| Palmero Conspiracy | |||||||
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| Part of the Philippine revolts against Spain | |||||||
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| Belligerents | |||||||
 Spain | Philippine creoles | ||||||
The Palmero Conspiracy is the name given to a failed plot to overthrow the Spanish colonial government in the Philippines 1828. The Spanish government suppressed further information on this conspiracy. [1]
In 1823, a Spanish order declared that military officers commissioned in Spain would take precedence over those appointed in the colonies. This was the reaction of Madrid to the series of wars against Spanish rule that was known as the Spanish American wars of independence. [2] Many Creole military officers were outranked by their Peninsular counterparts.
An insurgency was staged by a Creole captain named Andrés Novales, but was suppressed when Fort Santiago did not yield to Novales and his 800 men. Madrid did not notice the growing disaffection in the Philippines, the last major Spanish colony in Asia. In 1828, matters worsened when Peninsulars replaced public officials, primarily provincial governors.
In 1828, two Palmero brothers, scions of a prominent clan in the Philippines, along with the other partisans from the military and the civil service, planned to seize the government. [1] The Palmeros were so well-known (one of their most famous descendants was Marcelo Azcárraga Palmero) that when the Spanish government discovered the plan, they decided it would be best to keep it hidden from the public. The plot itself would embarrass the government because the conspirators were Spaniards, making it appear that Spaniards themselves would want to overthrow Spain's power in the country. The main conspirators were forced to flee.
The 20 July plot was a failed attempt to assassinate Adolf Hitler, the chancellor and leader of Nazi Germany, and subsequently overthrow the Nazi regime on 20 July 1944. The plotters were part of the German resistance, mainly composed of Wehrmacht officers. The leader of the conspiracy, Claus von Stauffenberg, planned to kill Hitler by detonating an explosive hidden in a briefcase. However, due to the location of the bomb at the time of detonation, the blast only dealt Hitler minor injuries. The planners' subsequent coup attempt also failed and resulted in a purge of the Wehrmacht.
The Mexican War of Independence was an armed conflict and political process resulting in Mexico's independence from the Spanish Empire. It was not a single, coherent event, but local and regional struggles that occurred within the same period, and can be considered a revolutionary civil war. It culminated with the drafting of the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire in Mexico City on September 28, 1821, following the collapse of royal government and the military triumph of forces for independence.
Rear Admiral Patricio Montojo y Pasarón was a career Spanish naval officer who commanded Spain's Pacific Squadron based in the Philippines during the Spanish–American War. Considered a man of high ability and experience, he was given the difficult task of defending the Spanish Philippines with a small navy and low supplies against a larger U.S. Asiatic Squadron. Despite his valor and determination, Montojo's navy was defeated at the decisive Battle of Manila Bay by U.S. Navy Commodore George Dewey. He was later held accountable for the defeat and was court-martialed in Spain. Although the decision was later overturned, Montojo was still discharged from the Spanish Navy.
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The Philippine Revolution was a war of independence waged by the revolutionary organization Katipunan against Spain from 1896 to 1898. It was the culmination of the 333-year colonial rule of Spain to the archipelago. The Philippines were among the last colonies of the Spanish Empire, which saw a massive decline particularly in the 1890s. Cuba rebelled in 1895, and the empire soon fought against the United States in a war that they lost. In June 1898, Philippine revolutionaries declared independence. However, this was not recognized by Spain, which sold the islands to the United States in the Treaty of Paris.
Filipino nationalism refers to the establishment and support of a political identity associated with the modern nation-state of the Philippines, leading to a wide-ranging campaign for political, social, and economic freedom in the Philippines. This gradually emerged from various political and armed movements throughout most of the Spanish East Indies—but which has long been fragmented and inconsistent with contemporary definitions of such nationalism—as a consequence of more than three centuries of Spanish rule. These movements are characterized by the upsurge of anti-colonialist sentiments and ideals which peaked in the late 19th century led mostly by the ilustrado or landed, educated elites, whether peninsulares, insulares, or native (Indio). This served as the backbone of the first nationalist revolution in Asia, the Philippine Revolution of 1896. The modern concept would later be fully actualized upon the inception of a Philippine state with its contemporary borders after being granted independence by the United States by the 1946 Treaty of Manila.
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Marcelo de Azcárraga Palmero was a Spanish soldier-politician and thirteenth Prime Minister of Spain following the restoration of the Spanish monarchy. He served as Prime Minister in 1897, 1900–1901, and 1904–1905. Azcárraga was the only Spanish Prime Minister of part Insulares, specifically Spanish Filipino, descent.
Spanish Filipino is a term encompassing Filipinos of Spanish descent, or via the Spanish diaspora in Hispanic nations. Many trace their ancestry to early settlers from Spain and New Spain who settled in the Philippines during the Spanish Crown’s ownership of the territory which was ruled through Mexico City, and later, Madrid.
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Andrés Novales was a Filipino captain in the Spanish Army in the Philippines, and the self-proclaimed Emperor of the Philippines.
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The 1926 Spanish coup d'état, also known as the Sanjuanada because it was planned to take place on the night of June 24, the Night of San Juan, was an unsuccessful attempt to overthrow the dictatorship of Primo de Rivera, who had been installed in Spain by another coup d'état in September 1923. It was the first coup d'état attempt against the regime.
| Attempted and successful | |
|---|---|
| Alleged | |
