Flora
The plant communities include mixed oak-hornbeam forests, azoal floodplain vegetation and lowland to montane herb-grass steppes.
Mixed oak-hornbeam forests are mixed forests of pedunculate oak and sessile oak and hornbeam. Sub-Mediterranean thermophilous bitter oak forests grow in warmer areas. These forests are dominated by Quercus pubescens , Quercus cerris , and Quercus frainetto mixed with other trees, mainly Fraxinus ornus , Carpinus orientalis , Acer pseudoplatanus , Malus sylvestris , Viburnum lantana , Fraxinus excelsior , Tilia cordata , Aesculus hippocastanum , Rhamnus cathartica , Juglans regia , Prunus padus and Corylus avellana . Higher altitude areas are dominated by European beech and silver birch, downy birch, European aspen and sometimes by conifers Abies alba , Picea abies , Pinus sylvestris , Pinus nigra , Taxus baccata and Juniperus communis .
Riparian forest and azoal floodplain vegetation occurs along rivers and lakes. It is dominated by Populus nigra , Populus alba , Salix alba , Alnus glutinosa , Fraxinus oxycarpa , Ulmus minor and Quercus robur . Phragmites australis is dominant in most wetlands.
Lowland to montane herb-grass steppes dominate large areas of the ecoregion. The dominant species are Stipa zalesskii , Bromus riparius and the shrubs Prunus fruticosa and Prunus spinosa . [2]
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