Elections in Hungary

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Elections in Hungary are held at two levels: general elections to elect the members of the National Assembly and local elections to elect local authorities. European Parliament elections are also held every 5 years.

Contents

National Assembly elections

Following a reform in 2012, general elections are now conducted under a one-round, two-ballot system. The total number of seats has been reduced and regional lists have been eliminated. The number of single-member seats has increased from 45.56% of the total to 53.3%. The first ballot is to choose MPs for 106 single-member districts using first-past-the-post. The remaining 93 party-list national seats are allocated based on the sum of second ballot list votes and wasted votes from the first ballot. Wasted votes are votes that were cast for unsuccessful candidates or surplus votes for winning candidates. [1] This formula for allocating national seats is a cross between a parallel mixed system and a compensatory mixed system.

The 2014 elections were the first to be held according to the new system, which included the following significant changes:

Minority lists that do not reach the 5% of all minority-list votes and do not get at least one seat, will be able to send a minority spokesman to the National Assembly, who has the right to speak but not to vote. Practically, only the German and Romani minorities are numerous enough to possibly elect MPs, while the other 13 minorities have spokesmen.

Nomination of candidates

Voting

On Hungarian elections citizens can vote for a party-list (or a minority-list), and in case of residing in Hungary (which is checked by showing the address card) citizens can also vote for a constituency candidate who will be responsible for the local community in the National Assembly.

Implementation of voting

  • at local polling stations
    • Hungarian citizens with Hungarian residence (address card) staying in Hungary
      • showing the ID card -> being able to vote for a party-list (or a minority-list)
      • showing the address card -> being able to vote for a constituency candidate
  • at embassies, consulates
    • Hungarian citizens with Hungarian residence (address card) staying abroad
      • showing the ID card -> being able to vote for a party-list (or a minority-list)
      • showing the address card -> being able to vote for a constituency candidate
  • by mail
    • Hungarian citizens without Hungarian address card
      • registering for the elections by mail or electronically (valid for 10 years or until change of residential address, validity automatically extends by 10 years in case of voting), registered citizens receive the voting sheet (only the party-list) by mail, which they fulfill and send back to the election office.

Results

In case of the 106 constituency seats, the candidate that receives the most votes (not necessarily more than 50%) in the given constituency, obtains the constituency seat and will be responsible for that local region in the National Assembly. In the case of the 93 party-list seats, parties receive seats in proportion to the votes received out of all the party-list and minority-list votes. These numbers of seats obtained by the parties are calculated according to the D'Hondt method after checking out whether the party has reached the 5% threshold out of all the party-list votes and whether the minority has reached the 5% threshold out of all minority votes. If a minority-lists cannot obtain at least one seat then the first candidate on the minority-list will be minority spokesman, who has right to speak in the National Assembly but is not allowed to vote.

It is possible that the same person is a constituency candidate and a party-list candidate in the same time. If this person has obtained the seat in their constituency and would also obtain a seat because of the party-list that they are listed on then the next candidate in the party-list replaces the candidate that already has obtained a constituency seat. So, for example, someone being the 50th on a party-list can obtain a seat in the National Assembly even if their party has only won 30 party-list seats, if at least 20 candidates listed earlier than them win in their local constituency. (this rule has simplified as there is no county level between the constituency level and the national level)

Generally, big parties place their most important (national level) politicians only on the party-lists because these people want to deal only with national-level issues (like becoming minister). They represent citizens who voted for their parties and not the citizens of their local community, which is the responsibility of those MPs that obtain constituency seats. On the other hand, leaders of small parties usually qualify both on their party-lists and in their local constituencies because of maximizing votes; the leader of a small party might be much more famous or much more popular than an ordinary local politician of a big party.

By-elections

A by-election is an election held to fill a constituency seat that has become vacant between regularly scheduled elections. In case of the vacancy of a party-list seat, the next person on the list that is still interested gets to the National Assembly. [5] This rule has not changed. Note, that by-elections from 2012 are held according to the new system, so only one round is held and no minimum turnout is needed, while the constituencies are the same until 2014.

Latest general election

Turnout (within Hungary only, excluding eligible voters abroad) [6]
7:009:0011:0013:0015:0017:0018:30Overall
1.82%10.31%25.77%40.01%52.75%62.92%67.80%70.21%
2022 Hungary National Assembly.svg
PartyParty-listConstituencyTotal
seats
+/–
Votes%SeatsVotes%Seats
FideszKDNP 3,060,70654.13482,823,41952.8087135+2
United for Hungary 1,947,33134.44381,983,70837.091957–8
Our Homeland Movement 332,4875.886307,0645.7406New
Hungarian Two-Tailed Dog Party 185,0523.270126,6482.37000
Solution Movement 58,9291.04064,3411.2000New
Party of Normal Life39,7200.70031,4950.5900New
National Self-Government of Germans 24,6300.44110
National Self-Government of Croats1,7600.03000
National Self-Government of Slovaks1,2080.02000
National Self-Government of Rusyns6450.01000
National Self-Government of Romanians5260.01000
National Self-Government of Serbs4180.01000
National Self-Government of Ukrainians3960.01000
National Self-Government of Poles2810.00000
National Self-Government of Greeks2320.00000
National Self-Government of Slovenes2190.00000
National Self-Government of Armenians1630.00000
National Self-Government of Bulgarians1570.00000
Leftist Alliance (ISZOMMMMP)8,6780.1600New
True Democratic Party9890.0200New
Civic Response 5210.0100New
Our Party – IMA3260.0100New
Party of Greens 2080.0000New
Democratic Organisation of the Hungarian Poor and Workers1770.0000New
Hungarian Liberal Party 1520.00000
Total5,654,860100.00935,347,726100.001061990
Valid votes5,654,86099.00
Invalid/blank votes57,0651.00
Total votes5,711,925100.00
Registered voters/turnout8,215,30469.53
Source: National Electoral Commission, [6] National Electoral Commission

Result by constituency

Party list results by county and in the diaspora

County [7] Fidesz-KDNP United for Hungary Our Homeland MKKP MM NÉPMinority lists
Bács-Kiskun 57.2529.667.583.081.010.81
Baranya 49.6736.085.933.540.930.86
Békés 52.8134.367.642.620.920.89
Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén 54.3834.296.892.310.990.78
Budapest 40.8447.844.115.191.260.53
Csongrád-Csanád 47.4439.697.343.611.100.72
Fejér 53.5533.806.623.521.150.76
Győr-Moson-Sopron 57.0730.836.213.281.330.72
Hajdú-Bihar 57.8830.876.602.691.020.83
Heves 54.9833.377.312.500.970.74
Jász-Nagykun-Szolnok 55.5833.027.152.450.950.82
Komárom-Esztergom 50.5336.326.723.391.110.95
Nógrád 59.0029.277.662.150.800.68
Pest 50.8836.445.814.051.250.66
Somogy 56.3333.485.972.221.020.66
Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg 61.6629.045.591.640.910.80
Tolna 58.9528.496.672.460.900.81
Vas 59.9429.555.592.890.890.72
Veszprém 52.5734.446.883.391.000.76
Zala 56.7231.986.632.680.950.94
Total in Hungary52.4536.156.153.421.100.73
Diaspora 93.894.121.060.610.100.22
Total54.1334.445.883.271.040.70

Historical composition of the National Assembly since 1990

   MSZP
   SZDSZ
   Egy.
   LMP
   MLP
   Mom.
   DK
   Par.
   Fidesz
   KDNP
   MDF
   FKGP
   MIÉP
   Jobbik
   MHM
   Germans
  Others
  Independent
1990–1994
339321192116444
1994–1998
209691120223826
1998–2002
134241411481748
2002–2006
1782016424
2006–2010
1902011412311
2010–2014
591647122736
2014–2018
29134152311716
2018–2022
15519826111716
2022–2026
10615115106111718


The numbers come from the legislature's inaugural session. Later changes may occur:

Prime ministers and their governments since 1989

Parties   MSZMP / MSZP    Fidesz    MDF    Independent

#PictureNameFromUntilPolitical PartyCabinet Assembly
(Election)
Miklós Németh
(Provisional)
23 October 198923 May 1990 MSZP Németh
MSZP
35 Portrait of Jozsef Antall, Jr.tif József Antall 23 May 199012 December 1993
(died)
MDF Antall
MDFFKGPKDNP
1 (1990)
36 Peter Boross 2014.JPG Péter Boross
( acting )
12 December 199321 December 1993 MDF Boross
MDFFKGPKDNP
Péter Boross 21 December 199315 July 1994
37 Gyula Horn (2007).jpg Gyula Horn 15 July 19948 July 1998 MSZP Horn
MSZPSZDSZ
2 (1994)
38 Orban Viktor Portrait 2010.jpg Viktor Orbán 8 July 199827 May 2002 Fidesz Orbán I
FideszFKGPMDF
3 (1998)
39 Medgyessy in August 2014 (cropped).JPG Péter Medgyessy 27 May 200229 September 2004
(resigned)
Independent Medgyessy
MSZPSZDSZ
4 (2002)
40 Gyurcsany Ferenc-mszp-2-croped.jpg Ferenc Gyurcsány 29 September 20049 June 2006 MSZP Gyurcsány I
MSZPSZDSZ
9 June 200614 April 2009
(resigned)
Gyurcsány II
MSZPSZDSZ [1]
5 (2006)
41 Bajnai Jerusalem.jpg Gordon Bajnai 14 April 200929 May 2010Independent Bajnai
MSZP [2]
(38) Viktor Orban 2018.jpg Viktor Orbán 29 May 20106 June 2014 Fidesz Orbán II
FideszKDNP
6 (2010)
6 June 201418 May 2018 Orbán III
FideszKDNP
7 (2014)
18 May 201824 May 2022 Orbán IV
FideszKDNP
8 (2018)
24 May 2022Incumbent Orbán V
FideszKDNP
9 (2022)

1 SZDSZ left the Gyurcsány II Cabinet on 20 April 2008 and kept supporting it externally.

2 The Bajnai Cabinet was supported externally by SZDSZ.

Local elections

Elections for mayors and municipalities (Hungarian : Helyi önkormányzati választások) occur every five years (formerly every four years in the autumn following the general elections). On the local elections, the following are elected directly by the voters:

in Budapest

in the towns/cities with county rank:

in the counties (excluding towns/cities with county rank):

The chairman of the County Council is elected by the members of the Council, unlike the Lord Mayor of Budapest or the Mayors of towns/cities with county rank, which are elected directly by people.

Latest local elections

European Parliament elections

Since the EU expansion to Romania and Bulgaria, Hungary delegates 22 members to the European Parliament based on the Nice treaty. Any EU citizens with residence in Hungary have the right to vote for a party-list. In case of the EU elections there are no constituency votes.

The latest EP election in Hungary took place on 26 May 2019, which was the fourth one at all, after the 2004 EP election, which took place on 13 June 2004, bit more than a month after the EU expansion to 10 Eastern European countries.

Results:

Summary of the 2004 and 2009 European Parliament elections
PartiesVotes 2004% 2004Seats 2004Votes 2009% 2009Seats 2009Difference
National PartyEuropean party
Fidesz - Hungarian Civic Union (Fidesz) [lower-alpha 1] EPP 1,457,75047.40121,632,30956,3614 +2
Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP) PES 1,054,92134.309503,14017,374 -5
Jobbik nonedid not run--427,77314,773 +3
Hungarian Democratic Forum (MDF) ECR 164,0255.331153,6605.311 0
Politics Can Be Different (LMP) [lower-alpha 2] nonedid not exist--75,5222.610 -
Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ) ELDR 237,9087.74262,5272.160 -2
Hungarian Communist Workers' Party (Munkáspárt)none [lower-alpha 3] 56,2211.83027,8170.960 0
Gypsy Alliance Party (MCF)nonedid not run--13,4310.460 -
Total (turnout 36,31% [lower-alpha 4] )3,075,450100.0242,896,179100.022
Source: Valasztas.hu

Referendums

The Constitution of Hungary prescribes two ways to hold a referendum (Article 8 [8] ):

The Constitution imposes a number of prohibitions on matters on which a referendum can be held, including amending Constitution, budget, taxing, obligations from international agreements, military operations, etc. [8]

Required voter turnout for the referendum to be valid is 50%. The decision made by a referendum is binding on the Parliament. [8]

Past referendums

There was one referendum in People's Republic of Hungary: referendum of 1989. There were 4 questions, all 4 passed.

There were 5 referendums in modern Hungary:

Presidential elections (indirect)

The President of Hungary, who has a largely ceremonial role under the country's constitution, is elected by the members of the National Assembly to serve for a term of five years (maximum two times), and has to quit their political party (if they have one) in order to be impartial and able to express the unity of the nation (so the "Political Party" column refers to their party membership, prior to becoming president).

Presidents of Hungary:

#PictureNameFromUntilPolitical partyNotes
Szuros Matyas (Heti Valasz).JPG Mátyás Szűrös 18 October 19892 May 1990 Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)interim president

(until the formation of the first freely elected National Assembly)

1 GonczArpad.jpg Árpád Göncz 2 May 19904 August 2000 Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ)president of the republic
2 Ferenc Madl.jpg Ferenc Mádl 4 August 20005 August 2005 Non-partisan president of the republic
3 Laszlo Solyom.jpg László Sólyom 5 August 20056 August 2010 Non-partisan president of the republic
4 Pal Schmitt (2011).jpg Pál Schmitt 6 August 20102 April 2012
(resigned)
Fidesz president of the republic
Laszlo Kover Senate of Poland 01.JPG László Kövér 2 April 201210 May 2012 Fidesz acting president
5 Ader Janos.jpg János Áder 10 May 201210 May 2022 Fidesz president of the republic
6 Katalin Novak in 2017 (cropped).jpg Katalin Novák 10 May 202226 February 2024 (resigned) Fidesz president of the republic

Parties   Hungarian Socialist Party (MSZP)   Alliance of Free Democrats (SZDSZ)   Fidesz

The non-partisan Ferenc Mádl had been elected by the Fidesz-FKgp-MDF government in 2000, while the also non-partisan László Sólyom (former President of the Constitutional Court) had been elected president as the opposition Fidesz's and MDF's candidate in 2005. The minor party of the coalition government (SZDSZ) did not support the superior coalition government party's (MSZP) candidate, therefore Mr. Sólyom could win as an opposition candidate.

Past elections

The previous general elections (2010) in the country resulted in an overwhelming majority win for the conservative opposition party Fidesz (which gained a 2/3 supermajority by winning the 68% of the seats (52.7% of the votes)), as well the dramatic rise of the far-right newcomers Jobbik (12.2% of seats, 16.7% of votes), who were just 2.5% short of the former ruling Hungarian Socialist Party (15.3% of seats, 19.3% of votes).

The green liberal, social progressivist Politics Can Be Different (4.1% of seats, 7.5% of votes) was also newcomer, while the liberal conservative formerly parliamentary Hungarian Democratic Forum (2.7% of votes) could not achieve the 5% threshold, and the formerly parliamentary (and also member of the coalition government before 2009) Alliance of Free Democrats was not able to run on the election because of the large decrease of popularity.

This election has changed the balance of power in the National Assembly of Hungary the most significantly since the end of the communist one-party system, as two brand new political forces could have got to the National Assembly while two formerly parliamentary parties fell out and the support of previous ruling party had significantly decreased (from 48.2% to 15.3% of seats, from 40.3% to 19.3% of votes).

Electoral system for National Assembly elections between 1990 and 2010

Until 2010, elections for the 386-seat National Assembly (Országgyűlés) involved two separate ballots, two rounds, and three classes of seats: 176 members were elected in single-member districts through a two-round system, and 146 were elected through proportional representation in 20 regional multi-member constituencies (MMCs), in a non-compensatory way (parallel allocation). Finally, 64 nationwide levelling seats were allocated in such a way to correct for discrepancies between votes and seats in the different constituencies [9] (the number of multi-member district seats and levelling seats varied over time; the shares shown here were for the 2010 election). For both MMCs and levelling seats, the electoral threshold was 5% of the MMC vote. (Where two parties presented a joint list, their threshold was 10%; for three or more joined parties, the threshold was 15%.)

The second round would be held two weeks after the first, in situations where no candidate in the single-member district won and/or where the MMC result was invalidated due to low turnout.

First round

In the first round, each voter may cast

  • one vote for one candidate running for the local single-seat constituency;
  • one vote for a party list established in the local MMC.

After the polls close:

  • The result in single-seat constituencies where voter turnout was below 50% is declared invalid, and all candidates for the first round enter the second round.
  • Any single-seat constituency where turnout was over 50% and one candidate received over 50% of the votes is won by that candidate, and no second round takes place.
  • In all remaining single-seat constituencies (i.e., where turnout exceeded 50% but no candidate received over 50% of votes), the top three candidates and any other candidates having received at least 15% of votes are eligible (a kind of runoff voting).
  • The result for MMCs where the turnout was over 50% is produced. (If all MMCs saw adequate turnout, the parties passing the election threshold could already be determined and the MMC seats could be allocated.)

Second round

In the second round, each voter may cast

  • one vote for one candidate still standing in the single-seat constituency, if the seat was not won in the first round;
  • one vote for a party list in the MMC, if the first round was invalid due to insufficient turnout.

After the polls close:

  • Any seats in single-seat constituencies where turnout was below 25%, or where the first two candidates received an equal number of votes, will remain vacant.
  • All other single-seat constituencies will be won by the candidate who received the most votes.
  • The result of MMC where turnout was below 25% is declared invalid, and the seats from that constituency are added to the compensation seats.
  • The parties passing the threshold are identified based on MMCs with a valid result. Seats from these constituencies are distributed.
  • Parties having passed the threshold are eligible for the compensation seats; these are distributed based on:
    • the sum of votes remaining in the MMCs after the distribution of the seats, plus
    • the sum of votes cast for losing candidates of each party in the first valid round of each single-seat constituency (similar to the scorporo system). Since the first valid round is taken into account, votes are still counted for a candidate who is eliminated in the first round, or who steps down after a valid first round to endorse another, more viable candidate.

See also

Notes

  1. Common list with the Christian Democratic People's Party (KDNP) in the 2009 election
  2. Common list with the Humanist Party (HP)
  3. The Hungarian Communist Workers' Party left the European Left in May.
  4. In the previous election in 2004 turnout was 38.5%

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References

  1. "The New Electoral Law in Hungary: In-Depth Analysis" (PDF). Political Capital Institute. Retrieved 2018-04-08.
  2. "Az új választókerületek népesség-arányai".
  3. "Under pressure, Hungary PM drops contested voting rules". Reuters. 4 January 2013.
  4. "Hungarian voter registration found unconstitutional". 4 January 2013.
  5. "10. A megüresedett mandátum betöltése". Nemzeti Választási Iroda - (in Hungarian).
  6. 1 2 "Nemzeti Választási Iroda - Országgyűlési Választás 2022" [National Electoral Commission - Election of National Assembly Representatives 2022] (in Hungarian). 16 April 2022. Archived from the original on 22 April 2022.
  7. "Országgyűlési képviselők választása 2022 - országos listás szavazás eredménye". valasztas.hu.
  8. 1 2 3 "The Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-01-02. Retrieved 2013-11-02.
  9. Nathan Schackow, 2014, "Hungary's Changing Electoral System: Reform or Repression Inside theEuropean Union? p. 4.