- The Union Flag was used exclusively until 1867.
- The naval flag of New Zealand, 1867–1869
- The national flag 1869, formally adopted in 1902
Colony of New Zealand | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1841–1907 | |||||||||||
Anthem: "God Save the Queen/King" | |||||||||||
Status | British colony | ||||||||||
Capital | Okiato (1841) Auckland (1841–1865) Wellington (since 1865) | ||||||||||
Common languages | English, Māori ( de facto ) | ||||||||||
Demonym(s) | New Zealander | ||||||||||
Government | Crown colony (1841–1852) Self-governing colony (1852–1907) | ||||||||||
British monarch | |||||||||||
• 1841–1901 | Victoria | ||||||||||
• 1901–1907 | Edward VII | ||||||||||
Governor | |||||||||||
• 1841–1842 | William Hobson (first) | ||||||||||
• 1904–1907 | William Plunket (last of colony) | ||||||||||
Premier | |||||||||||
• 1856 | Henry Sewell (first) | ||||||||||
• 1906–1907 | Joseph Ward (last of colony) | ||||||||||
Legislature | General Assembly 1 | ||||||||||
• Upper chamber | Legislative Council | ||||||||||
• Lower chamber | House of Representatives | ||||||||||
History | |||||||||||
• Separation from the Colony of New South Wales | 3 May 1841 [1] | ||||||||||
28 August 1846 | |||||||||||
30 June 1852 | |||||||||||
26 September 1907 | |||||||||||
Population | |||||||||||
• 1901 census | 772,719 | ||||||||||
Currency | New Zealand pound | ||||||||||
| |||||||||||
1. The General Assembly first sat in 1854, under the provisions of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. |
The Colony of New Zealand was a colony of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland that encompassed the islands of New Zealand from 1841 to 1907. The power of the British Government was vested in the governor of New Zealand. The colony had three successive capitals: Okiato (or Old Russell) in 1841; Auckland from 1841 to 1865; and Wellington from 1865, which continues as the capital of New Zealand today.
Created as a Crown colony, during the early years of British settlement the governor had wide-ranging powers. The colony was granted self-government with the passage of the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852. The first parliament was elected in 1853, and responsible government was established in 1856. The governor was required to act on the advice of his ministers, who were responsible to the parliament. In 1907, the colony became the Dominion of New Zealand, which heralded a more explicit recognition of self-government within the British Empire.
Following a proclamation of sovereignty over New Zealand from Sydney in January 1840, Captain William Hobson came to New Zealand and issued the same proclamation on 1 February 1840. [2]
The Treaty of Waitangi—between Māori chiefs and British representatives of Queen Victoria—was subsequently signed on 6 February 1840. Hobson again declaring British sovereignty over the islands of New Zealand on 21 May 1840 in two separate formal declarations. In the first declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the North Island on the basis of cession following the Treaty of Waitangi. In the English version of the treaty, Māori ceded sovereignty and received the rights, privileges and protections of being British subjects. The Māori translation of the treaty refers to kāwanatanga which is generally translated as governance rather than sovereignty and this point remains a subject of much controversy and political debate. [3] In the second declaration, Hobson declared British sovereignty over the South Island and Stewart Island on the basis of discovery, following "first discovery" by Captain James Cook in 1769. Queen Victoria became the sovereign over all New Zealand. [4]
Initially, New Zealand was part of the Colony of New South Wales, and there was a decades-long confusion as to whether this was the case from 1788 onwards when NSW governor Arthur Phillip proclaimed the boundary of the NSW colony as "encompassing all land west to 135 degrees longitude and 'including all the islands adjacent in the Pacific Ocean'." The situation was formalised when a definition of NSW's boundaries arrived from London on 15 June 1839. This stated that the colony would include "any territory which is or may be acquired in sovereignty by Her Majesty ... within that group of Islands in the Pacific Ocean, commonly called New Zealand." [5] This made Lieutenant-Governor Hobson answerable to his superior, the governor of New South Wales. By letters patent, the British (Imperial) Government issued the Charter for Erecting the Colony of New Zealand on 16 November 1840. [1] The Charter stated that the Colony of New Zealand would be established as a Crown colony separate from New South Wales on 3 May 1841. [1]
With the establishment of the Crown colony, Hobson became governor of New Zealand. The first organs of the New Zealand Government were also established to assist the governor: an Executive Council and a (General) Legislative Council. [6]
The Executive Council consisted of the attorney-general, colonial secretary, and colonial treasurer. The Legislative Council consisted of the governor, Executive Council, and three justices of the peace appointed by the governor. [6] The Legislative Council had the power to issue laws called Ordinances. [7]
The colony was initially divided into three provinces: New Ulster Province (the North Island), New Munster Province (the South Island), and New Leinster Province (Stewart Island).
As new European settlements were founded in the colony, demands for self-government became louder. The New Zealand Company settlement of Port Nicholson (Wellington) had its own elected council, which was forcibly dissolved by Lieutenant-Governor William Hobson in 1840. [8] Later, Wellington became the centre of agitation by settlers for a representative government led by Samuel Revans, who founded the Wellington Settlers' Constitutional Association in 1848. [9]
The first New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1846, though Governor George Grey was opposed to provisions that would divide the country into European and Māori districts. As a result, almost all of the Act was suspended for six years pending a new Act of 1852, with the only operative part of the 1846 Act being the creation of New Zealand's first provinces. In the meantime, Grey drafted his own Act which established both provincial and central representative assemblies, and allowed for Māori districts and an elected governor. [10] The latter proposal was rejected by the Parliament of the United Kingdom when it adopted Grey's constitution.
The second New Zealand Constitution Act was passed in 1852 and became the central constitutional document of the colony. It created the General Assembly, which consisted of the Legislative Council and an elected House of Representatives. [11] The first general election for the House of Representatives was held from 14 July 1853 until early October. [12]
The 1st New Zealand Parliament was opened on 24 May 1854. [13] The Administrator of Government, Robert Wynyard, was quickly confronted by the demands of the new parliament that responsible government be granted to the colony immediately; on 2 June the House of Representatives passed a resolution, sponsored by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, to that effect. Wynyard refused, stating that the Colonial Office made no mention of responsible government in its dispatches. The Executive Council advised Wynyard against implementing responsible government, and in the meantime, he sent a dispatch to London requesting clarification. Wynyard then offered to add some elected members of parliament to the Executive Council, and appointed James FitzGerald, Henry Sewell and Frederick Weld to the council. The compromise worked for a few weeks but on 1 August parliament demanded complete power to appoint ministers. Wynyard refused, and all three MPs resigned from the council. In response, Wynyard prorogued parliament for two weeks. On 31 August, he appointed Thomas Forsaith, Jerningham Wakefield and James Macandrew to the Executive Council, but when parliament met again, it moved a motion of no confidence in the members.[ citation needed ]
Parliament met on 8 August 1855, by which time Wynyard had received instructions from the Colonial Office to introduce responsible government. The new governor, Sir Thomas Gore Browne, arrived on 6 September 1855 and relieved Wynyard of his duties. [14] On 28 January 1858, Wynyard was appointed to the Legislative Council. [15]
Governor Thomas Gore Browne subsequently announced that self-government would begin with the 2nd New Zealand Parliament, elected in 1855. [16] Henry Sewell was asked by the governor to form a government, now known as the Sewell Ministry. He became colonial secretary—effectively the first Premier of New Zealand—on 7 May. [17] Sewell's government was short-lived, however. The leader of the provincialist (pro-provinces) faction, William Fox, defeated Sewell's government on 20 May 1856. [18] Fox himself, however, did not retain office for long, being defeated by Edward Stafford, a moderate.[ citation needed ]
The Colony of New Zealand continued until 26 September 1907, when, as a result of a decision by the 1907 Imperial Conference and by request of the New Zealand Government, King Edward VII declared New Zealand to be a Dominion. On the same day, the King issued another Royal Proclamation granting the Colony of Newfoundland the status of Dominion of Newfoundland. The 1907 change from Colony to Dominion was largely symbolic, and New Zealand did not become independent until the General Assembly of New Zealand enacted the Statute of Westminster Adoption Act 1947, which applied the Statute of Westminster 1931 to the Dominion of New Zealand (although the United Kingdom retained the right to legislate for New Zealand at its request); certain colonial enactments survived for sometime after—the New Zealand Constitution Act 1852 was finally replaced by the Constitution Act 1986. [19]
A Royal Proclamation granting New Zealand Dominion status was issued on 26 September 1907.
Māori were counted separately and not as part of the official census. The total population of the Colony of New Zealand was 772,719 people with the number of "full-blooded" Māori being counted at 43,143 people. The number of "half-castes" living as members of Māori tribes, and others living with and counted as Europeans in the census were counted at 5,540 people.
Persons | Males | Females | |
---|---|---|---|
In counties | 417,596 | 231,426 | 186,170 |
In boroughs | 350,902 | 170,450 | 179,752 |
On adjacent islands | 943 | 589 | 354 |
Chatham Islands | 207 | 112 | 95 |
Kermadec Islands | 8 | 5 | 3 |
On shipboard | 3,763 | 3,410 | 353 |
Total for colony | 772,719 |
Persons | Males | Females | |
---|---|---|---|
North Island | 40,715 | 21,919 | 13,790 |
Middle Island (South Island) | 1,009 | 1,022 | 887 |
Stewart Islands | 112 | 66 | 46 |
Chatham Islands | |||
Māori | 180 | 90 | 90 |
Moriori | 31 | 15 | 16 |
Māori wives living with European husbands | 196 | 196 | |
Totals | 43,143 | 23,112 | 20,031 |
Persons | Male | Female | |
---|---|---|---|
North Island | 2,517 | 1,379 | 1,138 |
Middle Island (South Island) | 551 | 288 | 263 |
Stewart Islands | 13 | 5 | 8 |
Chatham Islands | |||
Māori | 34 | 14 | 20 |
Moriori | 18 | 8 | 10 |
Totals | 3,133 | 1,694 | 1,439 |
Half-castes living as members of Māori tribes | Half-castes living as Europeans | Total half-caste population | |
---|---|---|---|
1891 | 2,681 | 2,184 | 4,865 |
1896 | 3,503 | 2,259 | 5,762 |
1901 | 3,133 | 2,407 | 5,540 |
Persons | Percentage | |
---|---|---|
North Island and adjacent islands | 390,571 | |
South Island and adjacent islands | 381,661 | |
Stewart Island | 272 | |
Chatham Islands | 207 | |
Kermadec Islands | 8 | |
Totals for colony | 772,719 | 100.0% |
District / Settlement | Males | Females | Total | Percent |
---|---|---|---|---|
Auckland | 92,944 | 82,994 | 175,938 | 22.77% |
Taranaki | 20,569 | 17,286 | 37,855 | 4.9% |
Hawke's Bay | 18,859 | 16,565 | 35,424 | 4.6% |
Wellington | 74,234 | 67,120 | 141,334 | 18.29% |
Marlborough | 7,151 | 6,175 | 13,326 | 1.72% |
Nelson | 20,607 | 17,308 | 37,915 | 4.91% |
Westland | 8,106 | 6,400 | 14,506 | 1.88% |
Canterbury | 72,871 | 70,170 | 143,041 | 18.51% |
Otago | 90,534 | 82,611 | 173,145 | 22.41% |
Chatham Islands | 112 | 95 | 207 | 0.03% |
Kermadec Islands | 5 | 3 | 8 | 0.001% |
Colony of New Zealand | 405,992 | 366,727 | 772,719 | 100.0% |
Source: 1901 New Zealand Census [21] |
Religion | Total | Percent |
---|---|---|
Christianity | 748,490 | 96.97% |
Church of England and Protestants (not defined) | 315,263 | 40.84% |
Presbyterians | 176,503 | 22.87% |
Methodists | 83,802 | 10.86% |
Baptists | 16,035 | 2.08% |
Congregationalists | 6,699 | 0.87% |
Lutherans | 4,833 | 0.63% |
Salvation Army | 7,999 | 1.04% |
Society of Friends | 313 | 0.04% |
Unitarians | 468 | 0.06% |
Other Protestants | 16,877 | 2.19% |
Roman Catholics and Catholics (undefined) | 109,822 | 14.23% |
Greek Church | 189 | 0.02% |
Other denominations | 1,347 | 0.17% |
No denomination | 8,240 | 1.07% |
Hebrews (Jews) | 1,611 | 0.21% |
Buddhists, Confucians | 2,432 | 0.30% |
No religion | 1,109 | 0.14% |
Uspecified | 882 | Nil |
Object to state | 18,295 | 2.38% |
Colony of New Zealand | 772,719 | 100.0% |
The first flag used by the Colony of New Zealand was the British Union Flag. This began to change with the Colonial Naval Defence Act 1865, which required all ships owned by colonial governments to fly the defaced Royal Navy blue ensign with a colonial badge. New Zealand did not have a colonial badge, or indeed a coat of arms of its own at this stage, and so the letters "NZ" were added to the blue ensign. [22] The Colony New Zealand used the same royal coat of arms as the United Kingdom.
In 1869, Albert Hastings Markham, a first lieutenant on the Royal Navy vessel HMS Blanche, submitted a national ensign design to Sir George Bowen, the Governor of New Zealand. [23] It was initially used only on government ships, but was adopted as the de facto national flag in a surge of patriotism arising from the Second Boer War in 1902. To end confusion between the various designs of the flag, the Liberal Government passed the Ensign and Code Signals Bill, which was approved by King Edward VII on 24 March 1902, [24] declaring the flag as New Zealand's national flag.
The Treaty of Waitangi is a document of central importance to the history of New Zealand, its constitution, and its national mythos. It has played a major role in the treatment of the Māori population in New Zealand by successive governments and the wider population, a role that has been especially prominent from the late 20th century. The treaty document is an agreement, not a treaty as recognised in international law, and has no independent legal status, being legally effective only to the extent it is recognised in various statutes. It was first signed on 6 February 1840 by Captain William Hobson as consul for the British Crown and by Māori chiefs from the North Island of New Zealand.
Captain William Hobson was a British Royal Navy officer who served as the first Governor of New Zealand. He was a co-author of the Treaty of Waitangi.
Waitangi Day, the national day of New Zealand, marks the anniversary of the initial signing—on 6 February 1840—of the Treaty of Waitangi. The Treaty of Waitangi was an agreement towards British sovereignty by representatives of the Crown and indigenous Māori chiefs, and so is regarded by many as the founding document of the nation.
The flag of New Zealand, also known as the New Zealand Ensign, is based on the British maritime Blue Ensign – a blue field with the Union Jack in the canton or upper hoist corner – augmented or defaced with four red stars centred within four white stars, representing the Southern Cross constellation.
The Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand, signed by a number of Māori chiefs in 1835, proclaimed the sovereign independence of New Zealand prior to the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.
The New Zealand Company, chartered in the United Kingdom, was a company that existed in the first half of the 19th century on a business model that was focused on the systematic colonisation of New Zealand. The company was formed to carry out the principles devised by Edward Gibbon Wakefield, who envisaged the creation of a new-model English society in the Southern Hemisphere. Under Wakefield's model, the colony would attract capitalists, who would then have a ready supply of labour: migrant labourers who could not initially afford to be property owners but would have the expectation of one-day buying land with their savings.
The Dominion of New Zealand was the historical successor to the Colony of New Zealand. It was a constitutional monarchy with a high level of self-government within the British Empire.
The monarchy of New Zealand is the constitutional system of government in which a hereditary monarch is the sovereign and head of state of New Zealand. The current monarch, King Charles III, acceded to the throne following the death of his mother, Queen Elizabeth II, on 8 September 2022 in the United Kingdom. The King's elder son, William, Prince of Wales, is the heir apparent.
The constitution of New Zealand is the sum of laws and principles that determine the political governance of New Zealand. Unlike many other nations, New Zealand has no single constitutional document. It is an uncodified constitution, sometimes referred to as an "unwritten constitution", although the New Zealand constitution is in fact an amalgamation of written and unwritten sources. The Constitution Act 1986 has a central role, alongside a collection of other statutes, orders in Council, letters patent, decisions of the courts, principles of the Treaty of Waitangi, and unwritten traditions and conventions. There is no technical difference between ordinary statutes and law considered "constitutional law"; no law is accorded higher status. In most cases the New Zealand Parliament can perform "constitutional reform" simply by passing acts of Parliament, and thus has the power to change or abolish elements of the constitution. There are some exceptions to this though – the Electoral Act 1993 requires certain provisions can only be amended following a referendum.
The independence of New Zealand is a matter of continued academic and social debate. New Zealand has no fixed date of independence from the United Kingdom; instead, political independence came about as a result of New Zealand's evolving constitutional status. The concept of a national "Independence Day" does not exist in New Zealand.
The United Tribes of New Zealand was a confederation of Māori tribes based in the north of the North Island, existing legally from 1835 to 1840. It received diplomatic recognition from the United Kingdom, which shortly thereafter annexed it under the Treaty of Waitangi, an event that has largely shaped relations between the government of New Zealand and the Māori people since the 1960s.
The New Zealand Constitution Act 1846 was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom intended to grant self-government to the Colony of New Zealand, but it was never fully implemented. The Act's long title was An Act to make further Provision for the Government of the New Zealand Islands, and it received the royal assent on 28 August 1846.
William Swainson became the second, and last, Attorney-General of the Crown colony of New Zealand and instrumental in setting up the legal system of New Zealand. He was the first Speaker of the New Zealand Legislative Council.
1840 is considered a watershed year in the history of New Zealand: The Treaty of Waitangi is signed, British sovereignty over New Zealand is proclaimed, organised European settlement begins, and Auckland and Wellington are both founded.
MokaKainga-mataa [Te Kaingamataa/Te Kaingamata/Te Kainga-mata/Te Kainga-mataa] (1790s–1860s) was a Māori rangatira (chief) of the Ngā Puhi iwi from Northland in New Zealand. He was distinguished in war and an intelligent participant in the Treaty of Waitangi process.
South Island nationalism refers to a nationalist movement in the South Island of New Zealand.
The Sewell Ministry was the first responsible government in New Zealand. Unlike previous executives, its members were held accountable to Parliament. This would form the basis for future governments in New Zealand.
Wellington has been the capital of New Zealand since 1865. New Zealand's first capital city was Old Russell (Okiato) in 1840–41. Auckland was the second capital from 1841 until 1865, when Parliament was permanently moved to Wellington after an argument that persisted for a decade. As the members of parliament could not agree on the location of a more central capital, Wellington was decided on by three Australian commissioners.
James Coates was a prominent pioneer settler of Auckland, New Zealand. He was also a senior official within the administration of the newly-established colony of New Zealand, following the proclamation of sovereignty by William Hobson and the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840.
The New Zealand White Ensign is a naval ensign used by ships of the Royal New Zealand Navy (RNZN) from 1968. Based on the Royal Navy's White Ensign, it features the Southern Cross from the New Zealand national flag in place of the Saint George's Cross. One of the earliest flags associated with the country, that used by the United Tribes of New Zealand, was a white ensign. This was replaced by the Union Flag when New Zealand became a British colony. A blue ensign with the Southern Cross was introduced for ships of the colonial government in 1867 and this soon became a de facto national flag. Ships in New Zealand naval service wore the Royal Navy's White Ensign until 1968 when the distinct New Zealand White Ensign was introduced. The ensign was implemented out of a desire to distinguish New Zealand vessels from those of the Royal Navy and this decision is regarded as an important step in the development of the RNZN.