Zaragoza, also known in English as Saragossa, is the capital city of the Zaragoza Province and of the autonomous community of Aragon, Spain. It lies by the Ebro river and its tributaries, the Huerva and the Gállego, roughly in the center of both Aragon and the Ebro basin.
The Generation of '98, also called Generation of 1898, was a group of novelists, poets, essayists, and philosophers active in Spain at the time of the Spanish–American War (1898), committed to cultural and aesthetic renewal, and associated with modernism.
Hispanidad is a term alluding to the group of people, countries, and communities that share the Spanish language and Hispanic culture. The term can have various, different implications and meanings depending on country of origin, socio-political views, and cultural background.
Ramiro de Maeztu y Whitney was a prolific Spanish essayist, journalist and publicist. His early literary work adscribes him to the Generation of '98. Adept to Nietzschean and Social Darwinist ideas in his youth, he became close to Fabian socialism and later to distributism and social corporatism during his spell as correspondent in London from where he chronicled the Great War. During the years of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship he served as Ambassador to Argentina. A staunch militarist, he became at the end of his ideological path one of the most prominent far-right theorists against the Spanish Republic, leading the reactionary voices calling for a military coup. A member of the cultural group Acción Española, he spread the concept of "Hispanidad" (Spanishness). Imprisoned by Republican authorities after the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, he was killed by leftist militiamen during a saca in the midst of the conflict.
Joaquín Costa was a Spanish politician, lawyer, economist and historian.
Ricardo Macías Picavea was a writer and reformer.
Rafael Torres Campos (1853–1904) was one of the most important Spanish geographers at the end of the 19th century. His work in Spanish geography was particularly relevant because it introduced modern currents of European and American geography into Spain. His dedication to teaching led to the creation of a sophisticated group of geographical educators whose influence, although difficult to measure, has extended to the present. Because of his close links with people and institutions of a progressive character his work has been completely neglected: these pages are dedicated to a late but necessary recuperation of his reputation.
Krausism is a doctrine named after the German philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (1781–1832) that advocates doctrinal tolerance and academic freedom from dogma.
La Institución Libre de Enseñanza, was an educational project developed in Spain for over half a century (1876–1936). The institute was inspired by the philosophy of Krausism, first introduced to the Complutense University of Madrid by Julián Sanz del Río, and which, despite being subsequently ejected from that university, was to have a significant impact on intellectual life in Restoration Spain.
Manuel Polo y Peyrolón (1846–1918) was a Spanish writer, theorist, academic, and politician. He is best known as the author of five novels falling in between romanticism and realism; classified as part of costumbrismo, they are currently considered second-rate literature. As a philosopher he stuck to neo-Thomism and focused mostly on confronting Krausism. In education he represented Catholic regenerationism, fiercely pitted against the Liberal current. In politics he was active within Carlism; his career reached its peak during his 1896-1898 term in the Congress of Deputies and his 1907-1915 terms in the Senate.
Antonio Macías del Real (1866–1939) was a Spanish writer and pharmacist that moved to Guatemala where he wrote for most prestigious cultural publications. Among his articles are those that we wrote for La Ilustración Guatemalteca during the last year of general José María Reina Barrios presidency. When the president was assassinated on 8 February 1898, Macías del Real wrote Perfiles biográficos de don Manuel Estrada Cabrera (Biographical profiles of Mr. Manuel Estrada Cabrera, who had been appointed as interim President; Macias del Real kept writing on behalf of the new president since then. In 1902 his adulation paid off, as Estrada Cabrera granted him the Pacific Railroad concession. According to Guatemalan historian Rafael Arévalo Martínez in his book ¡Ecce Pericles!, Macías del Real -a pharmacist graduated from Universidad Central de Madrid and later incorporated in Guatemala- was the one that gave Estrada Cabrera a potent venom that the latter used to get rid of his opponents.
Laureano Figuerola y Ballester was a Spanish lawyer, economist and politician who served as the Ministro de Hacienda y Administraciones Públicas during the Sexenio Democrático. He is best known for officially establishing the peseta as Spain's currency.
José Luis Villacañas Berlanga is a Spanish political philosopher and historian of political ideas.
Gloria Giner de los Ríos García was a Spanish teacher at the Escuela Normal Superior de Maestras and the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. The author of innovative manuals dedicated to the teaching of history and geography, she, together with Leonor Serrano Pablo, developed the educational "recipe" that they called "enthusiastic observation". They also worked to change the androcentric canon of geographical studies to include women.
Javier Moreno Luzón is a Spanish historian, professor of the History of Thought and Social and Political Movements at the Complutense University of Madrid. He is an expert in the political history of Restoration Spain.
Rafael María de Labra y Cadrana was a Spanish krausist educator, activist, lawyer, lecturer, Republican politician and author. He served two times as Rector of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. A noted abolitionist, he was a key figure in the campaign for the abolition of slavery in Puerto Rico and Cuba.
The neocatólicos was a counter-revolutionary political tradition, faction or movement in late 19th-century Spain, emerged during the reign of Isabella II, akin to "Isabelline traditionalism" and "authoritarian conservatism", fusing anti-liberalism with the defence of the queen's dynastic legitimacy.
Luis de Zulueta y Escolano (1878–1964) was a Spanish Republican politician, pedagogue and diplomat. He was linked to the Institución Libre de Enseñanza. He served as Minister of State from 1931 to 1933, during the Second Republic.
The iron surgeon was a term coined by Spanish author and regenerationist politician Joaquín Costa after the Crisis of '98. It referred to a hypothetical figure that would cure Spain's political maladies.
