Attack on Jeddah | |||||||
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Part of Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts (1538-1559) | |||||||
map of Jeddah harbor and defenses, the Portuguese failed to capture the city due to strong defenses and heavy resistance [1] | |||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||
Portugal | Ottoman Empire Sharifate of Mecca | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Estêvão da Gama | Ali Beg Sharif Abu Numayy | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
85 ships | Unknown Ottoman Garrison Large number of Meccan troops |
The Attack on Jeddah occurred in 1541 and was the last attempt by the Portuguese to capture the city. [2] [3] [4] [5]
The Portuguese had previously attempted to capture Jeddah from the Ottomans in 1517, however, they were defeated, In 1541 the Portuguese fleet under the command of the Portuguese governor of India Estêvão da Gama penetrated into the Red Sea with the aim of destroying the Ottoman fleet in Suez [6] the Portuguese Destroyed several ports in their way including Suakin The Portuguese led by Estêvão da Gama attacked Jeddah and attempted to take the city, [7] [8] [2] [4] [3] The Portuguese fleet consisted of 85 ships, [9] [10] they landed in a port called Abu AI-Dawa'ir near Jeddah, [10] [11] the Ottoman garrison was at that time led by Ali Beg. [12]
Upon hearing the arrival of the Portuguese, Abu Numayy called for jihad in Mecca, and many called the answer, Abu Nummay led the Meccan troops to support the Ottoman garrison and expel the Portuguese, [13] [11] the joint Ottoman-Meccan force led by Ali beg and Abu Nummay successfully fended off the Portuguese attack and Jeddah was successfully defended. [14] [2] [4] Abu Numayy was rewarded for his successful resistance by Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent who granted him half of the fees collected at Jeddah. [2] [13] [15]
Suez is a seaport city in north-eastern Egypt, located on the north coast of the Gulf of Suez on the Red Sea, near the southern terminus of the Suez Canal, and is the capital of the Suez Governorate. It has three ports: the Suez Port, al-Adabiya, and al-Zaytiya, and extensive port facilities. Together they form a metropolitan area, located mostly in Africa with a small portion in Asia.
Jeddah, alternatively transliterated as Jedda, Jiddah or Jidda, is a port city in Makkah Province, Saudi Arabia, located along the Red Sea coast in the Hejaz region. Jeddah is the commercial center of the country. It is not known when Jeddah was founded, but Jeddah's prominence grew in 647 when the Caliph Uthman made it a travel hub serving Muslim travelers going to the holy city of Mecca for Islamic pilgrimage. Since those times, Jeddah has served as the gateway for millions of pilgrims who have arrived in Saudi Arabia, traditionally by sea and recently by air.
Suakin or Sawakin is a port city in northeastern Sudan, on the west coast of the Red Sea. It was formerly the region's chief port, but is now secondary to Port Sudan, about 50 kilometres (30 mi) north.
Estêvão da Gama was the Portuguese governor of Portuguese Gold Coast (1529–1535) and Portuguese India (1540–1542). Named after his paternal grandfather Estêvão da Gama, Estêvão was the second son of Vasco da Gama, and the brother of Cristóvão da Gama.
Cristóvão da Gama, anglicised as Christopher da Gama, was a Portuguese military commander who led a Portuguese army of 400 musketeers to assist Ethiopia that faced Islamic Jihad from the Adal Sultanate led by Imam Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi.
Habesh Eyalet was an Ottoman eyalet. It was also known as the Eyalet of Jeddah and Habesh, as Jeddah was its chief town, and Habesh and Hejaz. It extended on the areas of coastal Hejaz and Northeast Africa that border the Red Sea basin. On the Northeast Africa littoral, the eyalet comprised Suakin and their hinterlands.
The capture of Jeddah happened in 1813 at the west Arabian port city of Jeddah as part of the Ottoman–Saudi War.
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The Ottoman-Portuguese conflicts were a period of conflict during the Ottoman–Portuguese confrontations and series of armed military encounters between the Portuguese Empire and the Ottoman Empire along with regional allies in and along the Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf, and Red Sea.
The Sharifate of Mecca or Emirate of Mecca was a state, non-sovereign for much of its existence, ruled by the Sharif of Mecca. A sharif is a descendant of Hasan ibn Ali, Muhammad's grandson. In Western sources, the prince of Mecca was known as Grand Sherif, but Arabs have always used the appellation "Emir".
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Muḥammad Abū Numayy II ibn Barakāt ibn Muḥammad was Sharif of Mecca from 1512 to 1566. He co-reigned first with his father (1512–1525) and later with his sons (1540–1566).
Idrīs ibn Qatādah ibn Idrīs al-Ḥasanī was Emir of Mecca from 1254 to 1270, with interruptions. The majority of his reign was in partnership with his grandnephew Abu Numayy ibn Abi Sa'd ibn Ali.
Fitnat al-Wahhabiyya is a booklet written by Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816/17–1886) the Grand Mufti of the Shafi'is in Mecca in the late years of the Ottoman Empire.
Ahmad Zayni Dahlan (1816-1886) was the Grand Mufti of Mecca between 1871 and his death. He also held the position of Shaykh al-Islam in the Hejaz and Imam al-Haramayn. Theologically and juridically, he followed the Shafi'i school of thought.
The siege of Jeddah was a naval battle that took place in the harbor of Jeddah between a Portuguese expeditionary force under Lopo Soares de Albergaria and Ottoman elements under Selman Reis. The Portuguese fleet arrived off the city’s coast on Easter day, 1517, Hijri year 923, and moored in the channel. After a quick naval action that day with few casualties, shore artillery prevented the Portuguese from landing, and weather ultimately caused them to withdraw.
The Battle of Suez occurred in 1541 and was a failed attack by the Portuguese against the Ottomans.
The Battle of Suakin of 1541 was an armed encounter that took place in 1541 in the city of Suakin, held by the Ottoman Empire, and which was attacked, sacked and razed by Portuguese forces under the command of the Portuguese governor of India, Dom Estêvão da Gama.
The Battle of El Tor was a military engagement that took place in 1541, between Portuguese forces under the command of the Governor of India Dom Estevão da Gama and those of the Ottoman Empire then in the city of El Tor, on the Sinai Peninsula. The Turks were driven from the city, but at the request of Christian monks from the Monastery of Saint Catherine the Portuguese spared the city from being plundered, and celebrated a mass and a knighting ceremony therein.