| Battle of Ugentana | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Malay-Portuguese conflicts | |||||||
| |||||||
| Belligerents | |||||||
 Portuguese Empire | Sultanate of Johor | ||||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||||
| Dom Estevão da Gama | Laqueximena Tuão Mafamede | ||||||
| Strength | |||||||
20 vessels. [1]
400 combat slaves. [2] | 7000 men | ||||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||||
| 5 dead, many wounded [2] | Unknown | ||||||
The Battle of Ugentana, also known as Battle of Ugentana River [3] was a military operation that took place in 1535, between Portuguese forces and those of sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II of Johor.
In 1511, the second Portuguese governor of India Afonso de Albuquerque captured the great Malay city of Malacca, dispossessing its Sultan, who survived the battle and fled with his Court and most of his forces to Bintan, where he built a new city. After he was defeated in 1526, his son moved to the Malay peninsula and founded a new sultanate, seated at a city the Portuguese identified as Ugentana, from where he continued the hostilities against Portuguese Malacca.
After the death of his brother Paulo by men in the pay of the Sultan of Johor, the then captain of Malacca Estevão da Gama (son of Vasco da Gama) set sail to attack the sultans city on June 1535, with a force consisting of one carrack, one square-rigged caravel and 18 light oarvessels with about 400 Portuguese soldiers plus 400 "combat slaves" (escravos de peleja). [3] [2]
Upon arriving at Johor River, which led to the city further upstream, Dom Estevão left the carrack at its mouth, to prevent his forces from being attacked from behind by the fleet of the sultan, which was rumoured to be out at sea at that time. [3] Because the river current was exceptionally strong up stream, the Portuguese proceeded by tying their vessels to the trees along the banks and pulling the cables, while a detachment of infantry proceeded by land. [3]
The Portuguese found a stockade the sultan had built across the river, which was attacked and captured after a brief fight. [3] Half a league before the city they found another river stockade protected by a fortified complex that included wooden stockades, barricades, and a stone fort, protected by 6000 men. [3] The Portuguese attacked the stockade with their caravel, and set an artillery battery on a nearby hill, from where they bombarded the stone fort. [4] The Malays were reinforced by 1000 men under the command of Tuão Mafamede, who attempted to dislodge the Portuguese, but was repulsed. [3] Unable to oppose the Portuguese, the Sultan ordered the evacuation of the fort and also his capital under the cover of the night, and fled to the jungle. [3]
The Portuguese captured a number of artillery, vessels, and spoils left behind within the city, which was then burned. [3]
The Malacca Sultanate was a Malay sultanate based in the modern-day state of Malacca, Malaysia. Conventional historical thesis marks c. 1400 as the founding year of the sultanate by King of Singapura, Parameswara, also known as Iskandar Shah, although earlier dates for its founding have been proposed. At the height of the sultanate's power in the 15th century, its capital grew into one of the most important transshipment ports of its time, with territory covering much of the Malay Peninsula, the Riau Islands and a significant portion of the northern coast of Sumatra in present-day Indonesia.
Sultan Mahmud Shah ibni Almarhum Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah ruled the Sultanate of Malacca from 1488 to 1511, and again as pretender to the throne from 1513 to 1528. He was son to Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah. As a monarch, he was known to be ruthless ruler. After the capture of Malacca and the downfall of the century long sultanate; Mahmud left for Bintan and became a leader of a small confederacy which led attacks against Portuguese-occupied Malacca in the late 1510s. After retaliation from the Portuguese in 1526, he fled to Riau and died there in 1528.
Tanjungpinang, also colloquially written as Tanjung Pinang, is the capital city of the Indonesian province of Riau Islands. It covers a land area of 144.56 km2, mainly on the southern Bintan Island, as well as other smaller islands such as Dompak Island and Penyengat Island. With a population of 227,663 at the 2020 Census, it is the second largest city of the province, after Batam; the official estimate as at mid 2022 was 239,854. Tanjungpinang is a historic city of the Malay culture, having served as the capital of both Johor Sultanate and Riau-Lingga Sultanate.
In the Malay epic Sejarah Melayu, Hang Nadim Laksamana Hang Nadim was a warrior of the Johor-Riau during the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. He is the son of legendary Malacca Warrior Hang Jebat and foster son another legendary Malacca Warrior Hang Tuah. After the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511, Sultan Mahmud withdrew from Teloh Naming to Ulu Muar, then settled in Pagoh and Bentayan. Sultan Mahmud and his descendants built up the Johor Sultanate as the basis of Johor-Riau Empire based in Johore, the Riau Islands, Pahang and all those parts of the old Malacca Sultanate which was not occupied by the Portuguese. Although Malacca had fallen to the Portuguese, Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad had continuously sent his army to attack the Portuguese in Malacca from 1511 till 1526. Sultan Mahmud died in Kampar, Sumatra in 1528 and was known as Marhum Kampar.
Laksamana Hang Nadim was a warrior of the Johor-Riau during the Portuguese occupation of Malacca. He is the son of legendary Malacca Warrior Hang Jebat and foster son another legendary Malacca Warrior Hang Tuah. After the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511, Sultan Mahmud withdrew from Teloh Naming to Ulu Muar, then settled in Pagoh and Bentayan. Sultan Mahmud and his descendants built up the Johor Sultanate as the basis of Johor-Riau Empire based in Johore, the Riau Islands, Pahang and all those parts of the old Malacca Sultanate which was not occupied by the Portuguese. Although Malacca had fallen to the Portuguese, Sultan Mahmud and his son Sultan Ahmad had continuously sent his army to attack the Portuguese in Malacca from 1511 till 1526. Sultan Mahmud died in Kampar, Sumatra in 1528 and was known as Marhum Kampar.
Sultan Alauddin Riayat Shah II ibni Almarhum Sultan Mahmud Shah was the first sultan of Johor. He ruled Johor from 1528 to 1564. He founded the Johor Sultanate following the fall of Malacca to the Portuguese in 1511. He was the second son of Mahmud Shah of Malacca. Thus, Johor was a successor state of Malacca and Johor's sultans follow the numbering system of Malacca. Throughout his reign, he faced constant threats from the Portuguese as well as the emerging Aceh Sultanate.
The Battle of Cape Rachado, off the present-day Malaccan exclave of Cape Rachado in 1606, was an important naval engagement between the Dutch East India Company and Portuguese fleets.
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The Capture of Malacca in 1511 occurred when the governor of Portuguese India Afonso de Albuquerque conquered the city of Malacca in 1511.
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