 | This article needs additional citations for verification .(August 2021) |
The Loja uprising was a short-lived insurrection in Loja, Andalucia in 1861 that is considered one of the earliest socialist uprisings in Spain. [1]
| | This article needs additional citations for verification .(August 2021) |
The Loja uprising was a short-lived insurrection in Loja, Andalucia in 1861 that is considered one of the earliest socialist uprisings in Spain. [1]
Andalucia in the mid-nineteenth century was a centre of republican resistance against the Bourbon reign of Queen Isabella II who had been queen regnant since 1833. The clandestine liberal Democratic Party, established in 1849, found significant support from labourers and peasants in rural Andalucia where there was widespread social inequality. [2] Earlier Andalucian peasant revolts took place in El Arahal and Utrera in 1857 but these were not particularly political by nature. [1]
On 28 June 1861 Rafael Pérez del Álamo , a local blacksmith and leader in the Democratic Party, led 600 men to nearby Iznájar and took the town with little resistance. Pérez read a republican and socialist manifesto and encouraged local inhabitants to resist monarchist rule. The next day, Pérez mustered an army with upwards of 10,000 armed men and took Loja by force proclaiming a republic. Loja was especially symbolic as the hometown of conservative politician Ramón María Narváez who was one of the federal government's chief ministers, having served as prime minister on a number of occasions between 1844 and 1868. [1] The insurgents led by Pérez proceeded to loot the royal estates in Loja and redistribute available lands to the lower classes. Similar uprisings took place in nearby locales Archidona and Alhama de Granada, in part aided by secret Carbonari societies and loosely inspired by Garibaldi's recent successes in Italy. [1]
Pérez had hoped that the Loja uprising would inspire similar insurrections from Democratic Party members throughout Spain but a larger national revolution failed to materialize. [2] The Captain General of Granada sent troops to retake Loja, and on 4 July 1861 defeated the rebel forces in a bloody battle. The remaining forces under Pérez fled to Alhama de Granada where it was decided to march on Granada itself in a last-ditch attempt to incite further insurrection. The rebel army was subsequently defeated at Pilas de Algaida and Pérez managed to escape to Madrid.[ citation needed ]
In the wake of the Loja uprising, Queen Isabella visited the region in 1862 in an effort to quell republican sedition by granting amnesty to all surviving insurrectionaries. While this temporarily extinguished revolutionary fervor, the Queen would be forced to abdicate only six years later during the Glorious Revolution at the beginning of the Sexenio Democrático. Loja would rise against the federal government again along with much of southern Spain during the radical Cantonal rebellion of 1873. [3]
Isabella II was Queen of Spain from 1833 until her deposition in 1868. She is the only queen regnant in the history of unified Spain.
The Spanish Republic, historiographically referred to as the First Spanish Republic, was the political regime that existed in Spain from 11 February 1873 to 29 December 1874.
Spain in the 19th century was a country in turmoil. Occupied by Napoleon from 1808 to 1814, a massively destructive "liberation war" ensued. Following the Spanish Constitution of 1812, Spain was divided between the 1812 constitution's liberal principles and the absolutism personified by the rule of Ferdinand VII, who repealed the 1812 Constitution for the first time in 1814, only to be forced to swear over the constitution again in 1820 after a liberal pronunciamiento, giving way to the brief Trienio Liberal (1820–1823).
The Revolt of the Comuneros was an uprising by citizens of Castile against the rule of Charles I and his administration between 1520 and 1521. At its height, the rebels controlled the heart of Castile, ruling the cities of Valladolid, Tordesillas, and Toledo.
Nicolás Salmerón Alonso was a Spanish politician, president of the First Spanish Republic.
The Spanish Republic, commonly known as the Second Spanish Republic, was the form of democratic government in Spain from 1931 to 1939. The Republic was proclaimed on 14 April 1931 after the deposition of King Alfonso XIII. It was dissolved on 1 April 1939 after surrendering in the Spanish Civil War to the Nationalists led by General Francisco Franco.
The Glorious Revolution took place in Spain in 1868, resulting in the deposition of Queen Isabella II. The success of the revolution marked the beginning of the Sexenio Democrático with the installment of a provisional government.
A guerrilla foco is a small cadre of revolutionaries operating in a nation's countryside. This guerrilla organization was popularized by Che Guevara in his book Guerrilla Warfare, which was based on his experiences in the Cuban Revolution. Guevara would go on to argue that a foco was politically necessary for the success of a socialist revolution. Originally Guevara theorized that a foco was only useful in overthrowing personalistic military dictatorships and not liberal democratic capitalism where a peaceful overthrow was believed possible. Years later Guevara would revise his thesis and argue all nations in Latin America, including liberal democracies, could be overthrown by a guerrilla foco. Eventually the foco thesis would be that political conditions would not even need to be ripe for revolutions to be successful, since the sheer existence of a guerrilla foco would create ripe conditions by itself. Guevara's theory of foco, known as foquismo, was self-described as the application of Marxism-Leninism to Latin American conditions, and would later be further popularized by author Régis Debray. The proposed necessity of a guerrilla foco proved influential in Latin America, but was also heavily criticized by other socialists.
Las Gabias is a Spanish city and municipality located in the central southern part of the Vega of Granada, in the province of Granada, in the autonomous community of Andalusia, approximately 8 km from the provincial capital of Granada. It borders the municipalities of Vegas del Genil, Cúllar Vega, Churriana de la Vega, Alhendín, La Malahá, Chimeneas and Santa Fe. Las Gabias includes the localities of "Gabia Grande", the municipal capital, and "Gabia Chica" that were a unified with the region in 1973, in addition to the annexation of Híjar, Los Llanos, Pedro Verde and San Javier. The name may have originated from Hisn Caviar, which means "military tower", in allusion to the one that still exists in Gabia Grande. It is one of the most populous municipalities in Spain as well as one of the youngest, with the median age of inhabitants being only 34.3 years of age. In 2016, the population of Las Gabias surpassed 20,000, making it the third most populous municipality in the Granada Metropolitan Area, surpassed only by Granada and Armilla.
Loja, formerly Loxa, is a town in southern Spain, situated at the western limit of the province of Granada. It is in the valley of the River Genil, overlooked by the so-called Sierra de Loja, of which the highest peak, Sierra Gorda, stands 1,671 metres above sea-level.
The Granada War was a series of military campaigns between 1482 and 1492 during the reign of the Catholic Monarchs, Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon, against the Nasrid dynasty's Emirate of Granada. It ended with the defeat of Granada and its annexation by Castile, ending the last remnant of Islamic rule on the Iberian peninsula.
The background of the Spanish Civil War dates back to the end of the 19th century, when the owners of large estates, called latifundios, held most of the power in a land-based oligarchy. The landowners' power was unsuccessfully challenged by the industrial and merchant sectors. In 1868 popular uprisings led to the overthrow of Queen Isabella II of the House of Bourbon. In 1873 Isabella's replacement, King Amadeo I of the House of Savoy, abdicated due to increasing political pressure, and the short-lived First Spanish Republic was proclaimed. After the restoration of the Bourbons in December 1874, Carlists and anarchists emerged in opposition to the monarchy. Alejandro Lerroux helped bring republicanism to the fore in Catalonia, where poverty was particularly acute. Growing resentment of conscription and of the military culminated in the Tragic Week in Barcelona in 1909. After the First World War, the working class, the industrial class, and the military united in hopes of removing the corrupt central government, but were unsuccessful. Fears of communism grew. A military coup brought Miguel Primo de Rivera to power in 1923, and he ran Spain as a military dictatorship. Support for his regime gradually faded, and he resigned in January 1930. There was little support for the monarchy in the major cities, and King Alfonso XIII abdicated; the Second Spanish Republic was formed, whose power would remain until the culmination of the Spanish Civil War. Monarchists would continue to oppose the Republic.
The Democratic Party, more formally known as the Democratic Progressive Party, was a Spanish political party in the reign of Isabella II. It was a clandestine organisation except during the Progressive Biennium (1854–1856).
Íñigo López de Mendoza y Quiñones, was the 1st Marquis of Mondéjar and 2nd Count of Tendilla. He was known as El Gran Tendilla and was a Spanish noble of the House of Mendoza. He was the son of Íñigo López de Mendoza y Figueroa, 1st Count of Tendilla, and the grandson of the poet Íñigo López de Mendoza, 1st Marquis of Santillana.
The Revolution of 1934, also known as the Revolution of October 1934 or the Revolutionary General Strike of 1934, was an uprising during the "black biennium" of the Second Spanish Republic between 5 and 19 October 1934.
The reign of Isabella II has been seen as being essential to the modern history of Spain. Isabella's reign spanned the death of Ferdinand VII in 1833 until the Spanish Glorious Revolution of 1868, which forced the Queen into exile and established a liberal state in Spain.
The Canton of Cartagena, also known as the Canton of Murcia, was a period of Cartagena, Spain's history when it was governed by a radical cantonalist junta for six months between 1873 and 1874. The city rose up in armed insurrection on July 12, 1873 establishing the Canton's de facto independence from the First Spanish Republic and beginning a wave of cantonal rebellions across southern Spain. Loosely inspired by the more well-known Paris Commune two years earlier, the Canton of Cartagena existed during a turbulent revolutionary period of Spanish history known as the Sexenio Democrático.
The July 1936 coup d'état in Granada against the government of the Spanish Republic, which started the Civil War, managed to triumph in Granada and take control of the city.
The Andalusia Campaign refers to the set of military operations that took place in Andalusia between the nationalist and republican forces, during the first months of the Spanish Civil War.