Sluice

"Sluiced" redirects here. For the linguistic phenomenon, see sluicing.

For the town, see Sluis.

For other uses, see Sluice (disambiguation).

A sluice gate

A sluice ( /slus/ SLOOS) is a water channel containing a sluice gate, a type of lock to manage the water flow and water level.^{[ citation needed ]} There are various types of sluice gates, including flap sluice gates and fan gates. Different depths are calculated when design sluice gates.

Sluices are used for channeling water toward a water mill, including for transporting logs from steep hillsides. Different terms are used regionally for sluices; the terms sluice, sluice gate, knife gate, and slide gate are used interchangeably in the water and wastewater control industry.^{[ citation needed ]}

Etymology

The term "sluice" originates from the Middle English word scluse, which derived from the Old French escluse (modern French: écluse). This, in turn, came from the Late Latin exclusa, a shortening of aqua exclusa, meaning "excluded water" or "a shut-off water channel". The Latin exclusa is the feminine past participle of excludere ("to shut out, exclude"), from ex- ("out") and claudere ("to close"). ^[1]

Regional names

• In the Somerset Levels, sluice gates are known as clyse ^[2] or clyce. ^{[3] [4]}
• Most of the inhabitants of Guyana refer to sluices as kokers.^{[ citation needed ]}
• The Sinhala people in Sri Lanka, who had an ancient civilization based on harvested rain water, refer to sluices as Horovuwa. ^[5]

Description

A sluice is a water channel containing a sluice gate, a movable gate allowing water to flow under it. Sluices are a type of lock to manage the water flow and water level. When a sluice is lowered, water may spill over the top, in which case the gate operates as a weir. Usually, a mechanism drives the sluice up or down. This may be a simple, hand-operated, chain pulled/lowered, worm drive or rack-and-pinion drive, or it may be electrically or hydraulically powered. A flap sluice, however, operates automatically, without external intervention or inputs.

Basic design

The important parameters in designing sluice gates.

Sluice gates are one of the most common hydraulic structures ^[6] used to control or measure the flow in open channels. ^[7] Vertical rising sluice gates are the most common in open channels and can operate under two flow regimes: free flow and submerged flow. The most important depths in the designing of sluice gates are:

• ${\displaystyle Y_{U}}$: upstream depth
• ${\displaystyle Y_{G}}$: opening of the sluice gate
• ${\displaystyle Y_{m}}$: the minimum depth of flow after the sluice gate
• ${\displaystyle Y_{J1}}$: the initial depth of the hydraulic jump
• ${\displaystyle Y_{J2}}$: the secondary depth of the hydraulic jump
• ${\displaystyle Y_{D}}$: downstream depth

Types

Main article: Gate valve

Plan view of a fan sluice (flow from bottom to top of diagram) (Note: gray areas are the inner empty spaces in which water can flow.)
1: Tube connecting the chamber to the high water side of the sluice
2: Gates to regulate the water level in the chamber. Only one gate may be opened at a time
3: Tube connecting the chamber to the low water side of the sluice
4: The chamber in which the water level can be controlled
5: Door with larger surface
6: Door with smaller surface.
When the tube to the high water level side (1) is opened, the water level in the chamber (4) will rise to this same level. As there is no height difference across the larger gate (5), it exerts no force. However, the smaller gate (6) has a higher level on the upstream side, which exerts a force to close the gate (counter-clockwise). When the tube to the low water side (3) is opened, the water level in the chamber (4) will fall, and a force will be exerted on the large door (5) in the opening direction (clockwise). The pressure difference on both doors is the same, but the surface area is not. This ensures that the opening force (on 5) overcomes the closing one (on 6), which causes the gate to turn clockwise and open.

Fan gate

(Dutch : waaiersluis) This type of gate was invented by the Dutch hydraulic engineer Jan Blanken  [ nl ] in 1808. He was Inspector-General for Waterstaat (Water resource management) of the Kingdom of Holland at the time. ^[8] The fan door has the special property that it can open in the direction of high water solely using water pressure. This gate type was primarily used to purposely inundate certain regions, for instance in the case of the Hollandic Water Line. Nowadays this type of gate can still be found in a few places, for example in Gouda. A fan gate has a separate chamber that can be filled with water and is separated on the high-water-level side of the sluice by a large door. When a tube connecting the separate chamber with the high-water-level side of the sluice is opened, the water level, and with that the water pressure in this chamber, will rise to the same level as that on the high-water-level side. As there is no height difference across the larger gate, it exerts no force. However the smaller gate has a higher level on the upstream side, which exerts a force to close the gate. When the tube to the low water side is opened the water level in the chamber will fall. Due to the difference in the surface areas of the doors there will be a net force opening the gate.

Flap sluice gate

A fully automatic type, controlled by the pressure head across it; operation is similar to that of a check valve. It is a gate hinged at the top. When pressure is from one side, the gate is kept closed; a pressure from the other side opens the sluice when a threshold pressure is surpassed.

Logging sluices

In the mountains of the United States, sluices transported logs from steep hillsides to downslope sawmill ponds or yarding areas. Nineteenth-century logging was traditionally a winter activity for men who spent summers working on farms. Where there were freezing nights, water might be applied to logging sluices every night so a fresh coating of slippery ice would reduce friction of logs placed in the sluice the following morning. ^[9] (See also Log driving and Timber rafting)

Mill race

A mill race, leet, flume, penstock or lade is a sluice channeling water toward a water mill.

Needle sluice

A sluice formed by a number of thin needles held against a solid frame through water pressure as in a needle dam.

Radial sluice gate

A structure, where a small part of a cylindrical surface serves as the gate, supported by radial constructions going through the cylinder's radius. On occasion, a counterweight is provided.

Rising sector sluice gate

Also a part of a cylindrical surface, which rests at the bottom of the channel and rises by rotating around its centre.

Vertical rising sluice gate

A plate sliding in the vertical direction, which may be controlled by machinery.

Gallery

• 
  A small wooden sluice in Magome, Japan, used to power a waterwheel
• 
  Sluice gates near Henley, on the River Thames
• 
  The Korenbrugsluice in Gorinchem is a fan sluice

See also

• Canal
  • List of canals by country
• Hydraulic engineering
  • Control lock
  • Gatehouse (waterworks) – An (elaborate) structure to house a sluice gate
  • Floodgate
  • Lock
  • Rhyne, drainage ditch in coastal areas
• Sluice related family names
  • Zijlstra – A Dutch name referring to one who lives near a sluice
  • Van der Sluijs – A Dutch name originating from the Sluice

References

1. Oxford English Dictionary (OED). "sluice, n." Oxford University Press. Retrieved from www.oed.com.
2. "FOCUS on Industrial Archaeology No. 68, June 2007". Hampshire Industrial Archaeology Society website. Archived from the original on 2007-11-10. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
3. Dunning R. W. (2004). History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels (Victoria County History). Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN   1-904356-33-8.
4. "'Huntspill', A History of the County of Somerset: Volume 8: The Poldens and the Levels". British History Online. Retrieved 2007-10-30.
5. "The water regulation technology of ancient Sri Lankan reservoirs: The Bisokotuwa sluice" (PDF). slageconr.net. p. 1. Retrieved 14 August 2012.
6. White, Frank M. (2011). Fluid mechanics (7th ed.). New York, N.Y.: McGraw Hill. ISBN   978-0-07-742241-7. OCLC   548423809.
7. Silva, Carlos Otero; Rijo, Manuel (June 2017). "Flow Rate Measurements under Sluice Gates" . Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering. 143 (6): 06017001. Bibcode:2017JIDE..143R7001S. doi:10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001177. hdl: 10174/22465 . ISSN   0733-9437.
8. Blanken J. Jz. (1808). Nieuw ontwerp tot het bouwen van minkostbare sluizen, welke alle de vereischten der bekende sluizen bezitten, en daarenboven de steeds ontbrekende, meer uitgebreide nuttigheden van dezelve vervullen kunnen (in Dutch).; Goudriaan, Adrianus Franciscus (1809). Verhandeling over het ontwerp van sluizen, volgens de uitgave van den heer inspecteur generaal bij den waterstaat van het Koningrijk Holland, J. Blanken Jansz., het eerste aan de Benschopper Sluis beproefd: opgesteld ter aanleiding tot eene naauwkeurige overweginge van hetzelve, in vergelijking met zijnen over dit onderwerp gedrukten brief, en het antwoord door eerstgenoemden daar op uitgegeven (in Dutch). Amsterdam: Van Esveldt-Holtrop.
9. Jones, Robert C. (1979). Two Feet Between the Rails (Volume 1 - The Early Years). Sundance Books. ISBN   0-913582-17-4.

Further reading

• Crittenden, H. Temple (1976). The Maine Scenic Route. McClain Printing.
• Moody, Linwood W. (1959). The Maine Two-Footers. Howell-North.
• Cornwall, L. Peter & Farrell, Jack W. (1973). Ride the Sandy River. Pacific Fast Mail.

External links

• Soar Valley Sluice Gates
• Salt/Fresh water separating Sluice Complex (Part of DeltaWorks)