Conspiracy of Macchia

Last updated

The Conspiracy of Macchia (Italian : Congiura di Macchia) was a three-day uprising occurring in Naples in 1701, immediately after the ascension of the first Bourbon monarch to the Spanish throne, an event that precipitated the War of the Spanish Succession. In this short revolt, Neapolitan nobles attempted to seize control of the kingdom from the Spanish viceroy, but failed.

Uprising

After the death of the Habsburg Charles II of Spain, a number of noble families of Naples did not favor transferring allegiance to the new Bourbon King, Philip V, and formed a conspiracy to transfer the rule instead to a king from the family of the Austrian Habsburg monarch Leopold I. Some perhaps hoped in the process to acquire more power for themselves. In addition, there was also some distaste among the nobility for the present Spanish viceroy, Luis Francisco de la Cerda, Duke of Medinaceli.
The Austrian monarchy aided such machinations by releasing to Italy two of their Italian mercenary soldiers, Giovanni Carafa della Spina and Giuseppe Capece brother of the Marchese di Rofrano, joined by Don Carlo di Sangro (Prince of Sansevero). In Rome, by 1701 they were joined by Gaetano Gambacorta, Prince of Macchia, who had till then lead Neapolitan troops fighting for Spanish crown in Catalonia. He disguised his trip to Rome with the excuse of addressing some pressing family issues.

In Rome, the Prince of Macchia hoped to have troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy, allies of the Habsburgs, move with him to Naples. The Duke of Medinaceli, through spies, became aware of the conspiracy, and blocked the entry of foreigners to Naples. By then in Naples and aware that the viceroy would soon react, the Prince of Macchia, Prince of Chiusano, Tiberio Carafa, and Giuseppe Carafa joined with the Princes of Caserta and Riccia. On September 21, 1701, these nobles took to the streets calling for the Habsburg Archduke Charles (second son of Leopold) to become King of Naples. [1] [2]

Arriving to the lower-class neighborhood of Mercato, the assembled populace showed little interest in a revolution to overthrow the Spanish rule. They reminded Gambacorta that when Masaniello and the common people had led a revolution in 1647 against the Spanish Habsburgs, the nobility had not supported the revolution. So why, they asked through their representatives, should the people support the nobility now. [3]

After gaining some adherents, the conspirators were able to capture and open the jail at Vicaria, and capture some of the neighborhoods near San Pietro a Majella and Mercatella. But when the Prince of Macchia (Gambacorta) prohibited the sacking of private houses by his mobs, many of them lost interest in the effort.

By the third day, confronting the superior artillery of the Viceroy, the revolt had fizzled. Giuseppe Capace was killed while fleeing. Carlo De Sangro was captured and executed. Gambacorta was able to flee to Vienna, but all his estates were confiscated, and he died in a few years from illness. [4] [5]

The conspiracy seemed condemned to folly when the Austrian monarchs were unable to provide the needed military to support the rebellion. However, the Austrian rule of Naples came about anyhow 12 years later, be it only for two decades. In 1713, the Peace of Utrecht had granted the rule of Naples to the Habsburg emperor Charles VI, but by 1734, the territory had been reconquered by the armies of the future Charles III of Spain, who then left the kingdom to Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Masaniello</span> Italian fisherman; leader of the Neapolitan Revolt of 1647

Masaniello was an Italian fisherman who became leader of the 1647 revolt against the rule of Habsburg Spain in the Kingdom of Naples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kingdom of Naples</span> Italian state (1282–1816)

The Kingdom of Naples, also known as the Kingdom of Sicily, was a state that ruled the part of the Italian Peninsula south of the Papal States between 1282 and 1816. It was established by the War of the Sicilian Vespers (1282–1302), when the island of Sicily revolted and was conquered by the Crown of Aragon, becoming a separate kingdom also called the Kingdom of Sicily. This left the Neapolitan mainland under the possession of Charles of Anjou. Later, two competing lines of the Angevin family competed for the Kingdom of Naples in the late 14th century, which resulted in the death of Joan I by Charles III of Naples. Charles' daughter Joanna II adopted King Alfonso V of Aragon as heir, who would then unite Naples into his Aragonese dominions in 1442.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of early modern Italy</span> Aspect of history

The history of early modern Italy roughly corresponds to the period from the Renaissance to the Congress of Vienna in 1814. The following period was characterized by political and social unrest which then led to the unification of Italy, which culminated in 1861 with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy.

The Neapolitan Republic was a republic created in the Kingdom of Naples, which lasted from October 22, 1647, to April 5, 1648. It began after the successful revolt led by Masaniello and Giulio Genoino against King Philip III and his viceroys.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cosimo Fanzago</span> Italian architect and sculptor

Cosimo Fanzago was an Italian architect and sculptor, generally considered the greatest such artist of the Baroque period in Naples, Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Macchia Valfortore</span> Comune in Molise, Italy

Macchia Valfortore is a town and comune in the Province of Campobasso, Molise, southern Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prince of Belmonte</span>

Prince of Belmonte is a noble title created in 1619 by the Spanish crown for the Barons of Badolato and Belmonte. The name of the title is taken from the fortress town of Belmonte in Calabria, historically important for the defence of the Italian coast from Saracen invasion. Belmonte has been known since the Risorgimento as Belmonte Calabro.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Castel Nuovo</span> Medieval castle in Naples, Italy

Castel Nuovo, often called Maschio Angioino, is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and imposing size makes the castle, first erected in 1279, one of the main architectural landmarks of the city. It was a royal seat for kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain until 1815.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Raimondo di Sangro</span> Italian nobleman, inventor, soldier, writer, scientist, alchemist and freemason

Raimondo di Sangro, Prince of Sansevero was an Italian nobleman, inventor, soldier, writer, scientist, alchemist and freemason best remembered for his reconstruction of the Sansevero Chapel in Naples.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Duke of San Donato</span>

Duke or Duchess San Donato was a noble title, first created in 1602 by the Spanish King Philip III for the House of Sanseverino. The duchy was traditionally based on estates and territories held in San Donato di Ninea, Calabria. The first creation, however, lasted only 52 years. In 1668, the title was recreated for a wealthy merchant, Antonio Amitrano, who had some years earlier bought the feudal rights over the former dukes' territories. Descendants of the Ametrano family held the duchy, as one several titles, until it became extinct in the 1970s. There have been successive claims over the centuries by distant kinsmen of the first holders to claim the duchy; these remain unverified.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">House of Carafa</span> Index of articles associated with the same name

The House of Carafa or Caraffa is the name of an old and influential Neapolitan aristocratic family of Italian nobles, clergy, and men of arts, known from the 12th century.

The Palazzo Marigliano, also known as Palazzo di Capua is a Renaissance-style palace in Central Naples, Italy. It is located on the Via San Biagio dei Librai number 39.

The Conspiracy of the Barons was a revolution against Ferrante of Aragon, King of Naples by the Neapolitan aristocracy in 1485 and 1486. King Ferdinand the First, also known as Ferrante, aimed at dispelling the feudal particularism, strengthening the royal power as the only unquestionable source of authority. In that political and financial context a crash between the barons and the royalty was inevitable.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceva Grimaldi family</span>

The Ceva Grimaldi are an Italian noble family established in Southern Italy since the 16th century but whose origins are in Piedmont and Liguria and date back to the 10th century. The main titles associated with this branch of the Ceva family are Marchese di Pietracatella and Duca di Telese.

dAfflitto Italian princely family

The d'Afflitto family is an ancient princely family originally from Amalfi, documented since the IX century, and spread throughout southern Italy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marquess of Castelnuovo</span> Title in Neapolitan nobility

Marquess of Castelnuovo was a title in the neapolitan nobility that was created in the late 17th century for Ferdinand van den Eynde, 1st Marquess of Castelnuovo. The marquessate was purchased by the Flemish magnate Jan van den Eynde, at the time one of the wealthiest men in the city of Naples, for his son Ferdinand. Ferdinand married Olimpia Piccolomini, of the House of Piccolomini, by whom he had three daughters. Thanks to the marriage of his heir apparent Giovanna to Giuliano Colonna, the title was inherited by Giovanna's son, Ferdinando Colonna. The title was held for nine generations by the Colonna, before losing statutory regulation and lawful recognition upon the establishment of the Italian Republic, wherein aristocratic titles are neither recognized nor protected, peerage titles having "no value whatsoever" outside that of any other sobriquet.

The Cesina family is an Italian family of Roman-Lombard origin.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Antonio Bulifon</span>

Antonio Bulifon (1649-1707) was a French printer working in Naples. As a publisher Bulifon was "fundamentally important for the diffusion of women's poetry" in Italy.

Tiberio Carafa (1669–1742) was a Neapolitan aristocrat and man of letters. He remained loyal to the Habsburgs throughout the War of the Spanish Succession (1701–1715) and the War of the Polish Succession (1733–1735). A member of the Carafa family, he succeeded his father as the Prince of Chiusano in 1711.

Tommaso Costo was an Italian Renaissance humanist and writer.

References

  1. Treccani Encyclopedia, entry of Congiura di Macchia by Michelangelo Schipa, 1934.
  2. Napoligrafia entry.
  3. Dell'istoria del Regno di Napoli e suo governo dalla decadenza dell'Imperio ... By Nicola Vivenzio, page 259-160.
  4. Naples Under Spanish Dominion: The Carafas of Maddaloni and Masaniello, Alfred de Reumont, 1853, translated from German , George Bell and Sons, Covent Garden, London, page 416-417.
  5. Storia della congiura del principe di Macchia e della occupazione fatta dalle Armi Austriache del Regno di Napoli Nel 1707, Volume 1, by Angelo Granito (principe di Belmonte), Stamperia dell'Iride, Napoli 1861.