Malta (island)

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Malta
Malta ali 2009224 lrg.jpg
Satellite image of Malta
Malta-Malta.svg
Map of the Maltese Archipelago highlighting the island of Malta
Geography
LocationSouth of Sicily, Mediterranean Sea
Coordinates 35°53′N14°27′E / 35.883°N 14.450°E / 35.883; 14.450
Archipelago Maltese Archipelago
Total islands5 islands that surround Malta
Major islandsFilfa, St Paul's Islands, Manoel Island.
Area246 km2 (95 sq mi)
Coastline197 km (122.4 mi)
Highest elevation253 m (830 ft)
Highest point Ta' Dmejrek
Administration
Malta
Capital city Valletta
Largest settlement St. Paul's Bay (pop. 29,097)
Demographics
PopulationApprox. 500,000 (May 2021)
Pop. density1,664/km2 (4310/sq mi)
Ethnic groups Maltese people

Malta is an island in Southern Europe. It is the largest and most populous of the three major islands that constitute the Maltese Archipelago. The island is situated in the Mediterranean Sea directly south of Italy and north of Libya. It lies south-east of the smaller islands of Gozo and Comino.The island is 27 kilometres (17 mi) long and 14.5 kilometres (9 mi) wide, with a total area of 246 square kilometres (95 sq mi). The capital is Valletta, while the largest locality is Rabat. The island is made up of many small towns, which together form one larger urban zone with a population of 409,259. The landscape is characterised by low hills with terraced fields.

Contents

History

Hagar Qim Malta - Qrendi - Hagar Qim and Mnajdra Archaeological Park - Hagar Qim 08 ies.jpg
Ħaġar Qim

Humans have inhabited Malta since about 5200 BC, when Stone Age hunters or farmers arrived from Sicily. Early Neolithic settlements were discovered in open areas and also in caves, such as Għar Dalam. [1] Around 3500 BC, a culture of megalithic temple builders then either supplanted or arose. They built some of the oldest existing, free-standing structures in the world in the form of megalithic temples such as those at Ħaġar Qim and Mnajdra. [2] After 2500 BC, Malta was depopulated but soon became the home of Bronze Age settlers, who settled in sites such as Borġ in-Nadur. They built first fortifications in Malta. [3]

Malta was later ruled by the Phoenicians, Carthaginians, Romans, Byzantines and Arabs before it was occupied by the County of Sicily in 1091. The island then became part of the Kingdom of Sicily until it was given to the Order of Saint John along with Gozo and Tripoli (North Africa) in 1530. In 1192 Tancred, King of Sicily created Margaritus of Brindisi the first Count of Malta. In 1565, the Order and the Maltese withstood a major Ottoman invasion which became known as the Great Siege of Malta. The Order ruled Malta for over 250 years and built many great pieces of architecture, including the capital city Valletta. In 1798, the French under Napoleon occupied Malta and ruled from 1798–1800. Napoleon's stay lasted from 12–18 June when he resided at Palazzo Parisio in Valletta. The French remained until the Maltese rebelled against their rule. In 1800, the British took control over Malta and the island initially became a British protectorate, and a colony a couple of years later. The British ruled for about 150 years and Malta became independent in 1964. Ten years later the State of Malta became the Republic of Malta. Malta joined the European Union in 2004 and adopted the Euro four years later. [4]

Geography

Maltese landscape, Ghadira View of Nature Reserve from St. Agatha's Tower.JPG
Maltese landscape, Għadira

Malta is the largest island in an archipelago in the central Mediterranean, some 80 km (50 mi) south of the Italian island of Sicily across the Malta Channel. Malta is located east of its sister islands of Gozo and Comino. It lies on the Malta plateau, a shallow shelf formed from the high points of a land bridge between Sicily and North Africa that became isolated as sea levels rose after the last ice age. [5] Malta is therefore situated in the zone between the Eurasian and African tectonic plates. [6]

Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide good harbours. The landscape consists of low hills with terraced fields. The highest point in Malta is Ta' Dmejrek, at 253 m (830 ft), near Dingli. Although there are some small rivers at times of high rainfall, there are no permanent rivers or lakes on Malta. However, some watercourses have fresh water running all year round, such as those at Ras ir-Raħeb near Baħrija and at l-Imtaħleb.

Phytogeographically, Malta belongs to the Liguro-Tyrrhenian province of the Mediterranean Region within the Boreal Kingdom. According to the WWF, the territory of Malta belongs to the ecoregion of "Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub". [7]

Some minor islands off the main island of Malta include:

Climate

Malta has a Subtropical–Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa), [8] with very mild winters and hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. According to International Living, Malta is the country with the best climate in the world. [9]

The average yearly temperature is around 23 °C (73 °F) during the day and 16 °C (61 °F) at night. In the coldest month, January, the typically maximum temperature ranges from 12 to 20 °C (54 to 68 °F) during the day and minimum 7 to 12 °C (45 to 54 °F) at night. In the warmest month, August, the typically maximum temperature ranges from 28 to 34 °C (82 to 93 °F) during the day and minimum 20 to 24 °C (68 to 75 °F) at night. Generally, summers/holiday season lasts to 8 months, starting from around mid-April with temperatures 19–23 °C (66–73 °F) during the day and 13–14 °C (55–57 °F) at night, ending in November with temperatures 17–23 °C (63–73 °F) during the day and 11–20 °C (52–68 °F) at night, although also in the remaining 4 months temperatures sometimes reach 20 °C (68 °F). Amongst all capitals in the continent of Europe, Valletta, the capital of Malta, has the warmest winters, with average temperatures of around 16 °C (61 °F) during the day and 10 °C (50 °F) at night in the period January–February. In March and December average temperature is around 17 °C (63 °F) during the day and 11 °C (52 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare. Also, Malta is one of the few places in Europe which are "green" all year round.

Average annual temperature of the sea is 20 °C (68 °F) (the highest in the continent of Europe), from 15 °C (59 °F) in February to 26 °C (79 °F) in August. In the 6 months from June to November, the average sea temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F). [10] [11]

Sunshine duration hours total around 3,000 per year (one of the highest results in Europe), from an average above five hours of sunshine per day in December to an average above 12 hours in July. [11] [12] This is about double that of cities in the northern half of Europe, for comparison: London – 1,461; [13] however, in winter it has up to several times more sunshine; for comparison: in December, London has 37 hours of sunshine [13] whereas Malta has about 160.

Climate data for Malta (Balzan in the central part of the island) 1985–
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Mean daily maximum °C (°F)16.1
(61.0)		16.0
(60.8)		17.8
(64.0)		20.0
(68.0)		24.2
(75.6)		28.5
(83.3)		33.72
(92.70)		36.34
(97.41)		28.4
(83.1)		25.2
(77.4)		21.0
(69.8)		17.5
(63.5)		23.16
(73.69)
Daily mean °C (°F)13
(55)		16
(61)		17
(63)		19
(66)		23
(73)		27
(81)		32
(90)		33.4
(92.1)		28
(82)		25
(77)		18
(64)		14.7
(58.5)		19.73
(67.51)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F)10.3
(50.5)		9.9
(49.8)		11.3
(52.3)		13.3
(55.9)		16.6
(61.9)		20.3
(68.5)		22.8
(73.0)		23.6
(74.5)		21.6
(70.9)		18.6
(65.5)		15.0
(59.0)		11.9
(53.4)		16.26
(61.27)
Average precipitation mm (inches)94.7
(3.73)		63.4
(2.50)		37.0
(1.46)		26.3
(1.04)		9.2
(0.36)		5.4
(0.21)		0.2
(0.01)		6.0
(0.24)		67.4
(2.65)		77.2
(3.04)		108.6
(4.28)		107.7
(4.24)		603.1
(23.74)
Average precipitation days151296310159131690
Mean monthly sunshine hours 169.3178.1227.2253.8309.7336.9376.7352.2270.0223.8195.0161.23,053.9
Source: maltaweather.com (Meteo Malta & MaltaMedia) [11]

Urbanization

According to Eurostat, Malta Island is a single Larger Urban Zone nominally referred to as "Valletta". According to Demographia, the whole country is identified as urban area. [14] According to European Spatial Planning Observation Network, Malta is identified as Functional Urban Area (FUA). [15] According to United Nations, about 95% of Malta is urban area and the number grows every year. [16] Also, according to the results of ESPON and EU Commission studies, "the whole territory of Malta constitutes a single urban region". [17]

Economy

Valletta's maritime industrial zone AIDAcara Valetta.jpg
Valletta's maritime industrial zone
Oil tanks in Birzebbuga Malta - Birzebbuga - Triq il-Qajjenza + San Lucian Oil Company 01 ies.jpg
Oil tanks in Birżebbuġa

The main island of Malta contributes significantly to the country's overall economy, which itself is classified as an advanced economy according to the International Monetary Fund (IMF). [18] Until 1800 Malta depended on cotton, tobacco and its shipyards for exports. Once under British control, they came to depend on Malta Dockyard for support of the Royal Navy, especially during the Crimean War of 1854. Malta's economy was boosted by the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869, as there was a massive increase of civilian shipping which entered the port. Ships stopping at Malta's docks for refuelling helped the Entrepôt trade, which brought additional benefits to the island. Towards the end of the 19th century the economy began declining, and by the 1940s Malta's economy was in serious crisis. One factor was the longer range of newer merchant ships that required less frequent refuelling stops. The economy was boosted again after World War II when the island needed to be rebuilt.

Limestone quarries in Siggiewi Malta - Siggiewi - Triq Panoramika - quarries 01 ies.jpg
Limestone quarries in Siġġiewi

Currently, Malta's major resources are limestone, a favourable geographic location and a productive labour force. Malta produces only about 20% of its food needs, has limited freshwater supplies because of the drought in the summer and has no domestic energy sources, aside from the potential for solar energy from its plentiful sunlight. [19] The economy is dependent on foreign trade (serving as a freight trans-shipment point), manufacturing (especially electronics and textiles) and tourism.

Film production is a growing contributor to the Maltese economy. Despite its size, Malta continues to attract international film productions from around the world and this is the best sign of confidence that a small country can get from foreign producers. The first film shot in Malta was Sons of the Sea in 1925. Since then, over 100 other films were partially or fully shot in Malta, including Malta Story (1953), Midnight Express (1978), Popeye (1980), Gladiator (2000), Munich (2005), World War Z (2013) and Captain Phillips (2013).

In preparation for Malta's membership in the European Union, which it joined on 1 May 2004, it privatised some state-controlled firms and liberalised markets. For example, the government announced on 8 January 2007 that it was selling its 40% stake in MaltaPost, to complete a privatisation process which had been ongoing for the previous five years. By 2010, Malta had privatised telecommunications, postal services, shipyards and shipbuilding.

Banking and finance

Portomaso Business Tower, the second highest building on Malta. Malta - St. Julian's (Triq it-Torri (Sliema)) 03 ies.jpg
Portomaso Business Tower, the second highest building on Malta.

The two largest commercial banks are Bank of Valletta and HSBC Bank Malta, both of which can trace their origins back to the 19th century.

The Central Bank of Malta (Bank Ċentrali ta' Malta) has two key areas of responsibility: the formulation and implementation of monetary policy and the promotion of a sound and efficient financial system. It was established by the Central Bank of Malta Act on 17 April 1968. The Maltese government entered ERM II on 4 May 2005, and adopted the euro as the country's currency on 1 January 2008. [20]

FinanceMalta is the quasi-governmental organisation tasked with marketing and educating business leaders in coming to Malta and runs seminars and events around the world highlighting the emerging strength of Malta as a jurisdiction for banking and finance and insurance. [21]

Transport

Maltese buses operated by the Malta Public Transport Malta Buses (cropped 2).jpg
Maltese buses operated by the Malta Public Transport
Grand Harbour Sundown in the harbour (9963498255).jpg
Grand Harbour
Malta Freeport 047.Freeport.jpg
Malta Freeport
Malta International Airport Malta International Airport3.jpg
Malta International Airport

Traffic in Malta drives on the left. Car ownership in Malta is exceedingly high, given the very small size of the island.

The main roads of Malta from the southernmost point to the northernmost point are these: Triq Birżebbuġa in Birżebbuġa, Għar Dalam Road and Tal-Barrani Road in Żejtun, Santa Luċija Avenue in Paola, Aldo Moro Street (Trunk Road), 13 December Street and Ħamrun-Marsa Bypass in Marsa, Regional Road in Santa Venera/Msida/Gżira/San Ġwann, St Andrew's Road in Swieqi/Pembroke, Malta, Coast Road in Baħar iċ-Ċagħaq, Salina Road, Kennedy Drive, St. Paul's Bypass and Xemxija Hill in San Pawl il-Baħar, Mistra Hill, Wettinger Street (Mellieħa Bypass) and Marfa Road in Mellieħa.

Buses (xarabank or karozza tal-linja) are the primary method of public transport. Established in 1905, the service underwent an extensive reform in July 2011. The management structure changed from having self-employed drivers driving their own vehicles to a service being offered by a single company through a public tender. The public tender was won by Arriva Malta, a member of the Arriva group, but the company ceased operations on 1 January 2014 having been nationalised as Malta Public Transport by the Maltese government, with a new bus operator to take over their operations in the near future. [23] [24]

Malta has three large natural harbours:

There is also a man-made harbour at Ċirkewwa. This is connected with Mġarr Harbour on Gozo by the Gozo ferry which makes numerous trips each day.

The only airport on Malta is Malta International Airport. It is built on the land formerly occupied by the RAF Luqa air base. Two further airfields at Ta' Qali and Ħal Far were operated during World War II and into the 1960s but are now closed. Today, Ta' Qali houses a national park, stadium, the Crafts Village visitor attraction and the Malta Aviation Museum. This museum preserves several aircraft, including Hurricane and Spitfire fighters that defended the island in World War II. The national airline is Air Malta.

The dolphin show at Mediterraneo Marine Park Mediterraneo dolphin show 1.JPG
The dolphin show at Mediterraneo Marine Park

Tourism

Malta is a popular tourist destination, with 1.2 million tourists per year. [26] Three times more tourists visit than there are residents. Tourism infrastructure has increased dramatically over the years and a number of good-quality hotels are present on the island, although overdevelopment and the destruction of traditional housing is of growing concern. An increasing number of Maltese now travel abroad on holiday. [27]

In recent years, Malta has advertised itself as a medical tourism destination, [28] and a number of health tourism providers are developing the industry. However, no Maltese hospital has undergone independent international healthcare accreditation. Malta is popular with British medical tourists, [29] pointing Maltese hospitals towards seeking UK-sourced accreditation, such as with the Trent Accreditation Scheme. Dual accreditation with the American-oriented Joint Commission is necessary if hospitals in Malta wish to compete with the Far East and Latin America for medical tourists from the United States.

Demographics

Valletta, Malta's capital city Panorama of Valletta.jpg
Valletta, Malta's capital city

Native Maltese people make up the majority of the island. However, there are minorities, the largest of which are British, many of whom have retired to Malta. According to the government's estimate of 2013, the population of Malta stood at 409,259 people which is about 91.6% of the country's total population. The largest city is Birkirkara with a population of 22,319. The capital Valletta has a relatively small population of 6675 people. [30]

The main language spoken on Malta is the Maltese language, a Semitic language descended from the now defunct Siculo-Arabic dialect of southern Italy. [31] The language has substantial borrowing from Sicilian, Italian, a little French, and more recently and increasingly, English. [32] The hybrid character of Maltese was established by a long period of Maltese-Sicilian urban bilingualism gradually transforming rural speech and which ended in the early 19th century with Maltese emerging as the vernacular of the entire native population. The language includes different dialects that can vary greatly from one town to another or from one island to another.

The Eurobarometer states that 100% of the population speak Maltese. Also, 88% of the population speak English, 66% speak Italian, and 17% speak French. [33] This widespread knowledge of second languages makes Malta one of the most multilingual countries in the European Union. A study collecting public opinion on what language was "preferred" discovered that 86% of the population express a preference for Maltese, 12% for English, and 2% for Italian. [34] Still, Italian television channels from Italy-based broadcasters, such as Mediaset and RAI, reach Malta and remain popular. [34] [35] [36]

Administrative divisions

Administrative divisions of Malta. Malta location map.svg
Administrative divisions of Malta.

Malta has had a system of local government since 1993, based on the European Charter of Local Self-Government. The main island is divided into four regions, each having its own Regional Committee: [37]

Each region is further divided into local councils. Some hamlets have administrative committees, which are part of larger local councils. Currently there are 54 local councils and 13 administrative committees in Malta.

The island is also divided into five districts, but these serve primarily for statistical purposes:

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Malta</span> Island country in Southern Europe

Malta, officially the Republic of Malta, is an island country in Southern Europe located in the Mediterranean Sea, between Sicily and North Africa. It consists of an archipelago 80 km (50 mi) south of Italy, 284 km (176 mi) east of Tunisia, and 333 km (207 mi) north of Libya. The two official languages are Maltese and English. The country's capital is Valletta, which is the smallest capital city in the EU by both area and population. It was also the first World Heritage City in Europe to become a European Capital of Culture in 2018.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Malta</span>

The transport system in Malta is small but extensive, and the islands' domestic system of public transport is reliant on buses and taxis, although there was both a railway and a tramway in the past. Public transport in Malta has been free of charge since October 2022 for all residents with a Tallinja Card, for which any resident of Malta can register.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Malta</span> Maltese history

Malta has been inhabited since 5900 BC. The first inhabitants were farmers; their agricultural methods degraded the soil until the islands became uninhabitable. The islands were repopulated around 3850 BC by a civilization that at its peak built the Megalithic Temples, which today are among the oldest surviving buildings in the world. Their civilization collapsed in around 2350 BC; the islands were repopulated by Bronze Age warriors soon afterwards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geography of Malta</span> Island in Europe

The geography of Malta is dominated by water. Malta is an archipelago of coralline limestone, located in Europe, in the Mediterranean Sea, 81 kilometres south of Sicily, Italy, and nearly 300 km north (Libya) and northeast (Tunisia) of Africa. Although Malta is situated in Southern Europe, it is located farther south than Tunis, capital of Tunisia, Algiers, capital of Algeria, Tangier in Morocco and also Aleppo in Syria, and Mosul in Iraq in the Middle East. Only the three largest islands – Malta, Gozo and Comino – are inhabited. Other (uninhabited) islands are: Cominotto, Filfla and the St.Paul's Islands. The country is approximately 316 km2 (122 sq mi) in area. Numerous bays along the indented coastline of the islands provide harbours. The landscape of the islands is characterised by high hills with terraced fields. The highest point, at 253 metres, Ta' Zuta on mainland Malta. The capital is Valletta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Valletta</span> Capital of Malta

Valletta is the capital city of Malta and one of its 68 council areas. Located between the Grand Harbour to the east and Marsamxett Harbour to the west, its population as of 2021 was 5,157. As Malta’s capital city, it is a commercial centre for shopping, bars, dining, and café life. It is also the southernmost capital of Europe, and at just 0.61 square kilometres (0.24 sq mi), it is the European Union's smallest capital city.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Floriana</span> Local council in Port Region, Malta

Floriana, also known by its title Borgo Vilhena, is a fortified town in the Port Region area of Malta, just outside the capital city Valletta. It has a population of 2,205 as of March 2014. Floriana is the birthplace of many famous Maltese, amongst which the composer of the national anthem, 'L-Innu Malti', Robert Samut; former Bishop of Malta Dun Mauro Caruana, the poets Oliver Friggieri and Maria Grech Ganado, the writer and politician Herbert Ganado and Swedish Idol winner Kevin Borg.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of Malta</span>

The culture of Malta has been influenced by various societies that have come into contact with the Maltese Islands throughout the centuries, including neighbouring Mediterranean cultures, and the cultures of the nations that ruled Malta for long periods of time prior to its independence in 1964.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Birżebbuġa</span> Local council in Southern Region, Malta

Birżebbuġa is a seaside town in the Southern Region of Malta, close to Marsaxlokk. It is approximately 13 kilometres from the capital Valletta, and has a population of 9,736 as of March 2014.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Victory Day (Malta)</span> Public holiday on Malta

Victory Day is a public holiday celebrated in Malta on 8 September and recalls the end of three historical sieges made on the Maltese archipelago, namely: the Great Siege of Malta by the Ottoman Empire ending in 1565; the Siege of Valletta by the French Blockade ending in 1800; and, the Siege of Malta during the Second World War by the Axis forces ending in 1943.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Maltese people</span> Ethnic group native to Malta

The Maltese people are an ethnic group native to Malta who speak Maltese, a Semitic language and share a common culture and Maltese history. Malta, an island country in the Mediterranean Sea, is an archipelago that also includes an island of the same name together with the islands of Gozo and Comino ; people of Gozo, Gozitans are considered a subgroup of the Maltese.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Islam in Malta</span>

Islam in Malta has had a historically profound influence upon the country—especially its language and agriculture—as a consequence of several centuries of control and presence on the islands. Today, the main Muslim organization represented in Malta is the Libyan World Islamic Call Society.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Districts of Malta</span>

Malta is for non-local government purposes divided into districts as opposed to the local government regions at the same level. The three main types of such districts – statistical, electoral at national level, and policing – have no mainstream administrative effect as the regions and local councils function as the only administrative divisions of the country.

This page list topics related to Malta.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Outline of Malta</span> Overview of and topical guide to Malta

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to Malta:

Malta has a Subtropical-Mediterranean climate according to the Köppen climate classification (Csa), with very mild winters and warm to hot summers. Rain occurs mainly in winter, with summer being generally dry. According to the Troll-Paffen climate classification and the Siegmund/Frankenberg climate classification, Malta lies within the subtropical zone, being at 35ºN latitude.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gozo</span> Island of the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea

Gozo, in antiquity known as Gaulos, is an island in the Maltese archipelago in the Mediterranean Sea. The island is part of the Republic of Malta. After the island of Malta itself, it is the second-largest island in the archipelago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourism in Malta</span>

Tourism in Malta is an important sector of the country's economy, contributing to about 15 percent of the nation's gross domestic product (GDP). It is overseen by the Malta Tourism Authority, in turn falls under the responsibility of the Minister for Tourism, the Environment and Culture. Malta features a number of tourism attractions encompassing elements of the island's rich history and culture, as well as aquatic activities associated with the Mediterranean Sea. In addition, medical tourism has become popular in Malta in recent years, especially since government efforts to market the practice to medical tourists in the United Kingdom.

This article details the history of religion in Malta. The Republic of Malta is a Southern European country consisting of an archipelago situated in the centre of the Mediterranean, 80 km south of Sicily, 284 km east of Tunisia and 333 km north of Libya, with Gibraltar 1,755 km to the west and Alexandria 1,508 km to the east. Malta covers just over 316 km2 in land area, making it one of the world's smallest states. It is also one of the most densely populated countries worldwide. Catholicism is the official religion in Malta as declared by the Maltese constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hospitaller Malta</span> Period in the history of Malta from 1530 to 1798

Hospitaller Malta, known in Maltese history as the Knights' Period, was a de facto state which existed between 1530 and 1798 when the Mediterranean islands of Malta and Gozo were ruled by the Order of St. John of Jerusalem. It was formally a vassal state of the Kingdom of Sicily, and it came into being when Emperor Charles V granted the islands as well as the city of Tripoli in modern Libya to the Order, following the latter's loss of Rhodes in 1522. Hospitaller Tripoli was lost to the Ottoman Empire in 1551, but an Ottoman attempt to take Malta in 1565 failed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fortifications of Malta</span> Defensive military constructions of the Maltese archipelago

The fortifications of Malta consist of a number of walled cities, citadels, forts, towers, batteries, redoubts, entrenchments and pillboxes. The fortifications were built over hundreds of years, from around 1450 BC to the mid-20th century, and they are a result of the Maltese islands' strategic position and natural harbours, which have made them very desirable for various powers.

References

  1. ↑ Robin Skeates (2010). An Archaeology of the Senses: Prehistoric Malta. Oxford University Press. pp. 124–132. ISBN   978-0-19-921660-4.
  2. ↑ "Archaeology and prehistory". Aberystwyth, The University of Wales. Archived from the original on 12 December 2008. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  3. ↑ "Borg in-Nadur". Tourist Link. Archived from the original on 30 December 2014. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  4. ↑ "Cyprus and Malta set to join eurozone in 2008". Euractiv. 18 May 2007. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  5. ↑ "Island Landscape Dynamics: Examples from the Mediterranean" . Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  6. ↑ "Geothermal Engineering Research Office Malta". Archived from the original on 26 April 2012.
  7. ↑ "Mediterranean Forests, Woodlands and Scrub – A Global Ecoregion". Panda.org. Archived from the original on 13 March 2008. Retrieved 28 November 2008.
  8. ↑ Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). "Malta". The World Factbook . Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  9. ↑ Malta tops International Living’s 2011 Quality of Life Best Climate Index
  10. ↑ "Valletta Climate Guide" . Retrieved 5 June 2009.
  11. 1 2 3 "Malta's Climate". Archived from the original on 6 August 2015. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  12. ↑ "Climate Data for Luqa". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 15 October 2012.
  13. 1 2 "Met Office: Climate averages 1971–2000". Met Office. Archived from the original on 28 June 2014. Retrieved 20 September 2011.
  14. ↑ "Demographia: World Urban Areas" (PDF). Retrieved 20 October 2013.
  15. ↑ "Study on Urban Functions" Archived 24 September 2015 at the Wayback Machine – European Spatial Planning Observation Network, 2007
  16. ↑ "World Urbanization Prospects" – Department of Economic and Social Affairs/Population Division, United Nations (Table A.2; page 79)
  17. ↑ "Interim Territorial Cohesion Report" – Preliminary results of ESPON and EU Commission studies
  18. ↑ "IMF World Economic Outlook (WEO) – Recovery, Risk, and Rebalancing, October 2010 – Table of Contents". Imf.org. 6 October 2010. Retrieved 1 June 2011.
  19. ↑ "Power Solutions - 7 Reasons Why You Need to Invest in Solar Energy". www.powersolutions.com.mt. 20 April 2020. Retrieved 24 October 2020.
  20. ↑ "Cyprus and Malta to adopt euros". BBC News Business. 10 July 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
  21. ↑ "promoting financial services in Malta". FinanceMalta. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  22. ↑ "Malta Public Transport". www.publictransport.com.mt. Retrieved 30 December 2021.
  23. ↑ "Arriva Future Decided". di-ve.com news. 22 December 2013. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  24. ↑ Sansone, Kurt (23 December 2013). "New Year in, Arriva out". Times of Malta . Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  25. ↑ "AAPA World Port Rankings 2008" (PDF). Retrieved 14 November 2010.
  26. ↑ Malta in Figures  – National Statistics Office, Malta, 2008 ISBN   978-99909-73-64-8
  27. ↑ "More Maltese travel abroad". The Malta Independent. Archived from the original on 15 December 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
  28. ↑ "INDEPENDENT online". Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 7 January 2008.
  29. ↑ "Malta popular with UK medical tourists". Treatmentabroad.net. 2 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 December 2009. Retrieved 31 March 2009.
  30. ↑ "Estimated Population by Locality" (PDF). Malta Government Gazette. 31 March 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 July 2014. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  31. ↑ Joseph M. Brincat Maltese – an unusual formula, MED Magazine (February 2005)
  32. ↑ Felice Pace, Joseph. "The Evolution of the Maltese Language". About Malta. Retrieved 25 August 2014.
  33. ↑ Europeans and their Languages, 2006
  34. 1 2 Ignasi Badia i Capdevila; A view of the linguistic situation in Malta Archived 4 July 2008 at the Wayback Machine ; NovesSl; 2004; retrieved on 24 February 2008
  35. ↑ Country profile: Malta. BBC News
  36. ↑ "Europeans and languages" (PDF). European Commission. September 2005. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 28 January 2007. Retrieved 29 January 2007.
  37. ↑ "Regions of Malta". Statoids. Retrieved 2 April 2015.
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