Berengaria (Castilian: Berenguela), nicknamed the Great (Castilian: la Grande) (1179 or 1180 – 8 November 1246), was Queen of Castile[1] for a brief time in 1217, and Queen of León from 1197 to 1204 as the second wife of King Alfonso IX. As the eldest child and heiress presumptive of Alfonso VIII of Castile, she was a sought after bride, and was engaged to Conrad, the son of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I. After Conrad's death, she married her cousin Alfonso IX of León to secure the peace between him and her father. She had five children with him before their marriage was voided by Pope Innocent III.
When her father died, Berengaria served as regent for her younger brother Henry I in Castile until she succeeded him on his untimely death. Within months, she turned Castile over to her son Ferdinand III, concerned that as a woman she would not be able to lead Castile's forces. However, she remained one of his closest advisors, guiding policy, negotiating, and ruling on his behalf for the rest of her life. She was responsible for the re-unification of Castile and León under her son's authority, and supported his efforts in the Reconquista. She was a patron of religious institutions and supported the writing of a history of the two countries.
Early life
Berengaria was born either in 1179[2][3] or 1180,[3][4] in Burgos.[3] She was the eldest daughter of King Alfonso VIII of Castile and his wife, Eleanor of England. She was the elder sister of Henry I of Castile[5] and was named in honor of Alfonso VIII's grandmother Berengaria of Barcelona.[6] Those who cared for the young infanta were generously rewarded.[7] Her nurse, Estefanía, received land from Alfonso and Eleanor on her retirement in May 1181.[7] Another nurse, Elvira, received a similar retirement gift in 1189 at Berengaria's request.[7]
As the eldest child of King Alfonso and Queen Eleanor, who preferred to give birth to a son and therefore later king,[8] Berengaria was the heiress presumptive to the throne of Castile for several years[9] because many of the children born later to the couple died shortly after birth or in early infancy. She became a greatly desired bride throughout Europe.[9]
Berengaria's first engagement was agreed in 1187 when her hand was sought by Conrad, the fifth child of Holy Roman Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa.[10] The next year, the marriage contract was signed in Seligenstadt, including a dowry of 42000 Maravedí.[10] Conrad then marched to Castile, where in Carrión the engagement was celebrated and Conrad was knighted[11] making him a servant of his new lord, Alfonso. Berengaria's claim to the throne was based in part on documentation in the treaty and marriage contract,[12][13] which specified that she would inherit the kingdom after her father or any childless brothers who may come along.[12] Conrad would only be allowed to co-rule as her spouse, and Castile would not become part of the Empire.[10] Furthermore, he was not allowed to claim the throne for himself in case of Alfonso's death but was obliged to defend and protect the kingdom until Berengaria arrived.[14] The treaty also documented traditional rights and obligations between the future sovereign and the nobility.[15]
The marriage was not consummated because Berengaria was less than 10 years old.[16] Conrad and Berengaria never saw each other again.[17] By 1191, Berengaria requested an annulment of the engagement from the pope, influenced, no doubt, by third parties such as her grandmother Duchess Eleanor of Aquitaine, who was not interested in having a Hohenstaufen as a neighbor to her French fiefdoms.[17] Those fears were neutralized when Conrad was assassinated in 1196.[17]
Queen consort of León
In order to help secure peace between Castile and León and by becoming a mediator between her father and her husband,[18] Berengaria married King Alfonso IX of León, her first cousin once removed, in Valladolid in 1197.[19] As part of the marriage, and in accordance with Spanish customs of the time, she received direct control over a number of castles and lands within León.[19] Most of these were along the border with Castile, and the nobles who ran them in her name were allowed to seek justice from either king in the event of being wronged by the other.[19] In turn, these knights were charged with maintaining the peace along the border in the queen's name.[20]
Starting in 1198, Pope Innocent III objected to the marriage on the grounds of consanguinity and even threatened to excommunicate Alfonso, though the couple stayed together until 1204.[21][22] They vehemently sought a dispensation in order to stay together, including offering large sums of money.[23] The pope denied their request, but they succeeded in establishing the legitimacy of their children.[24] The marriage was dissolved in 1204. Berengaria returned to her parents in Castile in May, where she dedicated herself to the care of her children.[24] The eldest of them, Eleanor (1198/99-1202), had died; Constance (1200–1242), Ferdinand (1201–1252), Alfonso (1203–1272), and Berengaria (1204–1237) survived infancy.[citation needed]
Between queenships
Though she had left her role as queen of León, she retained authority over and taxing rights in many of the lands she had received there, including Salamanca and Castroverde,[25] which she gave to her son Ferdinand in 1206.[26] Some of the nobles who had served her as queen followed her back to the court in Castille.[27] The peace which had prevailed since her marriage was lost, and there was war again between León and Castille, in part over her control of these lands.[28] In 1205, 1207, and 1209, treaties were made again between the two countries, each expanding her control.[29] In the treaties of 1207 and 1209, Berengaria and her son were given again significant properties along the border, including many key castles, including Villalpando.[30] The treaty in 1207 is the first existing public document in the Castilian dialect.[31]
In 1214, on the death of her father, Alfonso VIII, the Castilian crown passed to his only surviving son, Berengaria's 10-year-old brother, Henry I.[32] Their mother Eleanor assumed the regency, but died 24 days after her husband.[32] Berengaria, now heir presumptive again, replaced her as regent.[32] At this point internal strife began, instigated by the nobility, primarily the House of Lara.[33] They forced Berengaria to cede regency and guardianship of her brother to Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara.[33]
In 1216, an extraordinary parliamentary session was held in Valladolid, attended by such Castilian magnates as Lope Díaz II de Haro, Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, Álvaro Díaz de Cameros, Alfonso Téllez de Meneses and others, who agreed, with the support of Berengaria, to make common cause against Álvaro Núñez de Lara.[34] At the end of May the situation in Castile had grown perilous for Berengaria, so she decided to take refuge in the castle of Autillo de Campos, which was held by Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón (one of her allies) and sent her son Ferdinand to the court of his father.[34] On 15 August 1216, an assembly of all the magnates of Castile was held to attempt to reach an accord that would prevent civil war, but disagreements led the families of Girón, Téllez de Meneses, and Haro to break definitively with Álvaro de Lara.[34]
Queen of Castile
Seal of Berengaria
Circumstances changed suddenly when Henry died on 6 June 1217 after receiving a head wound from a tile which came loose while he was playing with other children at the palace of the bishop of Palencia.[35] His guardian, Count Álvaro Núñez de Lara, tried to hide the fact, taking the king's body to the castle of Tariego, although it was inevitable that the news would reach Berengaria.[36]
The new sovereign was well aware of the danger her former husband posed to her reign; being her brother's closest agnate, it was feared that he would claim the crown for himself.[35] Therefore, she kept her brother's death and her own accession secret from Alfonso.[35] She wrote to Alfonso asking that Ferdinand be sent to visit her, and then abdicated in their son's favour on 31 August.[35] In part, she abdicated as she would be unable to be the military leader Castile needed its king to be in that time.[37]
Royal advisor
Although she did not reign for long, Berengaria continued to be her son's closest advisor, intervening in state policy, albeit in an indirect manner.[38] Well into her son's reign, contemporary authors wrote that she still wielded authority over him.[38] One example was how she arranged the marriage of her son with princess Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen (known as Beatriz in Castile), daughter of Duke Philip of Swabia and granddaughter of two emperors: Frederick Barbarossa and Isaac II Angelos of Byzantium.[39] The wedding took place on 30 November 1219 at Burgos.[39] Another instance in which Berengaria's mediation stood out developed in 1218 when the scheming Lara family, still headed by former regent Álvaro Núñez de Lara, conspired to have Alfonso IX, King of León and King Ferdinand's father, invade Castile to seize his son's throne.[39] However, the capture of Count Lara facilitated the intervention of Berengaria, who got father and son to sign the Pact of Toro on 26 August 1218, putting an end to confrontations between Castile and León.[39]
In 1222, Berengaria intervened anew in favor of her son, achieving the ratification of the Convention of Zafra, thereby making peace with the Laras by arranging the marriage of Mafalda, daughter and heiress of the Lord of Molina, Gonzalo Pérez de Lara, to her own son and King Ferdinand's brother, Alfonso.[40] In 1224 she arranged the marriage of her daughter Berengaria to John of Brienne, a maneuver which brought Ferdinand III closer to the throne of León, since John was the candidate Alfonso IX had in mind to marry his eldest daughter Sancha.[41] By proceeding more quickly, Berengaria prevented the daughters of her former husband from marrying a man who could claim the throne of León.[41]
Perhaps her most decisive intervention on Ferdinand's behalf took place in 1230, when Alfonso IX died and designated as heirs to the throne his daughters Sancha and Dulce from his first marriage to Theresa of Portugal, superseding the rights of Ferdinand III.[42] Berengaria met with the princesses' mother and succeeded in the ratification of the Treaty of Las Tercerías, by which they renounced the throne in favor of their half-brother in exchange for a substantial sum of money and other benefits.[42][43] Thus were the thrones of León and Castile re-united in the person of Ferdinand III,[42] which had been divided by Alfonso VII in 1157.[12] She intervened again by arranging the second marriage of Ferdinand after the death of Elisabeth of Hohenstaufen.[44] Although he already had plenty of children, Berengaria was concerned that the king's virtue not be diminished with illicit relations.[44] This time, she chose a French noblewoman, Joan of Dammartin, a candidate put forth by the king's aunt and Berengaria's sister Blanche, widow of King Louis VIII of France.[44] Berengaria served again as regent, ruling while her son Ferdinand was in the south on his long campaigns of the Reconquista.[45] She governed Castile and León with her characteristic skill, relieving him of the need to divide his attention during this time.[45]
Patronage and legacy
Berengaria's tomb in Las Huelgas
She met with her son a final time in Pozuelo de Calatrava in 1245, afterwards returning to Toledo.[46] She died on 8 November 1246[47] and was buried at Las Huelgas near Burgos.[48]
She is portrayed as a wise and virtuous woman by the chroniclers of the time.[50][51][52] She was also concerned with literature and history, charging Lucas de Tuy to compose a chronicle on the Kings of Castile and León to aid and instruct future rulers of the joint kingdom.[50] She herself was discussed in the works of Rodrigo Jiménez de Rada, whose work was sponsored by her son Ferdinand, and Juan of Osma,[51] who was chancellor of Castile under Ferdinand.[52]
Notes
↑ The full title was Regina Castelle et Toleti (Queen of Castille and Toledo).
Ferdinand II, was a member of the Castilian cadet branch of the House of Ivrea and King of León and Galicia from 1157 until his death.
Ferdinand III, called the Saint, was King of Castile from 1217 and King of León from 1230 as well as King of Galicia from 1231. He was the son of Alfonso IX of León and Berenguela of Castile. Through his second marriage he was also Count of Aumale. Ferdinand III was one of the most successful kings of Castile, securing not only the permanent union of the crowns of Castile and León, but also masterminding the most expansive southward territorial expansion campaign yet in the Guadalquivir Valley, in which Islamic rule was in disarray in the wake of the decline of the Almohad presence in the Iberian Peninsula. He was made a saint in 1671.
Alfonso IX was King of León and Galicia from the death of his father Ferdinand II in 1188 until his own death.
Alfonso VIII, called the Noble or the one of Las Navas, was King of Castile from 1158 to his death and King of Toledo. After having suffered a great defeat with his own army at Alarcos against the Almohads in 1195, he led the coalition of Christian princes and foreign crusaders who broke the power of the Almohads in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa in 1212, an event which marked the arrival of a tide of Christian supremacy on the Iberian peninsula.
Eleanor of England, was Queen of Castile and Toledo as wife of Alfonso VIII of Castile. She was the sixth child and second daughter of Henry II, King of England, and Eleanor of Aquitaine. She served as Regent of Castile during the minority of her son Henry I for 26 days between the death of her spouse and her own death in 1214.
Conrad II, was Duke of Rothenburg (1188–1191) and Swabia from 1191 until his death. He was the fifth son of Frederick I Barbarossa and Beatrice I, Countess of Burgundy.
Alfonso of León, Lord of Molina was an infante (prince) of León and Castile, the son of King Alfonso IX of León and his second wife Queen Berengaria of Castile. He was the brother of King Ferdinand III of Castile and León, and father of Queen Maria of Molina, wife of King Sancho IV. He became Lord of Molina and Mesa after his first marriage to Mafalda González de Lara, the heiress of those lands.
Urraca of Castile was a daughter of Alfonso VIII of Castile and Eleanor of England. Her maternal grandparents were Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine.
María Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, known as María de Molina, was queen consort of Castile and León from 1284 to 1295 by marriage to Sancho IV of Castile, and served as regent for her minor son Ferdinand IV and later her grandson Alfonso XI of Castile (1312-1321).
Berengaria of León was the third wife but only empress consort of John of Brienne, Latin Emperor of Constantinople. She was a daughter of Alfonso IX of León and Berengaria of Castile. She was a younger sister of Ferdinand III of Castile and Alfonso of Molina.
Eleanor of Castile (1200—1244) was Queen of Aragon by her marriage to King James I of Aragon.
Sancha of León was briefly suo jure Queen of León, reigning alongside her younger sister, Dulce. The eldest child and daughter of Alfonso IX of León by his first wife, Teresa of Portugal, Sancha was made co-heiress following the death of one of her younger brothers and the accession to the throne of Castile of the other. Sancha and her sister did not get to reign, as their stepmother succeeded in setting up her own son on the throne.
Lope Díaz II de Haro "Cabeza Brava" was a Spanish noble of the House of Haro, the sixth Lord of Biscay, and founder of the municipality of Plentzia. He was the eldest son of Diego López II de Haro and his wife, María Manrique. Lope was also a member of the Order of Santiago.
Alfonso Téllez de Meneses, known as el Viejo, was a nobleman of Castile and a participant in the key Reconquista battle of Las Navas de Tolosa. He was the second Lord of Meneses, Lord of Cea, Grajal, Montalbán, and, through his second wife, first Lord of Alburquerque.
Gonzalo Rodríguez Girón, also known as Gonzalo Ruiz Girón, firstborn son of Rodrigo Gutiérrez Girón and María de Guzmán, was one of Castile's wealthiest and most powerful nobles. He was based in Tierra de Campos, and was among the most loyal supporters of King Alfonso VIII of Castile, Berengaria of Castile, and later of King Ferdinand III.
Álvaro Núñez de Lara was a Castilian nobleman who played a key role, along with other members of the House of Lara, in the political and military affairs of the Kingdoms of León and Castile around the turn of the 13th century. He was made a count in 1214, served as alférez to King Alfonso VIII of Castile, was the regent during the minority of King Henry I of Castile, and was mayordomo (steward) to King Alfonso IX of León. He opposed Queen Berengaria of Castile and her son King Ferdinand III and supported the King of León during the war between the two countries of 1217–1218. At the end of his life he was a knight of the Order of Santiago, in whose Monastery of Uclés he was buried.
Ferdinand was the eldest son and heir apparent of Alfonso IX of León by his first wife, Theresa, daughter of Sancho I of Portugal. He predeceased his father, unmarried and without issue at the age of about 22. According to the historian Lucas of Tuy, who called Ferdinand "an extremely handsome youth", the "king of León grieved profoundly for his death" and had him buried in the cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, where his grandfather and namesake, Ferdinand II, was buried. The new heir apparent then became another Ferdinand, Alfonso's first son by his second wife, Berengaria of Castile.
Ferdinand was an infante, the second son and heir apparent of Alfonso VIII of Castile by his wife, Eleanor of England. He died unmarried at the age of 22, a little less than three years before his father.
The Treaty of Benavente, signed on 11 December 1230, was the agreement by which Sancha and Dulce, the heiresses of the Kingdom of León, renounced their throne to their brother, King Ferdinand III of Castile, thus uniting the kingdoms of León and Castile into the Crown of Castile.
Gonzalo Núñez II de Lara, son of Count Nuño Pérez de Lara and Teresa Fernández de Traba, was a high ranking noble (ricohombre) and prominent member of the powerful House of Lara, one of the principals of the kingdoms of León and of Castile. Unlike his older brothers, Fernando and Álvaro, with whom he was in the Battle of Las Navas de Tolosa, most of his life was spent in the kingdom of León.
González, Julio (1960). El reino de Castilla en la época de Alfonso VIII. Vol.3 vol. Madrid: CSIC.
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Martínez Diez, Gonzalo (2007). Alfonso VIII, rey de Castilla y Toledo (1158–1214). Gijón: Ediciones Trea. ISBN978-84-9704-327-4.
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Reilly, Bernard F. (1993). The Medieval Spains. Cambridge University Press.
Shadis, Miriam (1999), "Berenguela of Castile's Political Motherhood", in Parsons, John Carmi; Wheeler, Bonnie (eds.), Medieval Mothering, New York: Taylor & Francis, ISBN978-0-8153-3665-5
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Shadis, Miriam (2010). Berenguela of Castile (1180–1246) and Political Women in the High Middle Ages. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN978-0-312-23473-7. Explores Berenguela's use of authority as both queen and regent, at varied times, for the Spanish thrones of Castile and León.
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