1905. He was the brother of Datu Djimbangan and Sultan Tambilawan of Kudarangan, and as a rising leader, Datu Ali overpowered his brothers to rule over Kudarangan.
Datu Djimbangan (Guimbangan or Jimbangan) - known as Midted Sa Inged (Superintendent of the polity) of the Sultanate of Kudarangan, is the son of Sultan Bayao Bin Sultan Maitum, cousin of Datu Uto and elder brother of Sultan Tambilawan of Kudarangan and adviser to Datu Ali in the war against Pre-Spanish and the Pre-Americans Era. Datu Djimbangan lives at the old Spanish fort of Libungan (now known as Libugan, Cotabato), his only claim to distinction as he has but a small following. He is also known to Kabuntalan nobles as Datu Masbud (Fat) because he is very fat, hot tempered and inclined to be unreconstructed. He is also known as the thievish chieftain to the Spanish Governor of Cotabato for that once could come to Datu Djimbangan’s hand might well counted as lost.
Dapitan Kingdom is the term used by local historians of Bohol, Philippines, to refer to the Dauis–Mansasa polity in the modern city of Tagbilaran and the adjecent island of Panglao. The volume of artifacts unearthed in the sites of Dauis and Mansasa may have inspired the creation of the legend of the "Dapitan Kingdom" through piecing together the oral legends of the Eskaya people and historical events such as the Ternatan raid of Bohol and the migration of Boholanos under Datu Pagbuaya to Dapitan.
Najeeb Mitry Saleeby (1870-1935) was a Lebanese-American physician who served the U.S. colonial occupation of the Philippines and who became an expert on and advocate for the Muslim population of the region. He held positions as the Assistant Chief of the Bureau of Non-Christian Tribes, Superintendent of Schools, and Captain and Assistant Surgeon of the US Volunteers. He became a premier expert on the Moros, Muslim peoples from the islands of Mindanao and Sulu. Through his medical profession, advocacy for bilingual education, and critique of American imperialism, he dedicated his career to advancing Filipino welfare. He spent most of his adulthood in the Philippines and died in Baguio in 1935.
The Sulu Expedition of 1602 was an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire to capture the island of Jolo. Launched from the Spanish Philippines to suppress Sulu pirates, the expedition ended in failure.
The Sulu Expedition of 1630 was an unsuccessful military campaign by the Spanish Empire to capture the island of Jolo. Launched from the Spanish Philippines to suppress Sulu pirates, the expedition ended in failure.