| Ternate expedition (1603) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Spanish Empire  Portuguese Empire |  Sultanate of Ternate  Dutch East India | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Juan Juárez de Gallinato André Furtado de Mendonça | Saidi Berkat | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
| 200 Spanish 420 Portuguese | Unknown | ||||||
In 1603, a military expedition was launched by a joint of Spanish-Portuguese forces to capture the city of Ternate. The expedition failed to achieve its objectives.
At the beginning of the 17th century, the Dutch and the English became a menace to the colonial empires of Spain and Portugal. The Iberians, who were catholic, teamed up against their Protestant enemies. [1] In January 1603, the Portuguese captain, André Furtado de Mendonça, requested the Spanish governor of the Philippines, Pedro Bravo de Acuña, to assist him in capturing the Malukus from the Ternateans with men and supplies as the Portuguese lacked both. The Ternatean Sultan, Saidi Berkat, asked for help from the Javanese and the Mindanoas, and the Dutch assisted him in fortifying his capital. [2] On January 20, a squadron of 200 Spanish and 5 ships under Juan Xuarez Gallinato (who had returned from his failed expedition in Jolo), was well supplied and arrived on Tidore on February 14. [3] The Portuguese under Furtado joined the Spanish with 420 men in Ternate. [4]
The Spanish and the Portuguese began a blockade on the island and cut off the supplies. Many residents were forced to seek refuge in the Spanish. Furtado had waited long enough and wanted to attack now. Despite Gallinato's protest, the troops disembarked with artillery. The troops landed on the narrow beach where the Ternateans built a fortification. The Ternateans stubbornly defended the fort and finally gave up to allow the Spanish and Portuguese to approach Ternate city. [5] [6] The Iberians erected their batteries and bombarded the city; however, it was ineffective. The Ternateans were well supplied with weapons and safe behind their walls, resisting the Iberians fiercely with their Dutch allies. The Ternateans even launched a sortie during which brave fighting between both sides but the Ternateans retreated. Furtado began losing heart, the help that Sultan of Tidor promised did not arrive, his native allies retreated or defected, reports of upcoming Dutch ships could come at any time, and the Iberians were exhausted forcing Furtado to give up on the siege. [7] [8] [9] [10] Gallinato refused, but the Portuguese officers agreed with Furtado and decided to retreat. [11] On March 23, [12] Furtado returned to Malacca while Gallinato returned to Manilla. [13]
Jorge de Menezes was a Portuguese explorer. Due to a monsoon, he was forced to reside in Versya, posited by Pieter Anton Tiele as Waisai, between 1526 and 1527. Menezes called the region Ilhas dos Papuas, though the name of "Papua" was already known at the time. Yet he was still the first European to go ashore and thus credited with the European discovery of New Guinea.
Pedro Bravo de Acuña was a Spanish military officer and colonial official in the New World and the Philippines. From 1602 to 1606 he was the eleventh governor of the Philippines.
The Sultanate of Ternate, previously also known as the Kingdom of Gapi is one of the oldest Muslim kingdoms in Indonesia besides the sultanates of Tidore, Jailolo, and Bacan.
The Sultanate of Tidore was a sultanate in Southeast Asia, centered on Tidore in the Maluku Islands. It was also known as Duko, its ruler carrying the title Kië ma-kolano. Tidore was a rival of the Sultanate of Ternate for control of the spice trade and had an important historical role as binding the archipelagic civilizations of Indonesia to the Papuan world. According to extant historical records, in particular the genealogies of the kings of Ternate and Tidore, the inaugural Tidorese king was Sahjati or Muhammad Naqil whose enthronement is dated 1081 in local tradition. However, the accuracy of the tradition that Tidore emerged as a polity as early as the 11th century is considered debatable. Islam was only made the official state religion in the late 15th century through the ninth King of Tidore, Sultan Jamaluddin. He was influenced by the preachings of Syekh Mansur, originally from Arabia. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Sultans tended to ally with either Spain or Portugal to maintain their political role but were finally drawn into the Dutch sphere of power in 1663. Despite a period of anti-colonial rebellion in 1780–1810, the Dutch grip on the sultanate increased until decolonization in the 1940s. Meanwhile, Tidore's suzerainty over Raja Ampat and western Papua was acknowledged by the colonial state. In modern times, the sultanate has been revived as a cultural institution.
Fort Tolukko is a small fortification that was erected in 1522 on the east coast of Ternate facing Halmahera. It was one of the colonial forts built to control the trade in clove spices, which prior to the eighteenth century were only found in the Maluku Islands. It has been variously occupied by the Portuguese, the native Ternate Sultanate, the Dutch, the British and the Spanish. It was abandoned as a fort in 1864, renovated in 1996, and is now a tourist attraction.
Fort Kastela is a ruined Portuguese fortress located at the southwest coast of Ternate. It is famous for being the first colonial fortification constructed in the Spice Islands (Maluku) of Indonesia. Built by the Portuguese in 1522, it is also referred to in different languages as São João Baptista de Ternate or Fortaleza de Ternate (Portuguese), Ciudad del Rosario (Spanish) or Gammalamma. Today it is locally known as Kastella/Kastela.
Sultan Babullah, also known as Sultan Baabullah was the 7th Sultan and 24th ruler of the Sultanate of Ternate in Maluku who ruled between 1570 and 1583. He is known as the greatest Sultan in Ternatan and Moluccan history, who defeated the Portuguese occupants in Ternate and led the Sultanate to a golden peak at the end of the 16th century. Sultan Babullah was commonly known as the Ruler of 72 (Inhabited) Islands in eastern Indonesia, including most of the Maluku Islands, Sangihe and parts of Sulawesi, with influences as far as Solor, East Sumbawa, Mindanao, and the Papuan Islands. His reign inaugurated a period of free trade in the spices and forest products that gave Maluku a significant role in Asian commerce.
Sultan Saidi Berkat was the eighth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. His capital and seat of power was in the city of Ternate. He succeeded to the extensive east Indonesian realm built up by his father Sultan Babullah, reigning from 1583 to 1606. The Spanish, who colonized the Philippines and had interests in Maluku, repeatedly tried to subdue Ternate, but were unsuccessful in their early attempts. Saidi's reign coincides with the arrival of the Dutch in Maluku, which indirectly caused his deposal and exile through a Spanish invasion.
Sultan Hamza was the tenth Sultan of Ternate in the Maluku Islands. He ruled from 1627 to 1648, during a time when the Dutch East India Company (VOC) increasingly dominated this part of maritime Southeast Asia, and the increasing power of the Makassar kingdom threatened the Ternatan possessions.
Sultan Mir ; or Amiruddin Iskandar Dulkarna'in was the third Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He had a long and troubled reign from 1526 to the 1550s where he tried to counter the hegemonic ambitions of the Portuguese and their Ternate allies. The global rivalries between Spain and Portugal characterized the period, and the two Iberian powers indiscriminately involved the spice sultanates Tidore and Ternate in their power game.
Sultan Gapi Baguna, also known as Sirajul Arifin, was the sixth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands. He reigned from 1560 to 1599, a time of major political realignments. Due to the great expansion of Tidore's rival Ternate, the previous Tidorese hostility towards the Portuguese was changed into a strategic policy of cooperation, while the Spanish establishment in the Philippines and the Iberian Union in 1581 brought him Spanish support.
Mole Majimun was the seventh Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, who reigned from 1599 to 1627. He was also known as Sultan Jumaldin or Kaicili Mole. In his time the transition to the hegemony of the Dutch East India Company (VOC) began in eastern Indonesia, though Tidore held on to its traditional alliance with the Spanish Empire.
Sultan Gorontalo was the ninth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku Islands, ruling from 1634 to 1639. His brief reign was caught up in the tension between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch East India Company, leading to his violent death in 1639.
Sultan Saidi was the tenth Sultan of Tidore in Maluku islands. He was also known as Magiau, and ruled from 1640 to 1657. His reign saw intermittent hostilities with Tidore's traditional rival, the Sultanate of Ternate, which included interference in an anti-Dutch rebellion in Ternate and Ambon and attempts to increase Tidorese territory in Maluku. By the time of Saidi's reign Tidore had gained a political position in parts of the Papuan territories.
The Ternatean–Portuguese conflicts were a series of conflicts in the Spice Islands in eastern Indonesia between the Portuguese and their allies on one hand, and the Sultanate of Ternate and its allies, on the other. Hostilities broke out from time to time after the establishment of Portugal in Moluccas in 1522. The strongly Catholic and Muslim identities of the combatants gave the struggle elements of a war of religion, although this aspect was frequently blurred by cross-faith alliances. It was also an economic war since the Portuguese aim was to control export of the profitable trade in cloves. Portuguese-Ternatan rivalry later merged with attempts of expansion by the Spanish in the Philippines. The Portuguese were eventually defeated in 1605 by an alliance between the Dutch East India Company (VOC) and Ternate, ending their active involvement in Moluccas affairs. However, they were soon replaced by the Spanish who maintained an Iberian presence in the region up to 1663.
The Attack on Jailolo was a military expedition launched by the combined force of Spanish-Portuguese and Ternatean armies to oust the ruler of Jailolo. The attack failed.
The Old Company was a pre-company of the Dutch Republic and originated from the Company of Verre and the New Company, from Amsterdam, in 1598. The directors were Dirck van Os, Jan Hermansz, Jan Janss Carel (Kaerel) and Geraerdt (Gerrit) Bicker. Directors with a smaller share of the investment were: Vincent van Bronckhorst, Symon Jansz Fortuyn, Geurt Dircxz, Cornelis van Campen, Jacob Thomasz Van den Dael, Elbert Simonsz Jonckheyn, Petrus Plancius, Syvert Sern, Jan Poppe, Geurt Dirckss and Pieter Hasselaer. The Old Company and the (New) Brabant Company would merge in 1601 and become the United Amsterdam Company.
The Ternate expedition was launched by a joint of Spanish-Portuguese forces allied with the Sultanate of Tidore to capture the city of Ternate. The expedition failed and the allies withdrew after months of siege.
The Ternate expedition was a military expedition by the Spanish to establish their rule on Maluku island. The expedition failed and was the Spanish's first attempt to seize Malukus.
The Spanish conquest of the Moluccas was a large-scale military campaign launched by the Spanish authorities of Manila in April 1606 in response to the alliance between the Sultanate of Ternate and the Dutch East India Company. The conquest of Ternate had been a goal for the Spanish since Sultan Babullah expelled the Portuguese from the island in 1575 and the Iberian Union between the Crowns of Spain and Portugal had been formed in 1580.