Elections in Austria

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On the federal level, there are two main elections in Austria: presidential elections and elections to determine the composition of the National Council (Nationalrat), the lower house of Austria's bicameral Parliament. The upper house, the Federal Council consists of delegates from the states and is not directly elected. These elections are governed by federal law, which also applies to European Parliament elections.

Austria's federal president (Bundespraesident) is elected for a six-year term, most recently in 2022 Austrian presidential election. The election takes place under the two-round system to ensure that the president is supported by a majority of the voters. Under this system, a first round of voting is held, and unless one candidate gets a majority there, a second round is held where only the two highest-ranking candidates from the first round are included.

The National Council is elected by proportional representation. Elections take place every five years, except that a snap election may be called if the chancellor wants early elections or loses the support of a majority in the National Council, as happened in 2017 and again in 2019.

Austria has a multi-party system. From 1945 to 1983, Austrian politics had a two-party system, where two main parties, the SPÖ on the center-left and the ÖVP on the center-right, generally dominated politics, and were the only parties to form government, most often forming a grand coalition when neither party had a majority of seats.

Starting in 1983, as the right-wing Freedom Party started to win more seats, the coalitions that emerged depended on whether SPO or OVP was responsible for forming government. If it was SPO, the result was a grand coalition of the two centrist parties. However, if the OVP won the most votes, as it did on five occasions, it had the option of forming a coalition with the far right Freedom Party instead of the centre left SPO. This is what it did in 1983, 1999, 2002 and 2017. Following the 2019 National Council elections, the victorious ÖVP negotiated a coalition agreement with the Green Party instead, bringing the Green Party into the government for the first time.

For a party to be represented in the National Council, it must either pass the threshold of at least 4% of all valid votes cast nationwide, or win one mandate (seat) in one of the regional electoral districts. If a party doesn't satisfy either requirement, it does not participate in the allocation of seats. [1] This threshold exists to discourage parties from splintering and producing an unmanageably large number of small parties in parliament.

In some cases, a national referendum can be called by the Austrian Parliament.

In 2007, the voting age was lowered from 18 to 16 in all federal elections. Some states had already lowered the voting age for state and local election before 2007.

Voting rights and restrictions

Austrian election law distinguishes between the "active" right to vote and the "passive" right to be elected, i.e. stand as a candidate (actives vs. passives Wahlrecht), with different minimum-age requirements. Citizens who will have attained age 16 by election day and older may exercise the right to vote in elections at all levels of government. Citizens 18 and up may stand as candidates in elections except for presidential elections, in which the minimum age to stand as a candidate is 35.

Citizens of other European Union member states with a permanent residence in Austria may vote in European Union elections and in municipal elections. [2]

Citizens who are sentenced to more than five years of imprisonment can lose their voting rights for the duration of their sentence if the judge determines that such a suspension is warranted. This preclusion period is shortened to one year for specific offenses (such as terrorism, voter fraud, and treason). [3]

Until 2011, members of current or former ruling noble houses (i.e. members of the Habsburg family) were ineligible for office. [4]

The Proportional Representation (PR) System in Austria

The overall objective of Austria’s election system for parliament and other legislative bodies is to assure the proportional allocation of seats based on the share of the votes received by the political parties at the polls so that the composition of the legislative body will faithfully represent the preferences of the electorate.

This system requires voters to select among political parties on their ballot, rather than among competing candidates. The standard manner of expressing that choice is by placing an ‘x’ in the circle next to the name of the party on the paper ballot (Stimmzettel). There is as yet no legal basis for e-voting in Austrian elections. Voters have some ability to affect the fortunes of particular candidates on their favored party’s list by casting preference votes. When doing so, however, they may not cross party-lines. Any preference votes for candidates of another party are invalid. Austria’s version of PR thus basically remains a party-list system despite the preference-vote feature.

Conversion of votes to seats in federal parliamentary elections

In elections for the National Council (Nationalrat), which is the lower house of Austria’s parliament, proportionality is maximized through the utilization of a three-stage process of allocating mandates; in state and local elections a similar method is used, but it is simpler: it only involves two stages. There are also some minor differences among states because each state has its own election law for state and local elections, whereas the National Council elections are governed by a specific federal election act (Nationalrats-Wahlordnung 1992). [5] Presidential elections and European Parliament elections are also governed by federal law.

For purposes of National Council elections, each state (Bundesland) constitutes an electoral unit (Landwahlkreis), and each of the nine states is subdivided into regional electoral districts (Regionalwahlkreise), for a total of 39. Political parties may compete nationwide, but are not required to do so. In order to receive any representation in the National Council, however, a party must satisfy at least one of two alternative conditions: Win a basic mandate (Direktmandat) in one of the regional districts or receive at least 4% of all valid votes cast nationwide.

In order to win a basic mandate, the party must receive enough votes to meet or exceed the Wahlzahl in at least one regional district. The Wahlzahl is not a number fixed by law, but is determined by dividing the total number of valid votes cast in the state by the total number of mandates available to be allocated for that state. The number of mandates apportioned to states varies because of large differences in population size. It is periodically readjusted based on the results of the most recent census to assure that each vote has the same weight regardless of where in the country it is cast.

Any remaining votes (i.e. votes that did not result in the allocation of a seat as a Direktmandat) are then aggregated in the next stage of the process, in which seats based on the Wahlzahl are allocated based on the combined number of votes in the larger electoral unit. This procedure prevents votes that were not applied to meeting the Wahlzahl, and did not, therefore, contribute to the allocation of a mandate, from being "lost" or "wasted" and not having an impact on the ultimate election outcome. In National Council elections, any remaining seats in the 183-member body, i.e. seats not filled through the first two stages of the votes-to-seats conversion process, are then filled by aggregating votes nationwide and assigning the remaining seats to the parties based on the D'Hondt method. In state elections, there is no third stage because there is no nationwide vote.

Variation of Austria’s PR System of Election at the Sub-national Level

Austria’s constituent states (Bundeslaender) – also frequently referred to as federal provinces in English translation—vary with respect to the minimum-requirement to enter the state legislature. The rules governing such elections are not uniform because they are governed by state law, rather than by national law.

In Styria, for example, no 4% or any other threshold requirement applies. Instead, a party must at least win one basic mandate (Grundmandat) in one of the four regional electoral districts (Wahlkreise); it may then aggregate its remaining votes from all four districts and participate on the allocation of the remaining mandates (Restmandate) in the second stage of the votes-to-seats conversion process. In the Styrian version of PR, the Wahlzahl in the second stage differs from the Wahlzahl that governs the district-per-district allocation of mandates in the first stage. In contrast to federal elections, the Wahlzahl is computed separately for each district. There is, therefore, inter-district variation in the number of votes a party needs to earn a basic mandate. [6]

In the most recent elections for Styria’s legislature (Landtagswahlen) in October 2019, three small parties, including the Communist Party and the NEOS, were able to enter the Landtag by winning at least one Grundmandat in the district that includes Graz, the state’s capital. Each was then eligible to participate in the allocation of the remaining eight mandates (Restmandate), and each won one additional seat, while the remainder went to the larger parties. [7]

As can be seen in this example, smaller parties do better under this variant of the PR system when their electoral support is concentrated geographically. As also illustrated, seemingly arcane details in the mechanics of how votes are counted and converted into seats can have important consequences.

Latest parliamentary elections

2019 legislative election

Autriche2019.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Austrian People's Party 1,789,41737.4671+9
Social Democratic Party of Austria 1,011,86821.1840–12
Freedom Party of Austria 772,66616.1731–20
The Greens – The Green Alternative 664,05513.9026+26
NEOS – The New Austria 387,1248.1015+5
JETZT – Pilz List 89,1691.870–8
KPÖ Plus 32,7360.6900
Der Wandel 22,1680.460New
Beer Party 4,9460.100New
Every Vote Counts! 1,7670.0400
BZÖ Carinthia – Alliance of Patriots 7600.020New
Socialist Left Party 3100.0100
Christian Party of Austria 2600.0100
Total4,777,246100.001830
Valid votes4,777,24698.80
Invalid/blank votes58,2231.20
Total votes4,835,469100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,396,81275.59
Source: Interior Ministry

Election results 1945–2024

Summary of Austrian elections for the National Council, 1945–2024
Election year KPÖ SPÖ ÖVP VdU FPÖ Gre LiF BZÖ TS NEOS PILZ OthTurnout
1945 5.444.649.8--------0.294.0
1949 5.138.744.011.7-------0.696.8
1953 5.342.141.311.0-------0.495.8
1956 4.443.046.0-6.5------0.095.3
1959 3.344.844.2-7.7------0.194.2
1962 3.044.045.4-7.0------0.593.8
1966 0.442.648.3-5.4------3.393.8
1970 1.048.444.7-5.5------0.491.8
1971 1.450.043.1-5.5------0.092.4
1975 1.250.442.9-5.4------0.092.9
1979 1.051.041.9-6.1------0.192.2
1983 0.747.643.2-5.0------3.492.6
1986 0.743.141.3-9.74.8-----0.390.5
1990 0.542.832.1-16.64.8-----3.886.1
1994 0.334.927.7-22.57.36.0----1.481.9
1995 0.338.128.3-21.94.85.5----1.186.0
1999 0.533.226.9-26.97.43.6----1.580.4
2002 0.636.542.3-10.09.51.0----0.384.3
2006 1.035.334.3-11.011.1-4.1---3.178.5
2008 0.829.326.0-17.510.42.110.7---4.078.8
2013 1.026.824.0-20.512.4-3.55.75.0-1.074.9
2017 0.826.931.5-26.03.9---5.34.42.380.0
2019 0.721.237.5-16.213.9---8.11.90.675.6
2024 2.421.126.3-28.98.2---9.1-4.077.3

Latest presidential elections

2022 presidential election

CandidatePartyVotes%
Alexander Van der Bellen The Greens 2,299,59056.69
Walter Rosenkranz Freedom Party of Austria 717,09717.68
Dominik Wlazny The Beer Party 337,0108.31
Tassilo Wallentin Independent327,2148.07
Gerald Grosz Independent225,9425.57
Michael Brunner MFG Austria 85,4652.11
Heinrich Staudinger Independent64,4111.59
Total4,056,729100.00
Valid votes4,056,72997.80
Invalid/blank votes91,3532.20
Total votes4,148,082100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,363,33665.19
Source: Ministry of the Interior [8]

Latest European elections

2024 European election

2024 European Parliament election in Austria.svg
PartyVotes%Seats+/–
Freedom Party of Austria 893,75425.366+3
Austrian People's Party 864,07224.525-2
Social Democratic Party of Austria 818,28723.2250
The Greens – The Green Alternative 390,50311.0820
NEOS – The New Austria and Liberal Forum 357,21410.142+1
Communist Party of Austria 104,2452.9600
Democratic – Neutral – Authentic 95,8592.720New
Total3,523,934100.0020+2
Valid votes3,523,93498.31
Invalid/blank votes60,5481.69
Total votes3,584,482100.00
Registered voters/turnout6,372,20456.25
Source: Ministry of the Interior (BMI)

Referendums

The Austrian constitution defines two types of referendums on the federal level: binding referendums and non-binding referendums.

Binding referendum

A binding referendum may be mandatory, meaning that it is legally required to take place according. Mandatory referendums in Austria include :

A binding referendum is optional in case of non-comprehensive changes in the Federal Constitution. Such facultative referendum is to be conducted if at least one third of the members of the National Council or the Federal Council requests it.

There have only been two binding referendums in post-1945 Austria: The nuclear power referendum in 1978 and the European Union membership referendum which was called because accession to European Union was deemed to be a comprehensive change to the Constitution.

Non-binding referendum

The National Council has the power to call on a non-binding referendum on matters of great importance. Such a referendum is called by majority of members of the National Council. Results of such a referendum are advisory. There was one such referendum in post-1945 Austria:

The "no" option won, and the National Council accepted the result of the referendum and acted accordingly.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vienna South (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Vienna South, also known as Electoral District 9D, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the districts of Favoriten, Meidling and Simmering in the city-state of Vienna. The electoral district currently elects six of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 225,324 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vienna South West (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Vienna South West, also known as Electoral District 9E, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the districts of Hietzing, Liesing, Penzing and Rudolfsheim-Fünfhaus in the city-state of Vienna. The electoral district currently elects six of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 210,813 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vienna North West (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Vienna North West, also known as Electoral District 9F, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the districts of Döbling, Hernals, Ottakring and Währing in the city-state of Vienna. The electoral district currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 170,992 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burgenland North (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burgenland South (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Flachgau-Tennengau (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lungau-Pinzgau-Pongau (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">East Styria (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Graz (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Greater Graz, also known as Electoral District 6A, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was established in 2012 following the re-organisation of the regional electoral districts in Styria to reflect the new administrative district structure and came into being at the following legislative election in 2013. It consists of the city of Graz and the district of Greater Graz in the state of Styria. The electoral district currently elects nine of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 317,873 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Upper Styria (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Upper Styria, also known as Electoral District 6D, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was established in 2012 by the merger of Styria North, Styria North West and Styria West following the re-organisation of the regional electoral districts in Styria to reflect the new administrative district structure and came into being at the following legislative election in 2013. It consists of the districts of Bruck-Mürzzuschlag, Leoben, Liezen, Murau and Murtal in the state of Styria. The electoral district currently elects seven of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 271,302 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">West Styria (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

West Styria, also known as Electoral District 6C, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was established in 2012 following the re-organisation of the regional electoral districts in Styria to reflect the new administrative district structure and came into being at the following legislative election in 2013. It consists of the districts of Deutschlandsberg, Leibnitz and Voitsberg in the state of Styria. The electoral district currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 159,101 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Innsbruck Rural (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Innsbruck Rural, also known as Electoral District 7B, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the districts of Innsbruck Rural and Schwaz in the state of Tyrol. The electoral district currently elects six of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 193,217 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Linz (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Greater Linz, also known as Electoral District 4A, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Linz and the district of Linz Rural in the state of Upper Austria. The electoral district currently elects seven of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 245,789 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hausruckviertel (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Hausruckviertel, also known as Electoral District 4C, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Wels and the districts of Eferding, Grieskirchen, Vöcklabruck and Wels Rural in the state of Upper Austria. The electoral district currently elects eight of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 273,379 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Traunviertel (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Traunviertel, also known as Electoral District 4D, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Steyr and the districts of Gmunden, Kirchdorf and Steyr Rural in the state of Upper Austria. The electoral district currently elects six of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 197,070 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lower Austria Centre (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Lower Austria Centre, also known as Electoral District 3D, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of St. Pölten and the districts of Lilienfeld, St. Pölten and Tulln in the state of Lower Austria. The electoral district currently elects seven of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 240,310 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lower Austria South (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Lower Austria South, also known as Electoral District 3E, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Wiener Neustadt and the districts of Neunkirchen and Wiener Neustadt in the state of Lower Austria. The electoral district currently elects four of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 159,888 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mostviertel (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Mostviertel, also known as Electoral District 3C, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Waidhofen an der Ybbs and the districts of Amstetten, Melk and Scheibbs in the state of Lower Austria. The electoral district currently elects six of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 194,417 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Waldviertel (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Waldviertel, also known as Electoral District 3B, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the city of Krems an der Donau and the districts of Gmünd, Horn, Krems an der Donau, Waidhofen an der Thaya and Zwettl in the state of Lower Austria. The electoral district currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 177,574 registered electors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Weinviertel (National Council electoral district)</span> Parliamentary electoral district in Austria

Weinviertel, also known as Electoral District 3A, is one of the 39 multi-member regional electoral districts of the National Council, the lower house of the Austrian Parliament, the national legislature of Austria. The electoral district was created in 1992 when electoral regulations were amended to add regional electoral districts to the existing state-wide electoral districts and came into being at the following legislative election in 1994. It consists of the districts of Hollabrunn, Korneuburg and Mistelbach in the state of Lower Austria. The electoral district currently elects five of the 183 members of the National Council using the open party-list proportional representation electoral system. At the 2019 legislative election the constituency had 172,337 registered electors.

References

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  2. Austrian Ministry of Interior - Elections Overview, retrieved 18 May 2010
  3. Austrian Ministry of Interior - Voting Rights, retrieved 9 October 2019
  4. President of Austria: Electoral procedure Archived 2011-05-15 at the Wayback Machine , retrieved 22 October 2014
  5. "Wahlen". bmi.gv.at. Retrieved 1 December 2019.
  6. Leeb, Verwaltung-Land Steiermark, Michaela. "LTW - Wahlperiode - Funktionsdauer - Ermittlungsverfahren". www.verwaltung.steiermark.at (in German). Retrieved 1 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
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  8. "BUNDESPRÄSIDENTENWAHL 2022" [FEDERAL PRESIDENTIAL ELECTION 2022] (in German). Archived from the original on 19 October 2022.