| Demak conquest of Jakarta | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 Expansion of Demak sultanate | |||||||||
| |||||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||||
Sunda Kingdom  Portuguese Empire | |||||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
 Fatahillah | Surawiesa Francisco de Sa Duarte Coelho | ||||||||
| Strength | |||||||||
| 1,452 | Unknown Sundanese forces 300 | ||||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||||
| Unknown | Heavy Sundanese casualties 30 dead | ||||||||
The conquest of Sunda Kelapa was launched by Sultanate of Demak against the Sundanese kingdom in the west of Java. The city was successfully conquered and was later renamed Jakarta.
As more foreign traders began to settle in the ports of the Sunda Kingdom, the control of the kings of these lands began to diminish, and was controlled by foreign merchants, fearing that this would lead to carving up their kingdom. However, the Sundanese king, suliwangi sent two embassies to Malacca in 1512 and 1521, and a treaty was signed in 1522 between Suliwangi's son, Surawiesa, and the Portuguese captain, Henrique Leme, sent by Jorge de Albuquerque. The treaty was to allow the Portuguese to settle in the kingdom by building a fortress in Jakarta, and the Sundanese would pay a tribute of 1,000 bags of pepper to the Portuguese. However, the Portuguese delayed building the settlement. [1]
In 1478, Cirebon fell completely under the control of locally established foreign Muslim traders with the help and protection of the Demak Sultanate. They assembled troops and rejected the authority of the Sundanese kings. The Demak sultan, Trenggana, was hostile to any Portuguese settlements in Java and decided to prevent them at all costs, so he had his commander, Fatahillah, lead 2,000 men to conquer Banten. The city was easily captured in 1526. Sunda Kelapa was left exposed to Demak troops. [2]
In 1527, after consolidating Banten and launching his attack from there, Fatahillah attacked Sunda Kelapa. In this attack, he had 1,452 men added, along with some volunteers from Banten. The Sundanese king stationed most of his forces in his palace, and a small part of them were sent to defend Sunda Kelapa. The Demak fleet and army besieged it from land and water. Fatahillah was able to push back the Sundanese troops, and Sunda Kelapa was conquered on June 22. Fatahillah renamed the city Jakarta. [3] [4]
By this time, the Portuguese had sent a fleet of five [5] or six [6] ships led by Francisco de Sa and Duarte Coelho. They were unaware of the situation happening in Sunda Kelapa. [7] However, the fleet was hit by a storm that separated them, and Coelho arrived with his three ships at Sunda. One of the ships ran ashore, and its entire crew was attacked and killed, 30 of them once they landed. Coelho awaited the arrival of Francisco's troops. They held a meeting and decided that they weren't strong enough to attack, so they sailed back to Malacca, destroying the Sundaese king's hopes. [8]
Following his victory, Trenggana named Fatahilla the viceroy of Sultan at Banten. The situation between Banten and Sunda remained quiet for some time. Later, one of the nobles in Pakuan Pajajaran opened one of the gates for Banten troops at night, and the city was captured. Surawiesa escaped to the southern mountains, leaving his kingdom for Fatahillah. [9]
The Portuguese decided to put their treaty on hold and five years later after the fall of Sunda Kelapa, were openly trading with rulers of Banten. [10]
In 1956, Soediro set Demak's conquest of Sunda Kelapa date as Jakarta's birthday. Since then, Jakarta has annually celebrated 22nd June as its anniversary. [11]
Banten is the westernmost province on the island of Java, Indonesia. Its capital city is Serang and its largest city is Tangerang. The province borders West Java and the Special Capital Region of Jakarta on the east, the Java Sea on the north, the Indian Ocean on the south, and the Sunda Strait on the west and shares a maritime border with Lampung to the west. The province covers an area of 9,352.77 km2 (3,611.12 sq mi). It had a population of over 11.9 million in the 2020 census, up from about 10.6 million in 2010. The estimated mid-2023 population was 12.308 million. Formerly part of the province of West Java, Banten was split off to become a province on 17 October 2000.
The Ciliwung is a 119 km long river in the northwestern region of Java where it flows through two provinces, West Java and the special region of Jakarta. The natural estuary of the Ciliwung, known as the Kali Besar, was an important strategic point for trade in the precolonial and colonial periods and was instrumental in the founding of the port city of Jakarta, but has been lost from a reorganization of the watercourse of the rivers around the area into canals.
Sunan Gunungjati (1448–1568) was one of the Wali Songo or nine saints of Islam revered in Indonesia for the propagation of Islam as the dominant religion in the region. He founded the Sultanate of Banten and the Sultanate of Cirebon on the north coast of Java.
The Banten Sultanate was a Bantenese Islamic trading kingdom founded in the 16th century and centred in Banten, a port city on the northwest coast of Java; the contemporary English name of both was Bantam. It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, who had previously founded Cirebon.
The Demak Sultanate was a Javanese Muslim state located on Java's north coast in Indonesia, at the site of the present-day city of Demak. A port fief to the Hindu-Buddhist Majapahit kingdom thought to have been founded in the last quarter of the 15th century, it was influenced by Islam brought by Muslim traders from China, Gujarat, Arabia and also Islamic kingdoms in the region, such as Samudra Pasai, Malacca and Bani (Muslim) Champa. The sultanate was the first Muslim state in Java, and once dominated most of the northern coast of Java and southern Sumatra.
Kingdoms of Sunda refers to the monarchies of the Sundanese region prior to the establishment of Indonesia in 1945 AD. The history includes several eras:
The Sunda Kingdom was a Sundanese Hindu kingdom located in the western portion of the island of Java from 669 to around 1579, covering the area of present-day Banten, Jakarta, West Java, and the western part of Central Java. The capital of the Sunda Kingdom moved several times during its history, shifting between the Galuh (Kawali) area in the east and Pakuan Pajajaran in the west.
The Luso-Sundanese padrão is a padrão commemorating a treaty between the kingdoms of Portugal and Sunda, better known as the Luso-Sundanese Treaty of Sunda Kalapa.
The Sultanate of Cirebon was an Islamic sultanate in West Java founded in the 15th century. It is said to have been founded by Sunan Gunungjati, as marked by his letter proclaiming Cirebon's independence from Pajajaran in 1482, although the settlement and the polity had been established earlier, in 1445. Sunan Gunungjati also established the Sultanate of Banten. It was one of the earliest Islamic states established in Java, along with the Sultanate of Demak.
Pakuan Pajajaran was the fortified capital city of Sunda Kingdom. The location roughly corresponds to modern Bogor city in West Java, Indonesia, approximately around the site of Batu Tulis. The site is revered as the spiritual home of Sundanese people as it contains much of the shared identity and history of Sundanese people.
Sunda Kelapa is the old port of Jakarta, located on the estuary of the Ciliwung River. "Sunda Kalapa" is the original name, and it was the main port of the Sunda Kingdom. The port is situated in Penjaringan District, of North Jakarta, Indonesia. Today the old port only accommodates pinisi, a traditional two-masted wooden sailing ship providing inter-island freight service in the archipelago. Although it is now only a minor port, Jakarta has its origins in Sunda Kelapa and it played a significant role in the city's development. The port is currently operated by the state-owned Indonesia Port Corporations.
Port of Tanjung Priok is the busiest and most advanced seaport in Indonesia, handling more than 50% of Indonesia's trans-shipment cargo traffic. The port is located at Tanjung Priok, North Jakarta, which is operated by Indonesian state owned PT Pelindo. The port has 20 terminals for accommodating general cargo, liquid bulk, dry bulk, containers, etc. It has specialised facilities cater to oil tankers, chemical-laden ships, metal scrap and passengers.
Ancol is a coastal lowland area located to the east of Kota Tua Jakarta in northern Jakarta, in Indonesia. The coastal lowland stretched from Kota Tua Jakarta to the west and Tanjung Priok to the east. Today, Ancol contains the main beach resort of Jakarta. Taman Impian Jaya Ancol, the largest integrated tourism area in Southeast Asia, is located in Ancol.
Duarte Coelho Pereira was a nobleman, military leader, and colonial administrator in the Portuguese colony of Brazil. He was the first Donatario of the captaincy of Pernambuco and founder of Olinda.
Kalinyamat Sultanate or Kalinyamat Kingdom, was a 16th-century Javanese Islamic polity in the northern part of the island of Java, centred in modern-day Jepara, Central Java, Indonesia.
Fatahillah, Fadhillah Khan, or Falatehan was a commander of the Sultanate of Demak who is known for leading the conquest of Sunda Kelapa in 1527 and changing its name to Jayakarta. The conquest of Sunda Kelapa was one of his missions to spread Islam to West Java. He is widely recognized as a national hero in Indonesia.
Arya Penangsang was king of the Sultanate of Demak between 1549 and 1554.
Banten Girang is an ancient settlement located in Sempu village, Serang city, Banten province, Indonesia. It is located by the Cibanten River about 10 km south of the port of Banten, on the southern outskirts of Serang town. In that place there is an archaeological site which estimated dated to the era of Sunda Kingdom between 932 and 1030 CE. The term Banten Girang, meaning "Banten-up-the-river" referring to its location.
The history of Sunda Kingdom spanned almost a millennium, between 7th to 16th century. It is not sure however, whether the Sunda Kingdom was actually a continuous polity or not, nor whether its rulers belongs to a single continuous lineage of dynasty or not. This is because the scarcity of evidences, historical records and archaeological findings that plausibly connected to this kingdom.
Trenggana (1521–1546), also called Trenggono, was the third Sultan of Demak after he succeeded Pati Unus.
