The Black Prince conspiracy was a 1970 coup plot by former officers of the Libyan Kingdom to overthrow Muammar Gaddafi's newly established regime and restore the Senussi monarchy, which had ruled Libya until the 1969 Libyan Revolution. The conspiracy was named after Ahmed al-Senussi, a member of the Senussi royal family who was reportedly involved in the plot. [1] [2]
The conspirators, numbering about 200 soldiers, planned to invade Libya from neighouring Chad. Their objective was to capture the town of Sebha, in the Fezzan region of Southern Libya, which would serve as a staging ground for the retaking of major cities such as Tripoli and Benghazi, with the eventual goal of bringing back the Libyan monarchy and undoing the changes brought about by Gaddafi's revolution. [1]
The conspiracy was reportedly supplied with arms by external powers, including Israel. [3] [4] Muammar Gaddafi dismissed the conspirators as "reactionary retired police officers and contractors" seeking to restore the old regime for their own gain, as it had benefited them in the past. [1]
The planned coup was prematurely thwarted when government authorities discovered a cache of weapons in Sebha, which led to the arrests of around 20 people involved, who were later sentenced to varying terms of prison. [5]
Following the suppression of the conspiracy, the Gaddafi government took major steps in consolidating power, such as removing any remnants of colonial influence, expelling foreign military bases, and targeting foreign-owned – including Italian-owned – businesses. These measures were part of a broader effort to transform Libyan society by asserting Arab and Islamic identity and also the nationalization of the economy. [1]
Libya's history involves its rich mix of ethnic groups, including the indigenous Berbers/Amazigh people. Amazigh have been present throughout the entire history of the country. For most of its history, Libya has been subjected to varying degrees of foreign control, from Europe, Asia, and Africa.
Muammar Muhammad Abu Minyar al-Gaddafi was a Libyan revolutionary, politician and political theorist who ruled Libya from 1969 until his assassination by the NATO allied rebel forces in 2011. He came to power through a military coup, first becoming Revolutionary Chairman of the Libyan Arab Republic from 1969 to 1977 and then the 'Brotherly Leader' of the Great Socialist People's Libyan Arab Jamahiriya from 1977 to 2011. Initially ideologically committed to Arab nationalism and Nasserism, Gaddafi later ruled according to his own Third International Theory.
The Senusiyya, Senussi or Sanusi are a Muslim political-religious Sufi order and clan in Libya and surrounding regions founded in Mecca in 1837 by the Grand Sanussi, the Algerian Muhammad ibn Ali al-Sanusi.
Idris was King of Libya from 24 December 1951 until his ouster in the 1 September 1969 coup d'état. He ruled over the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, after which the country became known as simply the Kingdom of Libya. Idris had served as Emir of Cyrenaica and Tripolitania from the 1920s until 1951. He was the chief of the Muslim Senussi Order.
Mohammed El Senussi is the son of Crown Prince Hasan as-Senussi of Libya, and of Crown Princess Fawzia bint Tahir Bakeer. Born in Tripoli, he is considered by Libyan royalists to be the legitimate heir to the Senussi Crown of Libya.
The Kingdom of Libya, known as the United Kingdom of Libya from 1951 to 1963, was a constitutional monarchy in North Africa that came into existence upon independence on 24 December 1951 and lasted until a bloodless coup d'état on 1 September 1969. The coup, led by Muammar Gaddafi, overthrew King Idris and established the Libyan Arab Republic.
The military history of Libya covers the period from the ancient era to the modern age.
Massoud Abdelhafid is a Libyan retired army general during the government of Muammar Gaddafi. He held various positions in government following the 1969 coup d'etat of Muammar Gaddafi, including Commander of Military Security, Governor of Fezzan and Head of Security in Major Cities. He was a key figure in Libya's relations with neighbouring Chad and Sudan. Massoud Abdelhafid was a senior commander in the Libyan Army during the Chadian–Libyan conflict. Known for his leadership of Libyan-backed insurrections and wars in Chad, he was referred to as "Mr. Chad". He married to a sister of al-Gaddafi and to a niece of Goukouni Oueddei.
The 1951 Libyan Constitution was brought into force on October 7, 1951, prior to Libya's formal declaration of its independence on December 24, 1951 as a constitutional and hereditary monarchy under the rulership of King Idris. The enactment of the Libyan Constitution was significant in that it was the first and only piece of legislation that formally entrenched the rights of Libyan citizens after the post-war creation of the Libyan nation state.
Relations between Libya and the United Kingdom were initially close and positive after the British Armed Forces helped rebel forces to topple Muammar Gaddafi's regime in the 2011 Libyan Civil War. British officials have visited Libya several times since then, including two visits by Prime Minister David Cameron when large crowds turned out to welcome him. The British Armed Forces are also helping to train Libya's National Army as part of wider cooperation on security matters. Security conditions have deteriorated since 2014, when the United Kingdom suspended operations from their embassy in Tripoli, into a second civil war. In June 2022, the United Kingdom re-opened its embassy in Tripoli.
Idris bin Abdullah al-Senussi is a member of the family of Idris, Libya's former UN-appointed king. While the family of Idris, appointed king of Libya by United Nations General Assembly, was under house arrest after Muammar Gaddafi overthrew his rule, Prince Idris al-Senussi began working on leading the family and uniting Libya, as this role was passed onto him by his late father. The position of heir to the short-lived Libyan throne is also claimed by his cousin Prince Mohammed El Senussi, the son and designated heir of the last Libyan Crown Prince.
Abdullah Senussi is a Libyan national who was the intelligence chief and brother-in-law of former Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi. He was married to Gaddafi's sister-in-law.
The Khamis Brigade, formally the 32nd Reinforced Brigade of the Armed People, was a regime security brigade of the Libyan Armed Forces loyal to Muammar Gaddafi, the leader of Libya from 1969 until 2011. The 32nd Brigade was commanded by Gaddafi's youngest son, Khamis Gaddafi and was called "the most well-trained and well-equipped force in the Libyan military" and "the most important military and security elements of the regime" in leaked U.S. memos.
The Magarha is one of the major Arab tribes of Libya. They originate from Fezzan province of Libya and have been an influential supporters and beneficiaries of Muammar Gaddafi during his long rule and then Libya's 2011 civil war. Some Magarha have relocated to Sirte and elsewhere along the coast.
Khamis Gaddafi was the seventh and youngest son of former Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, and the military commander in charge of the Khamis Brigade of the Libyan Army. He was part of his father's inner circle. During the Libyan Civil War in 2011, he was a major target for opposition forces trying to overthrow his father.
Prince Ahmed Al-Zubair al-Senussi, also known as Zubeir Ahmed El-Sharif is a Libyan member of the Senussi house and a member of the National Transitional Council representing political prisoners.
Following the end of the First Libyan Civil War, which overthrew Muammar Gaddafi, there was violence involving various militias and the new state security forces. This violence has escalated into the Second Libyan Civil War (2014–2020).
The 1969 Libyan revolution, also known as the al-Fateh Revolution or 1 September Revolution, was a coup d'état and revolution carried out by the Free Officers Movement, a group of Arab nationalist and Nasserist officers in the Libyan Army, which overthrew the Senussi monarchy of King Idris I and resulted in the formation of the Libyan Arab Republic. The Free Officers Movement was led by Colonel Muammar Gaddafi.
The Popular Front for the Liberation of Libya is a Gaddafi loyalist militia and political party that aims to elect Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, son of the late Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, as president of Libya.
The Free Officers movement was a group of Arab nationalist and Nasserist officers in the Libyan Army that planned and carried out the 1969 Libyan coup d'état, which overthrew the Senussi monarchy of King Idris I, ending the Libyan monarchy. It was led by a twelve-member cabinet known as the Revolutionary Command Council, whose chairman was Muammar Gaddafi, which came to govern the Libyan Arab Republic.
In May 1970 the discovery of an arms cache in Sebba provided evidence of a monarchist plot centred on Fezzan. This was the so-called 'Black Prince' conspiracy (on account of the dark features of Abdullah al-Sanussi) in which former Sanussi officers were to invade Libya from Chad with an army of two hundred brotherhood members with the intention of seizing Sebba as a prelude to the reconquest of Tripoli and Benghazi. One suggestion was that the Israelis had supported the conspiracy by providing arms. Gaddafi himself saw the plotters as 'reactionary retired police officers and contractors who had profited from the defunct regime.' About twenty individuals were arrested and sentenced to various terms of imprisonment.