A few weeks before the attempted coup, on July 11, a group of Falangists stormed the station of Unión Radio Valencia, announcing through their microphones an imminent "national syndicalist revolution".[1] The person designated by Emilio Mola to lead the uprising in Valencia was Manuel González Carrasco, who arrived there from Madrid a day before the date indicated for the uprising. But when the moment came, González Carrasco, who had to change his address to avoid being detained by the police, had doubts and backed down. He proclaimed his loyalty to the government and pledged not to form the contingent of fighters he had promised to the military.[2]
In the early hours of the morning, an important labor mobilization was taking place in the city (the CNT and UGT had called for a General Strike as of July 19)[1] accompanied by the deployment of the Assault Guard, and the officers loyal to the republican government. The officers of the Spanish Military Union were confronted by the pro-republican officers of the UMRA, in a decisive action. Martínez Monje ordered the execution of the nationalist troops while awaiting news from Madrid or Barcelona.[3] The news of the military's surrender in Barcelona at the end of the day was decisive for the nationalist impulse to be deactivated. The next day, Monday, July 20, the UGT and CNT mobilized and created the Confederal militias of the Levante to control the nerve centers of the city and the surroundings of the barracks in anticipation of a possible escalation; the Strike Committees were unified under the leadership of Francisco Gómez (CNT) and Guillén (UGT) in the Unified Revolutionary Committee (or Unified Strike Committee). To counter the nascent alternative workers power of the Unified Revolutionary Committee on the street, the government of José Giral sent Diego Martínez Barrio to Valencia at the head of a Delegate Board of the Levantine Government, whose main mission was to reestablish the authority of the republican government in the region.
Establishment
Two days later, on Wednesday July 22, 1936, the Unified Revolutionary Committee formed the self-proclaimed Popular Executive Committee (Spanish: Comité Ejecutivo Popular, CEP),[1] made up of the two main trade unions the UGT and CNT, as well as the Popular Front parties,[4] which seized power without formally dismissing the republican authorities.[2] The socialists and anarchists, for their part, maintained the Unified Revolutionary Committee in parallel to deal with the supply shortages that were beginning to be suffered in Valencia. At the same time, they ceded the leadership of the military struggle to the CEP, which commissioned the training of militias.[5] Meanwhile, the military officers Gonzalez Carrasco and Barba Hernández fled Valencia in secret.[6] On the other hand, when on Thursday, July 23, the Delegate Board announced the dissolution of the CEP (constituted the previous day). The CEP refused[7] and, in the face of the attempted uprising of the Paternal headquarters, close to the city, they launched the Levantine militias against the barracks, which were forcibly taken between the end of July and the beginning of August. On August 5, the Delegate Board, in the face of the failure of its management, officially recognized the Popular Executive Committee, which went on to direct all rearguard policy in Valencia, and left the city.[3] Around the same time, some militias left Valencia to participate in the Battle of Mallorca.[8]
During the first months of activity of this administration, 13% of cultivated land was seized and collectivized, forming 353 collectives, 264 directed by the CNT, 69 by the UGT, and 20 mixed CNT-UGT. Some of the CEP representatives at the time were Francisco Bosch Morata, delegate for Health and Social Assistance, José Antonio Uribes, head of the CEP Militia Delegation, Manuel Pérez Feliu, and José Benedito Lleó, the delegate for War.[11]
On September 16, the Popular Anti-fascist Guard (Spanish: Guardia Popular Antifascista GPA) was created to take charge of public order. It would come to replace the Assault Guard in the city. It was made up of sections, each made up of 14 people from anti-fascist parties and unions. Every 4 sections was commanded by a military man. The GPA as a whole was commanded by the secretary of Public Order of the CEP, the socialist Gonzalo Navacerrada.[11]
In September the revolutionaries of the Iron Column assaulted the courts to destroy the judicial records, the City Council destroyed the property records and assaulted the Monastery of San Miguel de los Reyes where they released the prisoners that were held there. Also in search of weapons, the GPA guards, who had rifles and machine guns, were being disarmed and becoming police officers.
At the end of October 1936, the CEP presidency passed into the hands of Ricardo Zabaltza Elorga, who was also appointed Civil Governor of Valencia by Largo Caballero.
Unified Levantine Council for Agricultural Export (CLUEA)
One of the CEP's main developments was the Unified Levantine Council for Agricultural Export (Spanish: Consejo Levantino Unificado de Exportación Agrícola, CLUEA), created on October 7, 1936, by representatives of the Valencian CNT and UGT. It was an organization dedicated to managing orange exports to other European countries.[12]Posterists like Arturo Ballester and the monthly magazine La voz del CLUEA were available to spread the organization's activities.[13]
Oranges were one of the main Valencian export products. In the context of the civil war, the orange market was a very important income from foreign exchange, for those who managed to control it. For this reason, the central government was not in favor of collectivization, since it meant leaving a large number of currencies in the hands of the unions, but rather favored following the usual path of an export controlled by individual companies, coordinated only by international markets. Thus, the Republican parties, the Government, and the Communist Party defended the maintenance of freedom of export under certain government control. In contrast, the UGT and CNT were in favor of collectivizing all exports, in order to avoid the flight of foreign currency.
CLUEA's management was always surrounded by controversy and confrontation, since although the UGT militants agreed with the collectivization, the leaders of the PSOE did not. Among the leaders opposed to collectivization was Largo Caballero himself. In that year, an overproduction crisis occurred in the European market. The European market was saturated with Palestinian oranges, Spanish production had extra competition. Overall, it appeared that the citrus campaign contributed between half and two thirds the amount of the previous foreign exchange campaign.[14] This foreign exchange would be about 200 million pesetas for about 700,000 tons of exported oranges.[15]
This decrease in income caused harsh attacks from its detractors, the government prevailed and decided to dissolve the CLUEA. It was replaced by the Citrus Export Commission, under the Ministry of Economy. The commission was created by decree of the Government of Juan Negrín on September 6, 1937. Its objective was to control orange exports in order to obtain foreign currency with which to sustain the war effort. With the end of the war, the company was liquidated by the republican government in exile.
The October Events
On October 29, 1936, the GPA killed the anarchist Tiburcio Ariza in a raid, after he had refused to be handcuffed. At the funeral organized by the anarchist Torres-Benedito, Iron and CNT 13 columns, they passed near the heavily armed Civilian Government, awaiting a possible attack. When they reached the Plaza de Tetuán, the local headquarters of the Communist Party of Spain, they saw that the communists had organized an armed battalion in the plaza. A young communist protesting against the anarchists' demonstration approached the head of the procession and fired into the crowd. This shot was quickly followed by many others, including machine gun fire, creating chaos in the plaza. The combat lasted half an hour and caused numerous injuries (56 injuries were registered, of which 49 were from the CNT). There were a total of about 30 dead. The CEP issued a proclamation on November 1 calling for the cessation of the brawls.
The immediate reaction was to bring the anarchist forces of Teruel down on Valencia. The communists had that battalion, the GPA, and about 300 young men in military practice. But the CNT committee avoided this situation by rebuking those responsible for the anarchist columns. The last thing the CNT leaders wanted at the time were problems with the PCE, just as the details were being finalized to join the Largo Caballero government.
Program
On November 2, 1936, shortly before the republican government's move from Madrid to Valencia, Zabaltza approved a series of resolutions that meant a change in the CEP's program of actions, formally subordinating itself to the central government of Largo Caballero, and suggesting the autonomist route as a future solution. Among the numerous resolutions was the formation of an Economic Council within the CEP. Point 14 of the resolutions of November 2 said:
The political and trade union organizations that make up the Popular Executive Committee declare that, along with the other regions of Spain, they consider that the Valencian region should be granted the right to self-determination, founding its own bodies to govern freely, as well as in concert with the other Iberian regions. Yes, the Republic will be federal, or it will be nothing. All centralism is a fascist concept, and therefore we must oppose the product of that mentality with our feeling of freedom, which is not "disintegrating", but will produce a true union, based on brotherhood and mutual respect.[16]
On November 6, the republican government of Largo Caballero moved to Valencia, as tensions between the two administrations are intensifying. In any case, the context was favorable for the approval of a Statute of Autonomy; the CNT presented their "Basis for the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Country" in December 1936,[17] while the Valencian Left presented a "Preliminary Draft of the Statute of Autonomy of the Valencian Region" in February 1937[18] and the Republican Union proposed their own "Draft Statute of Autonomy for the Valencian Country", in March 1937.[19]
In December 1936, the Levantine militias tried to take Teruel, without success. Finally, the CEP voluntarily dissolved itself on January 8, 1937, being relieved by the Valencia Provincial Council. In the words of Franz Borkenau, a contemporary observer of events:
The arrival of the Government has caused reforms; There has been a strengthening of centralism [...] The days in which the Popular Executive Committee ruled the city with total independence from the central Government have passed.[20] The Executive Committee has been officially dissolved, but it continues to exist and collaborate with the Government without there being more disagreements among them than usual. The November crisis was also crucial for Valencia. It brought the government and provoked an armed confrontation between communists and anarchists that ended in the defeat of the latter. But political views lean to the left quite a bit, compared not only with present-day Barcelona, but even with Valencia in August. At the time, the city had been governed by what amounted to almost a Soviet system, although under the guise of the revolutionary regime it had remained wholly petty-bourgeois and anti-revolutionary. Now with the headquarters of the entire socialist and communist organization within its walls, it is tinged with a much more sincere socialism. Expropriations have continued. Most hotels, restaurants, and movie theaters are now either worker-controlled or directly managed by them. The orange industry is controlled by the two unions. There are still workers armed in civilian clothes who watch the streets and make night guards.[21]
Subsequently, in Villena, the Socialized Economy Regulatory Council (CRES) was jointly founded by CEP remnants from the UGT and the CNT, in response to the economic and social conditions in place during the Spanish Civil War. It was created on April 22, 1937, in order to socialize the city's economy, after a massive expropriation of industry and agriculture. Its main objectives were to increase production, collaborate in the acquisition of raw materials, distribute and sell manufactured products, and provide financial assistance to workers and families. Its founding act entered the Ministry of Economy and Labor of Alicante on April 27.[22]
Casa del Pueblo de Villena, meeting place for the CNT and UGT.
The council was formed by all the capital and possessions of the thirteen socialized industrial branches in Villena: Retail, Footwear, Oil, Salt, Wines and Alcohols, Flour, Agriculture, Plaster, Metallurgy, Textiles, Clothing, Furniture and Building Materials. The workshops were mainly in Villena, although there were also some in Yecla, Caudete, Sax and Biar, among others. It was structured by a president, a secretary and a treasurer together with the thirteen directors from each of the thirteen sections. These directors were in turn the chairmen of the Board of Directors of each of the industries, making it easy to check the total daily balance of cash and dedicate it to the industry that needed it the most, or what greatest benefits it could obtain for the good of the general community.
As the year 1937 progressed, the task of obtaining raw materials and selling manufactured products became more difficult. However, the CRES made it possible to reactivate some productive sectors, open new markets, increase production and create numerous jobs, contrary to what happened in other localities where industries were still in private hands. The joint production of the companies that made up the CRES, before 1936, gave a monthly average of 535,000 pesetas, while at the end of 1937 the monthly production was 1,897,000 pesetas on average, with 194.7% more employees than the previous period. The only sectors that did not grow were flour, plaster, construction materials and retail. Due to the increase in the prices of basic necessities and the freezing of wages, the creation of a consumer cooperative was proposed, which was established on August 26, 1937, although it did not open its doors on May 3, 1938. It distributed basic necessities at cost price to the workers of the CRES companies.[23]
In mid-1938 the Textile industry had to close due to a lack of cotton, so some employees were relocated to other industries and the others continued to earn 4 days a week, leading to an administrative crisis, since the other industiras were less and less willing to cover the deficit of this one. In the different discussions that took place on various topics, there were constant disputes between the UGT and CNT, which finally resulted in an agreement to divide the workers of the CRES into two groups according to their union.
The war forced more and more managers to join the ranks of the employees, making the state of the Council critical. From January 1939, it was waiting for better economic circumstances that didn't come, since at the end of the war, the Francoist administration was in charge of dissolving the CRES and integrating it into the Vertical Union.
The Spanish Revolution was a workers' social revolution that began at the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War in 1936 and for two to three years resulted in the widespread implementation of anarchist and, more broadly, libertarian socialist organizational principles throughout various portions of the country, primarily Catalonia, Aragon, Andalusia, and parts of the Valencian Community. Much of the economy of Spain was put under worker control; in anarchist strongholds like Catalonia, the figure was as high as 75%. Factories were run through worker committees, and agrarian areas became collectivized and run as libertarian socialist communes. Many small businesses, such as hotels, barber shops, and restaurants, were also collectivized and managed by their workers.
Francisco Largo Caballero was a Spanish politician and trade unionist, who served as the Prime Minister of the Second Spanish Republic during the Spanish Civil War. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE) and of the Workers' General Union (UGT). Although he entered into politics as a moderate leftist, after the 1933 general election in which the conservative CEDA party won the majority, he took a more radical turn and began to advocate for a socialist revolution.
The Popular Front was an electoral alliance and pact formed in January 1936 to contest that year's general election by various left-wing political organizations during the Second Spanish Republic. The alliance was led by Manuel Azaña. In Catalonia and the modern-day Valencian Community, the coalition was known as the Front of the Lefts.
The May Days, sometimes also called May Events, refer to a series of clashes between 3 and 8 May 1937 during which factions on the Republican side of the Spanish Civil War engaged one another in street battles in various parts of Catalonia, centered on the city of Barcelona.
The Syndicalist Party was a left-wing political party in Spain, formed by Ángel Pestaña in 1932. Pestaña, a leading member of the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) trade union, formed the party in response to the growing influence of the Iberian Anarchist Federation over the CNT. He and other notable members of the CNT had previously signed a Manifest dels Trenta, which had got them expelled.
The Iron Column was a Valencian anarchist militia column formed during the Spanish Civil War to fight against the military forces of the Nationalist Faction that had rebelled against the Second Spanish Republic.
Revolutionary Catalonia was the period in which the autonomous region of Catalonia in northeast Spain was controlled or largely influenced by various anarchist, communist, and socialist trade unions, parties, and militias of the Spanish Civil War era. Although the constitutional Catalan institution of self-government, the Generalitat of Catalonia, remained in power and even took control of most of the competences of the Spanish central government in its territory, the trade unions were de facto in command of most of the economy and military forces, which includes the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo which was the dominant labor union at the time and the closely associated Federación Anarquista Ibérica. The Unión General de Trabajadores, the POUM and the Unified Socialist Party of Catalonia were also prominent.
The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo is a Spanish confederation of anarcho-syndicalist labor unions, which was long affiliated with the International Workers' Association (AIT). When working with the latter group it was also known as CNT-AIT. Historically, the CNT has also been affiliated with the Federación Anarquista Ibérica ; thus, it has also been referred to as the CNT-FAI. Throughout its history, it has played a major role in the Spanish labor movement.
The Valencian Community is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the fourth most populous Spanish autonomous community after Andalusia, Catalonia and the Community of Madrid with more than five million inhabitants. Its homonymous capital Valencia is the third largest city and metropolitan area in Spain. It is located along the Mediterranean coast on the east side of the Iberian Peninsula. It borders Catalonia to the north, Aragon and Castilla–La Mancha to the west, and Murcia to the south, and the Balearic Islands are to its east. The Valencian Community is divided into three provinces: Castellón, Valencia and Alicante.
The Regional Defence Council of Aragon, was an administrative entity created by the Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) in the context of the Spanish Revolution, during the Spanish Civil War. Until its dissolution, the CRDA controlled and administered the eastern half of Aragon. The price of goods was centrally controlled to mitigate inflation.
The Madrid Defense Council was an ad-hoc governing body that ran Madrid, Spain, for about six months during the Spanish Civil War (1936–39). It was formed in November 1936 after the Spanish Republican government had fled to Valencia when General Francisco Franco's forces advanced on Madrid. It was expected that the city would fall within a few days, but the arrival of the International Brigades halted the rebel advance, and the situation settled into a stalemate. The council was dominated by communists, who had superior organization and propaganda to the other groups. Their policy was to organize the militias into regular troops and focus on defeating the enemy, rather than to undertake revolutionary activity. As time passed there was growing tension between the communists and more radical groups. The council was dissolved in April 1937 and replaced by a new city council.
Vicente Uribe Galdeano was a Spanish metalworker and politician who became a member of the executive of the Communist Party of Spain (PCE). He served as Minister of Agriculture during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) for the Republican faction. He went into exile in Mexico during World War II (1939–1945), then lived in France and Czechoslovakia after the war. He was disgraced in 1956 during the post-Stalinist power struggle.
José Cazorla Maure was a Spanish communist leader during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939). He was one of the leaders of the Unified Socialist Youth. For several months in 1936–1937, he was a member of the Madrid Defense Council in charge of public order. He was ruthless in weeding out sabotage or subversion, and earned the hostility of the anarchists and Trotskyites. Later, he was made governor of the province of Albacete and then of the province of Guadalajara. He remained in Spain after the war, and was arrested and executed by firing squad.
Carlos Esplá Rizo was Spanish Left Republican politician and journalist. For several months during the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he was the first Spanish Minister of Propaganda.
Anastasio de Gracia Villarrubia was a Spanish bricklayer, trade union leader and socialist politician. He became a national delegate during the Second Spanish Republic (1931–1939). During the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939) he was a minister in the government of Francisco Largo Caballero from September 1936 to May 1937. After the defeat of the Republicans he went into exile in Mexico, where he lived for more than forty years.
The confederal militias were a movement of people's militia during the Spanish Civil War organized by the Spanish anarchist movement: the National Confederation of Labor (CNT) and the Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI). The CNT militias replaced clandestine defense committees instituted earlier. As the war progressed, the militias were progressively dissolved and assimilated into the Spanish Republican Army, in spite of many militiamen refusing the militarization.
The Torres-Benedito Column was a militia column that operated at the beginning of the Spanish Civil War.
The Central Committee of Antifascist Militias of Catalonia was an administrative body created on 21 July 1936 by the president of the Government of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, under pressure by the anarcho-syndicalists of the National Confederation of Labor (CNT) and Iberian Anarchist Federation (FAI), which led the workers' struggle against the July 1936 military uprising in Barcelona.
Treintism was a political movement within libertarian socialism in the Second Spanish Republic. Initially a faction within the National Confederation of Labor (CNT), the Treintists were, after the publication of the Manifesto of the Thirty in September 1931, expelled from the CNT over the course of the years 1931 and 1932 and formed the Syndicalist Party in 1932. The Treintists and the labor unions associated with them, the Opposition Syndicates, rejoined the CNT in 1936. The movement fell into political irrelevance with the victory of the Nationalist forces of Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War.
The 1917 Spanish general strike, or revolutionary general strike of 1917, refers to the general strike that took place in Spain in August 1917. It was called by the General Union of Workers (UGT) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE), and in some places it was supported by the National Confederation of Labor (CNT). The general strike took place in the historical context of the Crisis of 1917, during the reign of Alfonso XIII and the government of Eduardo Dato.
1 2 Furió, Antoni (1995). History of the Valencian Country (in Catalan). Valencia: Edicions Alfons el Magnànim. pp.597–598. ISBN84-7822-159X.
1 2 Girona, Albert (1988). "Valencian politics and society during the Civil War". In Manuel Cerdá (ed.). History of the Valencian People. Valencia: Levante. pp.869–873. ISBN84-404-3763-3.
↑ Costa Vidal, Fernando (1997). Villena during the Civil War (1936-1939). Instituto de Cultura "Juan Gil-Albert", Excma. Diputación Provincial de Alicante y M.I. Ayuntamiento de Villena.
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