Portuguese campaign in Mozambique (World War I)

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Portuguese campaign in Mozambique
Part of East African campaign (World War I)
Comboio militar em Santa Apolonia - Ilustracao Portuguesa 447 1914.jpg
15th Infantry Battalion departs from Lisbon for African colonies, 1914
Date24 August 1914 – November 1918
Location
Result Portuguese victory
Belligerents
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg British Empire
Commanders and leaders
Flag of the German Empire.svg Wolfgang Weck
Flag of the German Empire.svg Paul von Lettow-Vorbeck
Flag of the German Empire.svg Erich Müller
Flag of Portugal.svg Pedro Massano de Amorim
Flag of Portugal.svg Eduardo Costa 
Flag of Portugal.svg Major da Silveira
Flag of Portugal.svg João Teixeira Pinto  
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Eric Gore-Browne  
Strength
UnknownAugust 1914:
1,477 [1]
October 1916:
2,700 [2]

The Portuguese campaign in Mozambique during World War I was part of the broader East African Campaign. This lasted until the collapse of German forces in East Africa in November 1918.

Contents

Background

At the outbreak of World War I, the proximity of Portuguese Mozambique to German East Africa, along with the old alliance between Portugal and Britain, placed Mozambique in a risky position. Despite Portugal maintaining a policy of neutrality, it was under pressure from Britain, its ally, to support the British military in Africa. This included allowing British forces to pass through Portuguese territory and improving their defenses along Mozambique's northern border. [1]

By early August 1914, tensions were rising along Mozambique's borders, particularly in the south, where a Boer revolt was imminent. To suppress this uprising, Britain requested not only rifles but also permission to move British troops through Mozambique. Portugal deemed it essential to reinforce the frontier, especially the area along the Rovuma River, which had a very limited Portuguese military presence. On August 18, 1914, Portugal dispatched its first expedition to Mozambique, consisting of approximately 1,477 men, most from the 3rd Battalion of the 15th Infantry Regiment. The mission was to establish military posts along the Rovuma River. [3]

Campaign

Attack on Maziua, 1914

The frontier posts established along the Rovuma River were very basic. The post at Maziua, situated far from the main Portuguese stronghold of Porto Amélia, was one of the weakest, defended by a small garrison of just one sergeant and half a dozen indigenous soldiers from the Niassa Company's police force. On August 24, 1914, the German forces launched an unexpected and unjustified attack on the post. The German forces raided and massacred the indigenous soldiers who were guarding the post, and the sergeant Eduardo Costa was killed during the attack. [4] [5]

Portuguese occupation of Kionga, 1916

Kionga Triangle, located on the southern bank of the Ruvuma River Wirtschafts-Atlas der deutschen Kolonien - 22 cropped.jpg
Kionga Triangle, located on the southern bank of the Ruvuma River

The Kionga Triangle had long been disputed between Portugal and Germany. When Portugal entered World War I in March 1916, reclaiming the Kionga Triangle became a priority for local forces. At the time, the Portuguese garrison included around 1,500 Europeans and 2,800 African troops, many weakened by illness. Without waiting for reinforcements, Major da Silveira launched an offensive early in April, assembling a force of 400 at Palmas, near the Kionga. The small German detachment made no attempt to resist, and by 10 April the Portuguese had occupied the Triangle. [6]

However, German forces on the opposite bank continued to launch raids. Major da Silveira organized a river crossing with naval support from the cruiser Adamastor and gunboat Chaimite to counter the Germans. On 27 May, native troops attempted to land at Mwambo, but German defenders waited until the boats were in close range before opening fire, forcing the Portuguese to abandon their attempts. [7]

Battle of Ngomano, 1917

Breakthrough of the Schutztruppe at the Rovuma, November 1917 Der Durchbruch der Schutztruppe Deutsch-Ostafrika uber den Rowuma MItte November 1917. Darstellung von Carl Arriens.jpg
Breakthrough of the Schutztruppe at the Rovuma, November 1917

On 25 November, 1917, at 07:00, the Portuguese garrison at Ngomano was warned of an impending attack but was unprepared. The Germans distracted them with artillery fire while crossing the Rovuma River upstream. The Germans flanked the camp with six infantry companies from multiple directions. [8] The Portuguese were surprised by the attack from the rear, and their defenses collapsed after their officers were killed, despite preparing for the initial attack. With the Portuguese lacking weapons and facing heavy casualties, they eventually surrendered, even though they had enough supplies to continue fighting. [9]

Battle of Namacurra, 1918

On July 1, 1918, the Germans entered Namacurra, three battalions supported by two British King's African Rifle companies under Colonel Gore-Browne, facing three German companies led by Captain Müller. By July 3, von Lettow had deployed his main force, pushing the Portuguese back to the Namacurra River. During their retreat, 100 men drowned, including Gore-Browne. The fighting ended in the afternoon of July 3. [10] [11] [12] [13]

References

  1. 1 2 Matias 2010, p. 33.
  2. Connor, John (August 22, 2019). Someone Else's War. p. 127. ISBN   9781786735430.
  3. Matias 2010, p. 33-34.
  4. Matias 2010, p. 34.
  5. Fernando Amado Couto (2014-09-08). "MAZIÚA 1914: A ENTRADA DE MOÇAMBIQUE NA I GUERRA MUNDIAL". Plataforma Macau. Archived from the original on 2019-04-17. Retrieved 3 May 2019.
  6. Stacke 1941, p. 388-389.
  7. Stacke 1941, p. 389.
  8. Paice 2008, p. 339.
  9. Downes 1919, p. 280.
  10. Smith, Turner 2022, pp. 86-89.
  11. Gaudi 2017, pp. 398-399.
  12. Manela, Gerwarth 2014, p. 191.
  13. Burg, Purcell 2010, p. 215.

Bibliography