As of the 2018 census, the majority of New Zealand's population is of European descent (70 percent; often referred to as Pākehā), with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority (16.5 percent), followed by Asians (15.3 percent), and non-Māori Pacific Islanders known collectively as Pasifika (9.0 percent).[4] This is reflected in immigration, with most new migrants coming from Britain and Ireland, although the numbers from Asia in particular are increasing. Auckland is the most ethnically diverse region in New Zealand with 53.5 percent identifying as Europeans, 28.2 percent as Asian, 11.5 percent as Māori, 15.5 percent as Pasifika, and 2.3 percent as Middle Eastern, Latin American or African (MELAA).[7] New Zealand is considered by some to be unique among Western countries for its high levels of ethnic intermarriage,[8] which has historically been viewed with tolerance.[9][10][8] According to a 2006 study, Māori have on average roughly 43% European ancestry, although the notion of being "mixed-race" is uncommon.[11][12]
English, Māori, and New Zealand Sign Language are the official languages, with English being predominant and understood by the vast majority of Māori speakers. Significant minorities speak Chinese, Samoan, Hindi, French, and Tagalog. New Zealand English is mostly non-rhotic, but has distinct rhotic dialects as well. Rhoticity is widespread among Pasifika and Māori and is becoming increasingly common across the upper North Island.[13] The closest English dialect to non-rhotic New Zealand English is Australian English, but they have several key distinctions, such as the New Zealand centralisation of the short i. The Māori language has undergone a process of revitalisation and is spoken by 4percent of the population. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99percent and over half of the population aged 15–29 hold a tertiary qualification. In the adult population 14.2 percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4 percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4 percent have no formal qualification. As at the 2018 census, 37percent of the population identify as Christians, with Hinduism and Buddhism being the largest minority religions; almost half of the population (48.5 percent) is irreligious.[4]
Farming is a major occupation in New Zealand, although more people are employed as sales assistants. Most New Zealanders earn wage or salary income, with a median weekly income in 2022 of NZ$848.[14]
Change in population by region in New Zealand based on the 2006–2013 censuses
The 2018 census enumerated a resident population of 4,699,755 – a 10.8percent increase over the population recorded in the 2013 census.[4] As of December2024, the total population has risen to an 5,438,990 (estimated by extrapolation).[22] The population is increasing at a rate of 1.4–2.0 percent per year.[23] In May 2020, Statistics New Zealand reported that New Zealand's population had climbed above 5 million people in March 2020;[24] in September 2020, this was revised six months earlier to September 2019 when population estimates were rebased to the 2018 census.[25]
The median child birthing age was 30 and the total fertility rate is 2.1births per woman in 2010. In Māori populations the median age is 26 and fertility rate 2.8.[26] In 2010 the age-standardisedmortality rate was 3.8deaths per 1000 (down from 4.8 in 2000) and the infant mortality rate for the total population was 5.1deaths per 1000 live births.[26] The life expectancy of a New Zealand child born in 2021-23 was 83.7years for females, and 80.3years for males,[2] which is among the highest in the world. Life expectancy at birth is forecast to increase from 80years to 85years in 2050 and infant mortality is expected to decline.[27] In 2050 the median age is forecast to rise from 36years to 43years and the percentage of people 60years of age and older rising from 18percent to 29percent.[27][n 3] During early migration in 1858, New Zealand had 131 males for every 100 females, but following changes in migration patterns and the modern longevity advantage of women, females came to outnumber males in 1971.[29] As of 2012 there are 0.99 males per female, with males dominating under 15 years and females dominating in the 65 years or older range.[30]
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Graphs are unavailable due to technical issues. There is more info on Phabricator and on MediaWiki.org.
Age structure
Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.VII.2021) (Provisional) (Because of rounding, totals are not in all cases the sum of the respective components.): [31]
Age Group
Male
Female
Total
%
Total
2 542 600
2 580 000
5 122 600
100
0–4
156 710
148 800
305 510
5.96
5–9
167 260
158 310
325 570
6.36
10–14
173 620
163 920
337 540
6.59
15–19
161 330
153 550
314 880
6.15
20–24
172 020
161 240
333 260
6.51
25–29
190 640
181 390
372 030
7.26
30–34
191 640
192 470
384 110
7.50
35–39
168 840
172 260
341 110
6.66
40–44
154 820
157 780
312 600
6.10
45–49
158 830
164 650
323 490
6.31
50–54
161 590
169 610
331 200
6.47
55–59
157 610
166 540
324 150
6.33
60–64
144 220
153 870
298 090
5.82
65-69
122 810
130 780
253 590
4.95
70-74
106 650
112 880
219 540
4.29
75-79
71 690
79 510
151 200
2.95
80-84
46 770
56 990
103 760
2.03
85-89
23 540
32 880
56 420
1.10
90+
12 010
22 570
34 580
0.68
Age group
Male
Female
Total
Percent
0–14
497 590
471 030
968 620
18.91
15–64
1 661 540
1 673 360
3 334 900
65.10
65+
383 470
435 610
819 080
15.99
Population pyramid of New Zealand from 1950 to 2020
The age structure of New Zealand is getting increasingly older. Due to undergoing the demographic transition from a 'pre-industrial' age structure to a 'post-industrial' age structure, the country has a sub-replacement fertility rate which is consequently leading to an older population and more evenly balanced population pyramid.[32]
The average age of the citizen has gone from 25.8 years old in 1965 to 38 in 2020 and is projected to rise to 43.7 years old in 2050.[33] The population of 90 year olds is also expected to rise dramatically, in the 1930s there were approximately 1,000 90+ year olds, in 2016 the number had risen to 29,000, in 2030 it is expected to exceed 50,000 and by the 2060s it is to rise above 180,000 people.[34]
New Zealand's population density is relatively low, at 19.9 per square kilometre (51.5 per square mile)(June 2024 estimate).[35] The vast majority of the population live on the main North and South Islands, with New Zealand's major inhabited smaller islands being Waiheke Island (9,140), the Chatham and Pitt Islands (720), and Stewart Island (381).[35] Over three-quarters of the population (76.4%) live in the North Island, with one-third of the total population (33.7%) living in the Auckland Region. Most Māori live in the North Island (86.0percent), although less than a quarter (23.8percent) live in Auckland.[36]
New Zealand is a predominantly urban country, with 84.3percent of the population living in an urban area. About 64.8percent of the population live in the 20 main urban areas (population of 30,000 or more) and 43.8percent live in the four largest cities of Auckland, Christchurch, Wellington, and Hamilton.[35]
Approximately 14percent of the population live in four different categories of rural areas as defined by Statistics New Zealand. About 18percent of the rural population live in areas that have a high urban influence (roughly 12.9 people per square kilometre), many working in the main urban area. Rural areas with moderate urban influence and a population density of about 6.5people per square kilometre account for 26percent of the rural population. Areas with low urban influence where the majority of the residents work in the rural area house approximately 42percent of the rural population. Remote rural areas with a density of less than 1 person per square kilometre account for about 14percent of the rural population.[37]
Before local government reforms in the late 1980s, a borough council with more than 20,000 people could be proclaimed a city.[38][39] The boundaries of councils tended to follow the edge of the built-up area, so there was little difference between the urban area and the local government area. In 1989, all councils were consolidated into regional councils (top tier) and territorial authorities (second tier) which cover a much wider area and population than the old city councils.[40] Today a territorial authority must have a predominantly urban population of at least 50,000 before it can be officially recognised as a city.[41]
East Polynesians were the first people to reach New Zealand about 1280, followed by the early European explorers, notably James Cook in 1769 who explored New Zealand three times and mapped the coastline. Following the Treaty of Waitangi in 1840 when the country became a British colony, immigrants were predominantly from Britain, Ireland and Australia. Due to restrictive policies, limitations were placed on non-European immigrants.[46] During the gold rush period (1858–1880s) large number of young men came from California and Victoria to New Zealand goldfields. Apart from British, there were Irish, Germans, Scandinavians, Italians and many Chinese. The Chinese were sent special invitations by the Otago Chamber of Commerce in 1866. By 1873 they made up 40 percent of the diggers in Otago and 25 percent of the diggers in Westland.[47] From 1900 there was also significant Dutch, Dalmatian,[48] and Italian immigration together with indirect European immigration through Australia, North America, South America and South Africa.[49] Following World War II, policies were relaxed and migrant diversity increased. In 2008–09, a target of 45,000 migrants was set by the New Zealand Immigration Service (plus a 5,000 tolerance).[50]
At the 2018 census, 27.4percent of people counted were not born in New Zealand, up from 25.2percent in 2013. In 2018, over half (50.7 percent) of New Zealand's overseas-born population lived in the Auckland Region, including 70 percent of the country's Pacific Island-born population, 61.5 percent of its Asian-born population, and 52 percent of its Middle Eastern and African- born population.[51] In the late 2000s, Asia overtook the British Isles as the largest source of overseas migrants; in 2013 around 32 percent of overseas-born New Zealand residents were born in Asia (mainly China, India, the Philippines and South Korea) compared to 26 percent born in the UK and Ireland.[52] The number of fee-paying international students increased sharply in the late 1990s, with more than 20,000 studying in public tertiary institutions in 2002.[53]
To be eligible for entry under the skilled migrant plan applicants are assessed by an approved doctor for good health, provide a police certificate to prove good character and speak sufficient English. Migrants working in some occupations (mainly health) must be registered with the appropriate profession body before they can work within that area.[54] Skilled migrants are assessed by Immigration New Zealand and applicants that they believe will contribute are issued with a residential visa, while those with potential are issued with a work to resident visa.[55] Under the work to residency process applicants are given a temporary work permit for two years and are then eligible to apply for residency.[56] Applicants with a job offer from an accredited New Zealand employer, cultural or sporting talent, looking for work where there has been a long-term skill shortage or to establish a business can apply for work to residency.[56][57]
While most New Zealanders live in New Zealand, there is also a significant diaspora abroad, estimated as of 2001 at over 460,000 or 14percent of the international total of New Zealand-born. Of these, 360,000, over three-quarters of the New Zealand-born population residing outside of New Zealand, live in Australia. Other communities of New Zealanders abroad are concentrated in other English-speaking countries, specifically the United Kingdom, the United States and Canada, with smaller numbers located elsewhere.[58] Nearly one quarter of New Zealand's highly skilled workers live overseas, mostly in Australia and Britain, more than any other developed nation.[59] However many educated professionals from Europe and lesser developed countries have recently migrated to New Zealand.[60][61] A common pathway for New Zealanders to move to the UK is through a job offer via the Tier 2 (General) visa, which grants a 3-year initial stay in the country and can later be extended with three more years. After 5 years the person can apply for permanent residency. Another popular option is the UK Working Holiday visa, also known as "Youth Mobility Scheme" (YMS), which grants New Zealanders 2-year rights to live and work in the UK.[62]
New Zealand is a multiethnic society, and home to people of many different national origins. Originally composed solely of the Māori who arrived in the thirteenth century, the ethnic makeup of the population later became dominated by New Zealanders of European descent.[65] In the nineteenth century, European settlers brought diseases for which the Māori had no immunity. By the 1890s, the Māori population was approximately 40 percent of its size pre-contact.[65] The Māori population increased during the twentieth century,[66] though it remains a minority. The 1961 New Zealand census recorded that the population was 92percent European and 7percent Māori, with Asian and Pasifika minorities sharing the remaining 1percent.[67]
At the census in 2018, 70.2percent identified as European, 16.5percent as Māori, 15.1percent as Asian, 8.1 percent as Pasifika, and 1.2percent as Middle-Eastern, Latin American, and African (MELAA).[n 1][7] Most New Zealanders are of English,[68] Scottish,[69] and Irish ancestry,[70] with smaller percentages of other European ancestries, such as Dutch, Dalmatian, French, German and Scandinavian.[71] Auckland was the most diverse region with 53.5percent identifying as European, 28.2percent as Asian, 11.5percent as Māori, 15.5percent as Pasifika and 1.1percent as MELAA.[7] According to Massey University sociologist Paul Spoonley, ethnic intermarriage has consistently been very common in New Zealand since colonisation. Unlike the United States, New Zealand has never prohibited interracial marriages; they have in fact been historically encouraged by many.[10] In 2015, more than half of Maori, or 53.5 per cent, and almost four in 10, or 37.2 per cent of Pasifika, identified with two or more ethnic groups. At current rates of population growth, Asians, Pasifika and Māori will outnumber Europeans in Auckland within the next decade.[8]
All major ethnic groups except European increased when compared with the 2013 census, in which 74percent identified as European, 14.6percent as Māori, 11.8percent as Asian, and 7.4percent of Pasifika origin.[64] Heightened immigration from Asia and the Pacific,[52] and higher fertility rates amongst Māori and Pasifika,[72] have resulted in the population of Māori, Asian and Pasifika descent growing at a higher rate than those of European descent.[73] Moreover, non-European ethnic groups make up a greater proportion of younger people, whereas European ethnic groups make up a large proportion of older people due to historic immigration trends and lower life expectancy in Māori and Pasifika ethnic groups.[74] For instance, in 2013, the population aged under 15 years was 67percent European, 27percent Māori, 14percent Pacific, 16percent Asian, and 2percent MELAA, while the population aged 65 years and older consisted of 86percent European, 7percent Māori, 6percent Asian and 3percent Pacific.[75]
There was significant public discussion about usage of the term "New Zealander" during the months leading up to the 2006 census.[76] The number of people identifying with this term increased from approximately 80,000 (2.4percent) in 2001 to just under 430,000 people (11.1percent) in 2006.[77] The European grouping significantly decreased from 80.0 percent of the population in 2001 to 67.6 percent in 2006, however, this is broadly proportional to the large increase in "New Zealanders".[77] The number of people identifying as a "New Zealander" dropped back to under 66,000 in 2013,[77] and further declined to about 45,300 in 2018.[7]
Statistics New Zealand has not released official statistical counts of Māori iwi (tribes) from the 2018 census due to a low response rate.[78] As last recorded in the 2013 census, the largest iwi is Ngāpuhi with 125,601 people (or 18.8 percent of people of Māori descent).[36] Between 2006 and 2013 the number of people of Māori descent stating Ngāpuhi as their iwi increased by 3,390 people (2.8percent). The second-largest was Ngāti Porou, with 71,049 people (down 1.2percent from 2006). Ngāi Tahu was the largest in the South Island and the third-largest overall, with a count of 54,819 people (an increase of 11.4percent from 2006). A total of 110,928 people (or 18.5percent) of Māori descent did not know their iwi (an increase of 8.4percent compared with 2006).[36] A group of Māori migrated to Rēkohu, now known as the Chatham Islands, where they developed their distinct Moriori culture.[79][80] The Moriori population was decimated, first, by disease brought by European sealers and whalers and, second, by Taranaki Māori, with only 101 surviving in 1862 and the last known full-blooded Moriori dying in 1933.[80] The number of people identifying as having Moriori descents increased from 105 in 1991 to 945 in 2006,[81] but decreased to 738 in 2013.[82]
Ethnicity
2001 census
2006 census
2013 census
2018 census
2023 census
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
Number
%
European
2,871,432
80.1
2,609,589
67.6
2,969,391
74.0
3,297,864
70.2
3,383,742
67.8
New Zealand European
2,696,724
75.2
2,381,076
61.7
2,727,009
68.0
3,013,440
64.1
British & Irish
100,668
2.6
105,765
2.6
121,986
2.6
South African European
14,913
0.4
21,609
0.6
28,656
0.7
37,155
0.8
European (not further defined)
23,598
0.7
21,855
0.6
26,472
0.7
34,632
0.7
Dutch
27,507
0.8
28,644
0.7
28,503
0.7
29,820
0.6
Australian
20,784
0.6
26,355
0.7
22,467
0.6
29,349
0.6
Māori
526,281
14.7
565,329
14.6
598,605
14.9
775,836
16.5
887,493
17.8
Asian
238,179
6.6
354,552
9.2
471,708
11.8
707,598
15.1
861,576
17.3
Chinese
100,680
2.8
139,731
3.6
163,101
4.1
247,770
5.3
Indian
60,213
1.7
97,443
2.5
143,520
3.6
239,193
5.1
Southeast Asian
43,962
1.1
77,733
1.9
124,932
2.7
Other Asian
59,739
1.5
68,004
1.7
90,627
1.9
Pasifikas
231,798
6.5
265,974
6.9
295,941
7.4
381,642
8.1
442,632
8.9
Samoan
115,017
3.2
131,103
3.4
144,138
3.6
182,721
3.9
Tongan
40,716
1.1
50,481
1.3
60,333
1.5
82,389
1.8
Cook Islands Māori
51,486
1.4
56,895
1.5
61,077
1.5
80,532
1.7
Niuean
20,148
0.6
22,476
0.6
23,883
0.6
30,867
0.7
Middle Eastern/Latin American/African
24,084
0.7
34,743
0.9
46,953
1.2
70,332
1.5
92,760
1.9
Other
801
<0.1
430,881
11.2
67,752
1.7
58,053
1.2
New Zealander
—
429,429
11.1
65,973
1.6
45,330
1.0
Total people stated
3,586,644
3,860,163
4,011,399
4,699,755
Not elsewhere included
150,702
4.0
167,784
4.2
230,646
5.4
The maps below (taken from 2013 census data[64]) show the percentages of people in each census area unit identifying themselves as European, Māori, Asian, or Pacific Islander (as defined by Statistics New Zealand). As people could identify themselves with multiple groups, percentages are not cumulative.
English has long been entrenched as a de facto national language due to its widespread use.[83] In the 2018 census, 95.4percent of respondents spoke English,[4] down from 96.1 percent in 2013.[5] The New Zealand English dialect is mostly non-rhotic with an exception being the Southern Burr found principally in Southland and parts of Otago.[84] It is similar to Australian English and many speakers from the Northern Hemisphere are unable to tell the accents apart.[85] In New Zealand English the short i (as in kit) has become centralised, leading to the phrase fish and chips sounding like "fush and chups" to the Australian ear.[86] The words rarely and really, reel and real, doll and dole, pull and pool, witch and which, and full and fill can sometimes be pronounced as homophones.[87][88][84] Some New Zealanders pronounce the past participlesgrown, thrown and mown using two syllables, whereas groan, throne and moan are pronounced as one syllable.[89] New Zealanders often reply to a question or emphasise a point by adding a rising intonation at the end of the sentence.[90]
Speakers of Māori according to the 2013 census:
Less than 5%
More than 5%
More than 10%
More than 20%
More than 30%
More than 40%
More than 50%
Initially, the Māori language (te reo Māori) was permitted in native schools to facilitate English instruction, but as time went on official attitudes hardened against any use of the language. Māori were discouraged from speaking their own language in schools and work places and it existed as a community language only in a few remote areas.[91] The language underwent a revival beginning in the 1970s, and now more people speak Māori.[92][93] The future of the language was the subject of a claim before the Waitangi Tribunal in 1985. As a result, Māori was declared an official language in 1987.[94] In the 2013 census, 21.3percent of Māori people—and 3.7percent of all respondents, including some non-Māori people—reported conversational fluency in the language.[95][n 6] There are now Māori language immersion schools and two Māori Television channels, the only nationwide television channels to have the majority of their prime-time content delivered in Māori.[97]Many places have officially been given dual Māori and English names in recent years.
In the 2018 census, 22,987 people reported the ability to use New Zealand Sign Language.[4] It was declared one of New Zealand's official languages in 2006.[98]
Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.2percent), followed by "Northern Chinese" (including Mandarin; 2.0percent), Hindi (1.5percent) and French (1.2percent).[4] A considerable proportion of first- and second-generation migrants are multilingual.[4]
The predominant religion in New Zealand is Christianity. As recorded in the 2018 census, about 38percent of the population identified themselves as Christians,[4] although regular church attendance is estimated at 15percent.[100] Another 48.5percent indicated that they had no religion[4] (up from 41.9percent in 2013 and 34.7percent in 2006[101]) and around 7.5percent affiliated with other religions.[4]
The indigenous religion of the Māori population was animistic, but with the arrival of missionaries from the early nineteenth century most of the Māori population converted to Christianity.[102] In the 2018 census, 3,699 Māori identify themselves as adhering to "Māori religions, beliefs and philosophies".[4]
In the 2018 census, the largest reported Christian affiliations are Anglican (6.7percent of the population), Roman Catholic (6.3percent), Presbyterian (4.7percent). There are also significant numbers of Christians who identify themselves with Methodist, Pentecostal, Baptist and Latter-day Saint churches, and the New Zealand-based Rātana church has adherents among Māori.[4] Immigration and associated demographic change in recent decades has contributed to the growth of minority religions,[103] especially Hinduism, Buddhism and Islam.[104][105]
Education follows the three-tier model, which includes primary schools, followed by secondary schools (high schools) and tertiary education at universities or polytechnics. The Programme for International Student Assessment ranked New Zealand's education as the seventh highest in 2009.[106] The Education Index, published with the UN's 2014 Human Development Index and based on data from 2013, listed New Zealand at 0.917, ranked second after Australia.[107]
In July 2019[update] there were 476,240 primary students, 278,266 secondary students, and 58,340 students attending composite (combined primary and secondary) schools.[108] Primary and secondary schooling is compulsory for children aged 6 to 16[109] with most children starting at 5. Early leaving exemptions may be granted to 15-year-old students that have been experiencing some ongoing difficulties at school or are unlikely to benefit from continued attendance.[110] Parents and caregivers can home school their children if they obtain approval from the Ministry of Education and prove that their child will be taught "as regularly and as well as in a registered school".[111] There are 13 school years and attending state (public) schools is nominally free from an individual's fifth birthday until the end of the calendar year following their 19th birthday.[111][112]
The academic year in New Zealand varies between institutions, but generally runs from late January until mid-December for primary and secondary schools and polytechnics, and from late February until mid-November for universities. New Zealand has an adult literacy rate of 99percent,[113] and over half of the population aged 15 to 29 hold a tertiary qualification.[109][n 9] In the adult population 14.2percent have a bachelor's degree or higher, 30.4percent have some form of secondary qualification as their highest qualification and 22.4percent have no formal qualification.[114]
New Zealand's early economy was based on sealing, whaling, flax, gold, kauri gum, and native timber.[115] During the 1880s agricultural products became the highest export earner and farming was a major occupation within New Zealand.[116] Farming is still a major employer, with 75 000 people indicating farming as their occupation during the 2006 census,[117] although dairy farming has recently taken over from sheep as the largest sector.[116] The largest occupation recorded during the 2018 census was sales assistant with 108,702 people, followed by office managers (65,907 people), chief executives or managing directors (54,480 people), and sales representatives not elsewhere included (51,747 people).[118] The largest industries of employment were cafes and restaurants (67,608 people), supermarkets and grocery stores (57,609 people), primary education (55,779 people), hospitals (52,887 people), and house construction (51,804 people).[118] Most people earn their income from wages or salaries (60.6 percent), with the other sources of income being superannuation or pensions (17.3 percent), interest and investments (16.8 percent) and self-employment (14.8 percent).[118]
In 1982 New Zealand had the lowest per-capita income of all the developed nations surveyed by the World Bank.[119] In 2010 the estimated gross domestic product (GDP) at purchasing power parity (PPP) per capita was roughly US$28,250, between the thirty-first and fifty-first highest for all countries.[n 10] The median personal income in 2006 was $24,400. This was up from $15,600 in 1996, with the largest increases in the $50,000 to $70,000 bracket.[123]Men earn more than women on average, with the median income for men in 2011 being $31,500, $12,400 more than women.[124] The highest median personal income were for people identifying with the European or "other" ethnic group, while the lowest was from the Asian ethnic group. The median income for people identifying as Māori was $20,900.[125] In 2013, the median personal income had risen slightly to $28,500.[126]
Unemployment peaked above 10percent in 1991 and 1992,[127] before falling to a record low of 3.7percent in 2007 (ranking third from twenty-seven comparable OECD nations).[128] Unemployment rose back to 7percent in late 2009.[129] In the June 2017 quarter, unemployment had fallen to 4.8percent. This was the lowest unemployment rate since December 2008, after the start of the Great Recession, when it was 4.4%.[130] That census held in 2006 stated that 15% of New Zealanders did some form of voluntary work through any organisation, group or marae (men 14%, women 17%).[131] Home ownership has declined since 1991, from 73.8percent to 66.9percent in 2006.[132]
1 2 When completing the census people could select more than one ethnic group. The proportions of people adding up to each ethnic group do not therefore add up to 100percent.
↑ A person born on or after 1 January 2006 acquires New Zealand citizenship at birth only if at least one parent is a New Zealand citizen or permanent resident. People born on or before 31 December 2005 acquired citizenship at birth (jus soli).[20]
↑ By 2036 the number of people aged 65 and over is projected to increase by 77 percent over 2016. One in 4.5 will be aged 65 and over.[28]
↑ For 1921–2000, population in the table means population on 1 January on the year. For 1991 onwards, population December 31.
↑ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and have been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an ageing population with the result that the population reduces.
↑ In 2015, 55percent of Māori adults (aged 15 years and over) reported some knowledge of te reo Māori. Of these speakers, 64 percent use Māori at home and 50,000 can speak the language "very well" or "well".[96]
↑ This table includes all people who stated each religious affiliation, whether as their only religious affiliation or as one of several. Where a person reported more than one religious affiliation, they were counted in each applicable group.
↑ Including churches designated as "Māori Christian", such as the Rātana church.[99]
↑ Tertiary education in New Zealand describes all aspects of post-school education and training. Its ranges from informal non-assessed community courses in schools through to undergraduate degrees and advanced, research-based postgraduate degrees.
The Northland Region is the northernmost of New Zealand's 16 local government regions. New Zealanders sometimes refer to it as the Winterless North because of its mild climate all throughout the year. The major population centre is the city of Whangārei, and the largest town is Kerikeri. At the 2018 New Zealand census, Northland recorded a population growth spurt of 18.1% since the previous 2013 census, placing it as the fastest growing region in New Zealand, ahead of other strong growth regions such as the Bay of Plenty Region and Waikato.
Tangiteroria is a small rural community in the North Island of New Zealand. It is located halfway between Whangārei and Dargaville on State Highway 14 on the banks of the Northern Wairoa river.
New Zealanders are people associated with New Zealand, sharing a common history, culture, and language. People of various ethnicities and national origins are citizens of New Zealand, governed by its nationality law.
Moriori, or ta rē Moriori, is a Polynesian language most closely related to New Zealand Māori. It is spoken by the Moriori, the indigenous people of New Zealand's Chatham Islands, an archipelago located east of the South Island. Moriori went extinct as a first language at the turn of the 20th century, but revitalisation attempts are ongoing.
Waitangi is the main port and largest settlement of the Chatham Islands. It is situated on along the southern shore of Petre Bay, on the west coast of the archipelago's main island. With a population of 177 in the 2018 census, Waitangi is by far the largest settlement on the archipelago, accounting for about 27% of the group's population of 663.
New Zealanders of European descent are mostly of British and Irish ancestry, with significantly smaller percentages of other European ancestries such as Germans, Poles, French, Dutch, Croats and other South Slavs, Greeks, and Scandinavians. European New Zealanders are also known by the Māori-language loanword Pākehā.
Matauri Bay is a bay in New Zealand, situated 30 km north of Kerikeri, in Whangaroa county, just north of the Bay of Islands. It has over a kilometre of white sand and crystal clear water, making it a popular summer destinations for surfers, divers, fishers and holidaymakers.
New Zealand is an island country in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. It consists of two main landmasses—the North Island and the South Island —and over 600 smaller islands. It is the sixth-largest island country by area and lies east of Australia across the Tasman Sea and south of the islands of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga. The country's varied topography and sharp mountain peaks, including the Southern Alps, owe much to tectonic uplift and volcanic eruptions. New Zealand's capital city is Wellington, and its most populous city is Auckland.
English is the predominant language and a de facto official language of New Zealand. Almost the entire population speak it either as native speakers or proficiently as a second language. The New Zealand English dialect is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences. The Māori language of the indigenous Māori people was made the first de jure official language in 1987. New Zealand Sign Language (NZSL) has been an official language since 2006. Many other languages are used by New Zealand's minority ethnic communities.
Indian New Zealanders or informally known as Kiwi Indians are people of Indian origin or descent who live in New Zealand. The term includes Indians born in New Zealand, as well as immigrants from India, Fiji, other regions of Asia, parts of Africa such as South Africa and East Africa, and from other parts of the world. The term Indian New Zealander applies to any New Zealander with one or both parents of Indian heritage. Although sometimes the Indo-Kiwi definition has been expanded to people with mixed racial parentage with one Indian parent or grandparent, this can be controversial as it generally tends to remove the ethnic heritage or identity of the foreign parent or grandparent, which may be seen as insensitive to those with mixed parentage, who tend to value both their Indian and non-Indian parents and grandparents.
Herekino is a locality in Northland, New Zealand. It lies 26 km south west of Kaitaia. The Herekino Harbour, also called the Herekino River, is an estuary and inlet from the Tasman Sea to the west. The Herekino Forest, which contains a stand of large kauri, is to the north, and the Tauroa Peninsula lies to the north west.
Horeke is a settlement in the upper reaches of the Hokianga Harbour in Northland, New Zealand. Kohukohu is just across the harbour. The Horeke basalts are located near the town, and can be viewed on an easy stroll through the Wairere Boulders, a commercial park.
The Karikari Peninsula on the east coast of the far north of Northland, New Zealand, is between Rangaunu Harbour to the west, and Doubtless Bay to the southeast. It is a right-angled land mass of two relatively distinct parts. The rocky northern part, which has an east–west orientation and is approximately 17 km long, was originally an island but is now connected to the mainland by a low sandy tombolo approximately 11 km long, which has a north–south orientation. The spiritually significant Puwheke sits high above the north-facing beaches.
Panguru is a community in the northern Hokianga harbour, in Northland, New Zealand. The Whakarapa Stream flows from the Panguru Range in the Warawara Forest to the west, through Panguru and into the Hokianga.
Whangaruru is a rural community and harbour on the east coast of Northland, New Zealand. Mokau, Helena Bay, Whakapara, Hikurangi and Whangārei are to the south and the Bay of Islands is to the northwest.
Te Karaka is a small settlement inland from Gisborne, in the northeast of New Zealand's North Island. It is located in the valley of the Waipaoa River close to its junction with its tributary, the Waihora River. Te Karaka is located on State Highway 2, and is the largest settlement between Gisborne and Ōpōtiki in the Bay of Plenty.
Māori are the indigenous Polynesian people of mainland New Zealand. Māori originated with settlers from East Polynesia, who arrived in New Zealand in several waves of canoe voyages between roughly 1320 and 1350. Over several centuries in isolation, these settlers developed a distinct culture, whose language, mythology, crafts, and performing arts evolved independently from those of other eastern Polynesian cultures. Some early Māori moved to the Chatham Islands, where their descendants became New Zealand's other indigenous Polynesian ethnic group, the Moriori.
Taupō Bay is a bay, village and rural community in the Far North District and Northland Region of New Zealand's North Island. There are about 40 permanent residents, and 180 properties. The white sand beach is 1.5 km wide.
Pasifika New Zealanders are a pan-ethnic group of New Zealanders associated with, and descended from, the indigenous peoples of the Pacific Islands outside of New Zealand itself. They form the fourth-largest ethnic grouping in the country, after European descendants, indigenous Māori, and Asian New Zealanders. Over 380,000 people identify as being of Pacific origin, representing 8% of the country's population, with the majority residing in Auckland.
↑ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/268285485_Ethnic_Intermarriage_in_New_Zealand"One might argue that a Maori and Maori-European union is endogamous – that is within-group - mostly because of the historical New Zealand convention of seeing “half-castes” more as Maori than as European. Because of this complexity a clear definition of ethnic intermarriage is not offered."
↑ "Population clock". Statistics New Zealand. Retrieved 14 April 2016. The population estimate shown is automatically calculated daily at 00:00 UTC and is based on data obtained from the population clock on the date shown in the citation.
↑ "Sex ratios". Population Statistics Unit, Statistics New Zealand Statistics House. Archived from the original on 6 April 2023. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
↑ "Sex Ratio". The World Factbook. CIA. Retrieved 13 April 2011.
↑ Winkelmann, Rainer (2000). "The labour market performance of European immigrants in New Zealand in the 1980s and 1990s". The International Migration Review. 33 (1): 33–58. doi:10.2307/2676011. JSTOR2676011. Journal subscription required
↑ Clark, Ross (1994). "Moriori and Māori: The Linguistic Evidence". In Sutton, Douglas (ed.). The Origins of the First New Zealanders. Auckland: Auckland University Press. pp.123–135.
↑ Evans, N. "Up From Down Under: After a Century of Socialism, Australia and New Zealand are Cutting Back Government and Freeing Their Economies". National Review. 46 (16): 47–51.
Hay, Jennifer; Maclagan, Margaret; Gordon, Elizabeth (2008). Dialects of English: New Zealand English. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN978-0-7486-2529-1.
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