"},"casualties2":{"wt":"1,300 to 2,000 dead.[https://books.google.com/books?id=YWzD7LdfskEC&dq=asedio+de+hulst+1596&pg=PA93 ''Carlos Coloma:1566-1637,espada y pluma de los tercios''.] Guill Ortega p.93
800 to 3,000 wounded{{cite book|last1=Charles Maurice Davies|title=The History of Holland and the Dutch nation:from the beginning of the tenth century to the end of the eighteenth|date=1851|publisher=G. Willis|pages=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190817/page/n369 348]–49|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924071190817|author1-link=Charles Maurice Davies}}"},"campaignbox":{"wt":"{{Campaignbox Eighty Years' War}}\n{{Campaignbox Anglo-Spanish War}}"}},"i":0}}]}" id="mwAg">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}
Siege of Hulst (1596) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Part of the Eighty Years' War & the Anglo–Spanish War | |||||||
Engraving of the siege of Hulst of 1596 by Frans Hogenberg – collection Rijksmuseum Amsterdam | |||||||
| |||||||
Belligerents | |||||||
United Provinces England | Spanish Empire | ||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||
Count of Solms Maurice of Nassau William Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg | Archduke Albert Manuel de Vega Luis de Velasco | ||||||
Strength | |||||||
Hulst: 3,700 [4] [5] Relief forces: 7,000 [6] | 12,000 to 15,000 [7] | ||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||
500 killed or wounded [8] 3,000 surrendered [8] | 1,300 to 2,000 dead [2] [9] 800 to 3,000 wounded [2] [5] [10] | ||||||
The siege of Hulst of 1596 took place between mid-July and August 18, 1596, at the city of Hulst, Province of Zeeland, Low Countries (present-day the Netherlands), during the Eighty Years' War, the Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604). [1] [2] [6] [11] The siege was won by the Spanish forces of the Archduke of Austria. After a short siege, during which Maurice of Orange launched a failed attempt to relieve the city, the garrison of Dutch and English troops fell into Spanish hands on August 18, 1596. [10] [12]
From 1590 to 1594 the Dutch under the leadership of Maurice of Orange achieved great military successes and expanded their territory, capturing numerous strategic towns and cities, including Hulst. [13] In 1595 Maurice commenced a campaign with the objective to expel the Spanish troops from all cities north of the Rhine in the east of the Netherlands. However, at the siege of Groenlo Cristóbal de Mondragón arrived with a relief force, forcing Maurice to break up the siege. [14] The following year began badly for the Dutch and English as the important port Calais fell to Spain after the French garrison surrendered. [15] The Spanish under Albert of Austria returned to Flanders and conducted a counter offensive and was solicited by the burghers of Bruges to lay siege to Ostend with an offer of 1,200,000 guilders towards the expenses. [8] This however was not to be as Maurice had heavily reinforced the garrison with fresh troops and supplies. [7]
Albert's force marched from Antwerp past the Scheldt and into Brabant with nearly 15,000 infantry and cavalry under their new commander, Sieur de Rosne, a French refugee who had replaced Francisco Verdugo and Mondragón, both of whom had died. [3] Albert was indecisive about whether to besiege Bergen op Zoom or Breda. [7] Nevertheless, Albert had in fact worked up a ruse and to the Dutch there was confusion about where he would strike. [16] Maurice's small depleted army of 5,000 went to Brabant – the vast majority of the veteran English and Scottish regiments, 4,000 in all under Sir Francis Vere were at Cadiz which they were sacking. [17] [18] The Dutch public however funded enough money for some 2,000 soldiers. With Maurice's army thinly stretched Albert realised he could strike at Hulst without hindrance. [6]
Albert marched towards Hulst, avoiding any contact with Maurice's army and soon invested it. [19] Hulst, a small but strong town commanding the Waasland of Flanders, had been captured in 1591 by an Anglo-Dutch force under Maurice. [20] The garrison had built several sconces, and defences were made more complete by a system of sluices through which the country around could be laid under water. [7] The moat had been deepened but the walls were only partially repaired. [10]
Albert's successful ruse however had much of Holland in panic but Maurice's army soon learned of Albert's intention to take Hulst and marched towards the town. The Dutch were hoping for a long siege and had enough supplies for seven months and under the veteran Georg Eberhard the Count von Solms were to hold it at all costs. [7]
In spite of the resistance offered by the besieged who made several highly successful sallies – the archduke succeeded in gaining possession of the principal dyke and a strong fort called the Moer which enabled him to dig closer to the walls. [12] The losses in the archdukes camp however were high and after only six weeks his casualties had topped nearly 600 with thousands more sick or dead to disease. [8] In addition, de Rosne the Spanish army commander was killed during a sally by the garrison. [3] The fire from the Spanish artillery was furious; after sending nearly 1,500 cannonballs they were able to make a large breach. [21] The garrison expected an assault but instead Albert summoned the garrison commanded by the Count of Solms to surrender or expect an immediate assault. [7] This was refused but the besiegers, instead of commencing the assault, began to work a mine under the wall. [16] This soon unlocked the will of the minds of the garrison as well as the inhabitants and with nearly 700 losses mostly to disease, this fear of an impending assault to ensure their destruction resulted in a panic. [7] [10]
Maurice along with William Louis had approached Hulst, but Count Von Solms under pressure from the citizens had already asked to surrender the city. [12] Maurice did, however, at first attempt to relieve the city, but failed owing to the strong defences, and soon withdrew. [6] Even the Spanish were surprised that the city wanted to surrender, and on August 18, 1596 Albert readily granted the most favourable terms to the 3,000 strong garrison. [19]
For the archduke the victory was costly: sixty officers and 5000 men had perished, mostly from disease. [10] [22] Hulst had been badly battered and had nearly 3,500 cannonballs hurled in and at the city. [21]
The Zealanders were so dissatisfied with the conduct of the Count of Solms that they dismissed him from the command of their troops. [17] The success made sure that Albert had gained the respect of King Philip II and as a result had broken a chain of defeats that they had sustained earlier in the decade, both in France and the Netherlands. [10] [19] The city would remain in Spanish hands until 4 November 1645 when the place was captured by Prince of Orange. [23]
With this defeat the Republic then feared a Spanish siege of the cities of Axel and Biervliet. However, after his severe losses, Albert did not have enough troops to continue his march and withdrew to Flanders; the Republic heard the news via the interception of a letter to Philip. [16] The Dutch were relieved, and thus Maurice now had the advantage of the return of English troops back from their success at Cadiz. [18] He was able to launch a successful offensive the following year, the first of which was the defeat of the Spanish Tercios at the Battle of Turnhout. [17] [6]
The Battle of Nieuwpoort, was fought on 2 July 1600 during the Eighty Years War and the Anglo-Spanish war in the dunes near Nieuwpoort. The Anglo-Dutch companies met the Spanish veterans head on which, although their left flank nearly broke, were able to assail them with both infantry and cavalry. The Spanish gradually scattered in all directions and left their guns on the field.
The Battle of Turnhout, also known as the Battle of Tielenheide, was fought on 24 January 1597 by allied forces of the Dutch Republic and the Kingdom of England against those of the Spanish Empire. The battle took place near Turnhout in the Southern Netherlands, and was part of the Eighty Years' War and the concurrent Anglo-Spanish War (1585–1604).
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The siege of Knodsenburg, Relief of Knodzenburg or also known as Battle of the Betuwe was a military action that took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War at a sconce known as Knodsenburg in the district of Nijmegen. A siege by a Spanish army under the command of the Duke of Parma took place from 15th to the 25th July 1591. The fort was defended by the Dutch Republic's commander Gerrit de Jong and his company which was then subsequently relieved through the intervention of a Dutch and English army led by Maurice of Orange and Francis Vere respectively on July 25. As a result, the Spanish army was defeated and Parma managed to retreat by getting his army across the River Waal.
The siege of Hulst was a siege of the city of Hulst that took place between 20 and 24 September 1591 by a Dutch and English army under the leadership of Maurice of Orange during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War. The siege was part of Maurice's famous campaign of 1591.
The siege of Nijmegen was a military engagement during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War which took place from 17 to 21 October 1591. The Spanish garrison in Nijmegen was besieged by a Dutch and English force under Maurice of Nassau and Francis Vere respectively and surrendered soon.
The siege of Zaltbommel was a campaign that took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War from 15 May to 22 July 1599. The Spanish led by Francisco López de Mendoza y Mendoza launched an offensive campaign around Bommelerwaard, which was defended by an Anglo-Dutch force under the command of Maurice of Orange. A siege on the town of Zaltbommel by Spanish troops was attempted but they had to lift the siege and were defeated in subsequent attempts to regain the initiative. Mendoza retreated and the Spanish army then found itself in chaos: mutinies took effect and as a result further operations were suspended for a number of years. As a result, the Dutch and English followed with a counter-offensive in the Spanish Netherlands.
The siege of San Andreas also known as the siege of Sint-Andries was a military event that took place during the Eighty Years' War and the Anglo–Spanish War from 28 January to 6 March 1600. The Spanish garrison of San Andreas was besieged by an Anglo-Dutch force led by Maurice of Nassau. A Spanish relief force under the command of Luis de Velasco failed to relieve the fort after having been turned back by the besiegers. The fort surrendered after the garrison mutinied and accepted payment from Maurice.
Cambridge Modern History, Volume 3.