Demographics of Greece

Demographics of the Hellenic Republic
Greece population pyramid in 2023
Population	10,413,982 (2023) [1]
Growth rate	-1.01 people/1,000 population (2010 est.)
Birth rate	7.9 births/1,000 population (2020 est.)
Death rate	12.3 deaths/1,000 population (July 2020 est.)
Life expectancy	82.2 years
• male	79.8 years
• female	84.7 years
Fertility rate	1.35 children born/woman (2018) [2]
Infant mortality rate	3.75 deaths per 1,000 live births (2019 est)
Age structure
0–14 years	14.1%
15–64 years	63.3%
65 and over	22.6%
Sex ratio
At birth	1.06 male(s)/female (2008 est.)
Under 15	1.06 male(s)/female
15–64 years	1.00 male(s)/female
65 and over	0.78 male(s)/female
Nationality
Nationality	noun: Greek(s) adjective: Greek
Major ethnic	Greeks

The Demographics of Greece refer to the demography of the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula. The population of Greece was estimated by the United Nations to be 10,445,365 in 2021 (including displaced refugees).

Historical overview

Greece was inhabited as early as the Paleolithic period. The Greek language ultimately dominated the peninsula and Greece's mosaic of small city-states became culturally similar. The population estimates on the Greeks during the 4th century BC, is approximately 3.5 million on the Greek peninsula and 4 to 6.5 million in the rest of the entire Mediterranean Basin, ^[3] including all colonies such as those in Magna Graecia, Asia Minor and the shores of the Black Sea.

During the history of the Byzantine Empire, the Greek peninsula was occasionally invaded by the foreign peoples like Goths, Avars, Slavs, Normans, Franks and other Romance-speaking peoples who had betrayed the Crusades. The only group, however, that planned to establish permanent settlements in the region were the Slavs. They settled in isolated valleys of the Peloponnese and Thessaly, establishing segregated communities that were referred by the Byzantines as Sclaveni. Traces of Slavic culture in Greece are very rare and by the 9th century, the Sclaveni in Greece were largely assimilated. However, some Slavic communities managed to survive in rural Macedonia. At the same time a large Sephardi Jewish emigrant community from the Iberian Peninsula established itself in Thessaloniki, while there were population movements of Arvanites and "Vlachs" (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians), who established communities in several parts of the Greek peninsula. The Byzantine Empire ultimately fell to Ottoman Turks in the 15th century and as a result Ottoman colonies were established in the Balkans, notably in Macedonia, the Peloponnese and Crete. Many Greeks either fled to other European nations or to geographically isolated areas (i.e. mountains and heavily forested territories) to escape foreign rule. For those reasons, the population decreased in the plains, while increasing on the mountains. The population transfers with Bulgaria and Turkey that took place in the early 20th century, added in total some two million Greeks to the demography of the Greek Kingdom.

During the next decades, the population of Greece continued to increase, except during a large part of 1940s due to World War II and subsequent events. After 1940s the population of Greece continued to grow, though on a decreased pace after 1960s, due to a gradual decrease in fertility and emigration to various countries, such as West Germany, Australia, United Kingdom and many others. The birth rate decreased significantly in 1980s, while in 1987 the Greek population surpassed 10 million. At this time Greece had started to appear a positive migration rate, due to the return of Greek Civil War refugees and international immigration. During the nineties the population increased by close a million, as the collapse of the communist governments in Eastern Europe and the economic downturn resulted in a significant influx of Eastern European immigrants in Greece and especially from the Balkans, including many Greeks living in these countries. In 2000s the population continued to increase reaching 11 million, thanks to an increased birth rate, a stable influx of migrants from other countries and the return of Greeks from United States, Germany, Australia and other countries. In the 2010s, in the wake of the Greek financial crisis, the population started to decrease and birthrates plummeted, while death rates increased due to an aging population. Many Greeks emigrated abroad, while more recently the population decrease has been largely stabilized due to foreign immigration.

Population

Main article: Demographic history of Greece

See also: List of cities in Greece

Population of Greece since 1961.

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1928	6,204,684	—
1940	7,344,860	+1.42%
1951	7,632,801	+0.35%
1961	8,398,050	+0.96%
1971	8,831,036	+0.50%
1981	9,729,350	+0.97%
1991	10,258,364	+0.53%
2001	10,934,097	+0.64%
2011	10,816,286	−0.11%
2021	10,482,487	−0.31%
Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority

^[4]

According to the 2001 census the population of Greece was 10,964,020. Eurostat estimations as of January 2008 gave the number of 11,214,992 inhabitants in the Greek peninsula. According to the official 2011 census, which used sophisticated methodology, the population of Greece was 10,816,286.

Census	Population	Change
1971	8,768,372	–
1981	9,739,589	11.1%
1991	10,259,900	5.3%
2001	10,964,020	6.9%
2011	10,816,286	-0.88%
2021	10,482,487	-3.1%

By region

Population density map of Greek regions

Greece is divided into nine geographic regions. The population of each region according to the 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001, 2011 and 2021 censuses is represented in the table below, comparing the change in population over a 50-year period. The latest population estimates by the Hellenic Statistical Authority are also included.

^{[5] [6] [7]}

Region	Population (1971)	Population (1981)	Population (1991)	Population (2001)	Population (2011)	Population (2021)	Population (2023) [8]
Aegean Islands	417,813	428,030	456,555	508,807	508,246	522,763	522,454
Central Greece	3,532,248	4,125,463	4,366,900	4,591,568	4,586,626	4,514,663	4,484,296
Crete	456,642	501.909	536,433	601,131	623,065	624,408	622,909
Epirus	310,334	323.871	327,176	353,822	336,856	319,991	318,890
Ionian Islands	184,443	182.327	189,338	212,984	207,855	204,532	202,185
Macedonia	1,890,684	2,116,361	2,225,690	2,424,765	2,402,771	2,266,206	2,246,712
Peloponnese	986,912	1,014,485	1,045,020	1,155,019	1,046,897	995,410	988,246
Thessaly	659,913	695,724	729,268	753,888	732,762	688,255	682,189
Thrace	329,582	341,180	340,755	362,038	371,208	346,259	346,101
Total	8,768,372	9,729,350	10,223,392	10,964,020	10,816,286	10,482,487	10,413,982

/ = change since previous census

Fertility rate

Greece total fertility rate by region (2014)

1.7 – 2.0   1.5 – 1.7   1.3 – 1.5   < 1.3

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. ^[9]

Years	1850	1851	1852	1853	1854	1855	1856	1857	1858	1859	1860 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	6.03	5.81	5.59	5.36	5.14	4.92	4.7	4.47	4.25	4.03	3.81

Years	1861	1862	1863	1864	1865	1866	1867	1868	1869	1870 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	3.95	3.87	3.78	3.94	3.73	4.03	3.83	3.85	3.86	3.77

Years	1871	1872	1873	1874	1875	1876	1877	1878	1879	1880 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	3.81	3.83	3.7	3.91	3.78	3.97	3.82	3.64	3.32	3.27

Years	1881	1882	1883	1884	1885	1886	1887	1888	1889	1890 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	3.28	3.38	3.35	3.83	3.82	4.01	4.19	4.38	4.57	4.73

Years	1891	1892	1893	1894	1895	1896	1897	1898	1899	1900 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	4.8	4.88	4.95	5.03	5.1	5.18	5.25	5.32	5.4	5.47

Years	1901	1902	1903	1904	1905	1906	1907	1908	1909	1910 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	5.35	5.22	5.1	4.97	4.85	4.72	4.6	4.47	4.35	4.22

Years	1911	1912	1913	1914	1915	1916	1917	1918	1919	1920 [9]
Total fertility rate in Greece	4.09	3.97	3.84	3.72	3.59	3.47	3.34	3.22	3.09	2.97

Life expectancy

See also: List of Greek regions by life expectancy

Life expectancy in Greece since 1877

Life expectancy in Greece since 1960 by gender

Period	Life expectancy in Years	Period	Life expectancy in Years
1950–1955	65.8	1985–1990	75.6
1955–1960	67.2	1990–1995	77.4
1960–1965	69.3	1995–2000	78.1
1965–1970	70.1	2000–2005	79.1
1970–1975	71.8	2005–2010	80.0
1975–1980	72.8	2010–2015	80.6
1980–1985	74.5	2015–2020	81.2

Source: UN World Population Prospects ^[10]

Age structure

Being part of the phenomenon of the aging of Europe, the Greek population shows a rapid increase of the percentage of the elderly people. Greece's population census of 1961 found that 10.9% of the total population was above the age of 65, while the percentage of this group age increased to 19.0% in 2011. In contrast, the percentage of the population of the ages 0–14 had a total decrease of 10.2% between 1961 and 2011.

Age group	1971		1981		1991		2001		2011
	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%	Population	%
0–14	2,223,904	25.4	2,307,297	23.7	1,974,867	19.2	1,664,085	15.2	1,576,500	14.4
15–64	5,587,352	63.7	6,192,751	63.6	6,880,681	67.1	7,468,395	68.1	7,122,830	66.6
65+	957,116	10.9	1,239,541	12.7	1,404,352	13.7	1,831,540	16.7	2,108,807	19.0
Total	8,768,372		9,739,589		10,259,900		10,964,020		10,816,286

Vital statistics from 1921

^{[11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16]}

Source: Hellenic Statistical Authority ^[17] and World Bank. ^[18]

Notable events in Greek demography:

• 1923 – Population exchange between Greece and Turkey
• 1946-1949 - Refugees of the Greek Civil War
• 1967-1974 – Greek junta
• 2010-today - Greek economic crisis and subsequent emigration and significant decline in birthrate.

Year	Average population (January 1, 2001 onwards)	Live births [19]	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	crude migration change(per 1000)	Total Fertility Rates [fn 1] [9] [20] [21]
1921	5,050,000	107,000	69,000	38,000	21.2	13.7	7.5	1.8	2.84
1922	5,097,000	110,000	82,000	18,000	21.6	16.1	5.5	173.6	2.88
1923	6,010,000	113,926	102,042	11,884	19.0	17.0	2.0	-3.7	2.55
1924	6,000,000	117,014	93,320	23,694	19.5	15.6	3.9	-10.9	2.61
1925	5,958,000	156,367	88,633	67,734	26.2	14.9	11.4	2.7	3.52
1926	6,042,000	181,278	84,136	97,142	30.0	13.9	16.1	-2.0	4.02
1927	6,127,000	176,527	100,020	76,507	28.8	16.3	12.5	1.0	3.86
1928	6,210,000	189,250	105,665	83,585	30.5	17.0	13.5	-1.3	4.09
1929	6,286,000	181,870	115,561	66,309	28.9	18.4	10.5	2.4	3.87
1930	6,367,000	199,565	103,811	95,754	31.3	16.3	15.0	0.1	4.19
1931	6,463,000	199,243	114,369	84,874	30.8	17.7	13.1	-0.6	3.83
1932	6,544,000	185,523	117,593	67,930	28.4	18.0	10.4	2.0	3.8
1933	6,625,000	189,583	111,447	78,136	28.6	16.8	11.8	3.6	3.84
1934	6,727,000	208,929	100,651	108,278	31.1	15.0	16.1	0.3	4.16
1935	6,837,000	192,511	101,416	91,095	28.2	14.8	13.3	1.2	3.77
1936	6,936,000	193,343	105,005	88,338	27.9	15.1	12.7	0.7	3.68
1937	7,029,000	183,878	105,674	78,204	26.2	15.0	11.1	2.1	3.51
1938	7,122,000	184,509	93,766	90,743	25.9	13.2	12.7	1.3	3.47
1939	7,222,000	178,852	100,459	78,393	24.8	13.9	10.9	2.5	3.32
1940	7,319,000	179,500	93,830	85,670	24.5	12.8	11.7	-4.7	3.29
1941	7,370,000	134,760	125,710	9,050	18.3	17.1	1.2	-3.9	3.19
1942	7,350,000	132,640	191,030	-58,390	18.0	26.0	-7.9	-1.6	3.08
1943	7,280,000	122,170	111,320	10,850	16.8	15.3	1.5	1.2	2.98
1944	7,300,000	145,530	110,810	34,720	19.9	15.2	4.8	-3.4	2.88
1945	7,310,000	183,470	85,540	97,930	25.1	11.7	13.4	3.0	2.78
1946	7,430,000	209,360	73,500	135,860	28.2	9.9	18.3	-6.2	2.68
1947	7,520,000	206,400	70,340	136,060	27.4	9.4	18.1	-20.8	2.58
1948	7,500,000	210,000	96,000	114,000	28.0	12.8	15.2	-17.8	2.48
1949	7,480,000	139,108	59,450	79,658	18.6	7.9	10.6	-0.7	2.37
1950	7,554,000	151,314	53,755	97,559	20.0	7.1	12.9	-0.7	2.47
1951	7,646,000	155,422	57,508	97,914	20.3	7.5	12.8	-1.4	2.47
1952	7,733,000	149,637	53,377	96,260	19.4	6.9	12.4	-1.5	2.48
1953	7,817,000	143,765	56,680	87,085	18.4	7.3	11.1	-1.4	2.49
1954	7,893,000	151,892	55,625	96,267	19.2	7.0	12.2	-3.0	2.48
1955	7,966,000	154,263	54,781	99,482	19.4	6.9	12.5	-4.3	2.47
1956	8,031,000	158,203	59,460	96,727	19.4	7.4	12.0	-3.9	2.44
1957	8,096,000	155,940	61,664	93,528	19.2	7.6	11.6	-2.1	2.42
1958	8,173,000	155,359	58,160	97,199	19.0	7.1	11.9	-1.5	2.38
1959	8,258,000	160,199	60,852	99,347	19.4	7.4	12.0	-2.8	2.36
1960	8,304,698	157,239	60,563	96,676	18.9	7.3	11.6	-3.9	2.33
1961	8,363,490	150,716	63,955	86,761	17.9	7.6	10.3	-4.3	2.32
1962	8,433,124	152,158	66,554	85,604	18.0	7.9	10.1	-6.3	2.32
1963	8,463,290	148,249	66,813	81,436	17.5	7.9	9.6	-6.1	2.34
1964	8,495,610	153,109	69,429	83,680	18.0	8.1	9.8	-5.0	2.37
1965	8,525,408	151,448	67,269	84,179	17.7	7.8	9.8	-2.4	2.41
1966	8,575,653	154,613	67,912	86,701	17.9	7.9	10.1	-1.7	2.46
1967	8,651,739	162,839	71,975	90,864	18.7	8.3	10.5	-4.2	2.51
1968	8,716,502	160,338	73,309	87,029	18.3	8.4	10.0	-6.3	2.54
1969	8,765,894	154,077	71,825	82,252	17.6	8.2	9.4	-7.1	2.56
1970	8,780,549	144,928	74,009	70,919	16.5	8.4	8.1	-3.8	2.57
1971	8,805,194	141,126	73,819	67,307	16.0	8.4	7.6	-1.0	2.57
1972	8,857,439	140,891	76,859	64,032	15.9	8.6	7.2	-2.7	2.55
1973	8,920,359	137,526	77,648	59,878	15.4	8.7	6.7	-3.0	2.54
1974	8,937,982	144,069	76,303	67,766	16.1	8.5	7.6	1.9	2.52
1975	8,986,203	142,273	80,077	62,196	15.7	8.9	6.9	6.4	2.33
1976	9,106,985	146,566	81,818	64,748	16.0	8.9	7.1	4.0	2.35
1977	9,269,459	143,739	83,750	59,989	15.4	9.0	6.5	7.1	2.28
1978	9,347,618	146,588	81,615	64,973	15.5	8.7	6.9	7.9	2.29
1979	9,512,347	147,965	82,338	65,627	15.5	8.6	6.9	4.5	2.26
1980	9,584,298	148,134	87,282	60,852	15.4	9.1	6.3	2.6	2.23
1981	9,700,893	140,953	86,261	54,692	14.5	8.9	5.6	0.7	2.10
1982	9,757,944	137,275	86,345	50,930	14.0	8.8	5.2	0.6	2.03
1983	9,821,279	132,608	90,586	42,022	13.5	9.2	4.3	0.7	1.94
1984	9,872,195	125,724	88,397	37,327	12.7	8.9	3.8	0	1.82
1985	9,919,539	116,481	92,886	23,595	11.7	9.4	2.4	0.9	1.68
1986	9,949,185	112,810	91,469	20,781	11.3	9.2	2.1	1.3	1.60
1987	9,985,374	106,392	95,232	10,667	10.6	9.5	1.1	2.5	1.50
1988	10,015,957	107,505	93,031	14,637	10.7	9.3	1.4	3.9	1.50
1989	10,058,127	101,657	92,717	8,432	10.0	9.2	0.9	6.1	1.40
1990	10,120,984	102,229	94,152	8,077	10.1	9.3	0.8	8.6	1.39
1991	10,272,768	102,620	95,498	7,122	10.0	9.3	0.7	10.3	1.37
1992	10,367,276	104,081	98,231	5,850	10.0	9.5	0.6	8.7	1.36
1993	10,431,200	101,799	97,419	4,380	9.7	9.3	0.4	7.9	1.32
1994	10,489,958	103,763	97,807	5,956	9.8	9.3	0.6	7.2	1.33
1995	10,536,004	101,495	100,158	1,337	9.5	9.4	0.1	7.0	1.28
1996	10,588,378	100,718	100,740	-22	9.4	9.4	-0.0	6.3	1.26
1997	10,629,378	102,038	99,738	2,300	9.5	9.3	0.2	5.2	1.27
1998	10,693,340	100,894	102,668	-1,774	9.3	9.5	-0.2	4.6	1.24
1999	10,747,879	100,643	103,304	-2,661	9.2	9.5	-0.3	3.5	1.23
2000	10,775,693	103,274	105,219	-1,952	9.5	9.6	-0.1	-7.4	1.25
2001	10,836,578	102,282	102,559	-277	9.4	9.4	0.0	4.8	1.25
2002	10,888,357	103,569	103,915	-346	9.5	9.5	0.0	2.5	1.28
2003	10,915,874	104,420	105,529	-1,109	9.6	9.7	-0.1	2.4	1.29
2004	10,940,437	105,655	104,942	713	9.6	9.6	0.1	2.6	1.31
2005	10,969,984	107,545	105,091	2,454	9.8	9.6	0.2	3.0	1.34
2006	11,004,784	112,042	105,476	6,566	10.2	9.6	0.6	2.2	1.40
2007	11,036,789	111,926	109,895	2,031	10.1	9.9	0.2	2.1	1.41
2008	11,060,985	118,302	107,979	10,323	10.7	9.7	0.9	2.2	1.50
2009	11,094,768	117,933	108,316	9,617	10.6	9.8	0.9	1.3	1.50
2010	11,119,102	114,766	109,084	5,682	10.3	9.8	0.5	-0.1	1.48
2011	11,123,400	106,428	111,099	-4,671	9.6	10.0	-0.4	-2.9	1.40
2012	11,086,459	100,371	116,668	-16,297	9.1	10.6	-1.5	-6.0	1.34
2013	11,003,687	94,134	111,794	-17,660	8.6	10.2	-1.6	-5.4	1.29
2014	10,926,859	92,149	113,740	-21,591	8.5	10.4	-2.0	4.3	1.30
2015	10,858,498	91,847	121,183	-29,336	8.5	11.2	-2.7	-4.2	1.33
2016	10,783,729	92,898	118,788	-25,890	8.6	11.0	-2.4	1.0	1.38
2017	10,768,290	88,553	124,495	-35,942	8.2	11.6	-3.3	0.8	1.35
2018	10,741,244	86,440	120,291	-33,851	8.1	11.2	-3.2	1.8	1.35
2019	10,726,598	83,756	124,954	-41,198	7.8	11.7	-3.8	3.1	1.32
2020	10,718,565	84,764	131,025	-46,261	7.9	12.3	-4.3	-0.7	1.37
2021	10,664,972	85,346	143,904	-58,558	8.2	13.8	-5.6	-1.4	1.38
2022	10,590,317	76,095	140,801	-64,706	7.2	13.2	-6.0	-10.7	1.33
2023	10,523,492	71,455	128,101	-56,646	6.9	12.4	-5.5

Current vital statistics

Period [22]	Live births	Deaths	Natural increase
January - November 2023	66,949	119,353	-52,404
January - November 2024	63,869	117,406	-53,537
Difference	-3,080 (-4.60%)	-1,947 (-1.63%)	-1,133

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Census 09.V.2011): ^[23]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 303 223	5 513 063	10 816 286	100
0–4	274 788	262 455	537 243	4.97
5–9	262 432	250 164	512 596	4.74
10–14	265 787	253 642	519 429	4.80
15–19	286 386	266 890	553 276	5.12
20–24	325 127	301 970	627 097	5.80
25–29	371 617	352 154	723 771	6.69
30–34	417 861	404 614	822 475	7.60
35–39	409 681	403 148	812 829	7.51
40–44	414 026	418 640	832 666	7.70
45–49	367 086	381 343	748 429	6.92
50–54	355 552	375 934	731 486	6.76
55–59	321 466	338 902	660 368	6.11
60–64	301 589	324 180	625 769	5.79
65–69	241 832	266 444	508 276	4.70
70–74	246 264	295 901	542 165	5.01
75–79	209 983	265 094	475 077	4.39
80–84	146 455	205 918	352 373	3.26
85–89	60 933	98 908	159 841	1.48
90–94	18 760	34 685	53 445	0.49
95–99	4 948	10 239	15 187	0.14
100+	650	1 838	2 488	0.02
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	803 007	766 261	1 569 268	14.51
15–64	3 570 391	3 567 775	7 138 166	65.99
65+	929 825	1 179 027	2 108 852	19.50

Population Estimates by Sex and Age Group (01.I.2021) (Data refer to usual resident population.): ^[23]

Age Group	Male	Female	Total	%
Total	5 196 048	5 482 584	10 678 632	100
0–4	232 962	221 004	453 966	4.25
5–9	256 724	242 916	499 640	4.68
10–14	286 211	270 919	557 130	5.22
15–19	286 473	261 827	548 300	5.13
20–24	295 675	267 375	563 050	5.27
25–29	289 021	268 852	557 873	5.22
30–34	292 391	293 623	586 014	5.49
35–39	351 172	348 759	699 931	6.55
40–44	397 038	400 046	797 084	7.46
45–49	388 226	404 647	792 873	7.42
50–54	388 838	418 213	807 051	7.56
55–59	340 585	379 684	720 269	6.74
60–64	320 930	366 665	687 595	6.44
65–69	288 274	327 034	615 308	5.76
70–74	261 202	309 037	570 239	5.34
75–79	200 470	246 135	446 605	4.18
80–84	161 684	227 332	389 016	3.64
85–89	98 597	148 795	247 392	2.32
90–94	41 160	58 052	99 212	0.93
95–99	12 188	14 445	26 633	0.25
100–104	4 334	4 190	8 524	0.08
105–109	1 370	2 047	3 417	0.03
110+	523	987	1 510	0.01
Age group	Male	Female	Total	Percent
0–14	775 897	734 839	1 510 736	14.15
15–64	3 350 349	3 409 691	6 760 040	63.30
65+	1 069 802	1 338 054	2 407 856	22.55

Other demographic statistics

Demographic statistics according to the World Population Review in 2019. ^[24]

• One birth every 6 minutes
• One death every 4 minutes
• Net loss of one person every 21 minutes
• One net migrant every 53 minutes

Population pyramid of Greece in 1928

Demographic statistics according to the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. ^[21]

Population pyramid of Greece in 2017

Population

10,413,982 (Jan 2023 est.) :10,718,565 (Jan 2020 est.)

10,761,523 (July 2018 est.)

10,768,477 (July 2017 est.)

10,768,193 (Jan 2017 est.)

Age structure

0-14 years: 14.53% (male 794,918/female 745,909)

15-24 years: 10.34% (male 577,134/female 519,819)

25-54 years: 39.6% (male 2,080,443/female 2,119,995)

55-64 years: 13.1% (male 656,404/female 732,936)

65 years and over: 22.43% (male 1,057,317/female 1,322,176) (2020 est.)

0-14 years: 13.83% (male 767,245/female 722,313)

15-24 years: 9.67% (male 532,179/female 509,487)

25-54 years: 42.45% (male 2,275,984/female 2,295,082)

55-64 years: 13.13% (male 692,420/female 721,641)

65 years and over: 20.91% (male 986,816/female 1,265,310) (2017 est.)

0–14 years: 14.2% (male 787,143/female 741,356)

15–64 years: 66.2% (male 3,555,447/female 3,567,383)

65 years and over: 19.6% (male 923,177/female 1,185,630) (2011 est.)

Median age

total: 45.3 years. Country comparison to the world: 9th

male: 43.7 years

female: 46.8 years (2020 est.)

total: 44.5 years

male: 43.5 years

female: 45.6 years (2017 est.)

total: 42.5 years

male: 41.4 years

female: 43.6 years (2011 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.9 years (2017 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.39 children born/woman (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 225th

Population growth rate

-0.34% (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 221st

Birth rate

7.72 births/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 222nd

8.4 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Death rate

12.05 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 14th

Net migration rate

0.97 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.) Country comparison to the world: 62nd

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 81.28 years. Country comparison to the world: 41st

male: 78.73 years

female: 84 years (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

total: 3.61 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 204th

male: 4 deaths/1,000 live births

female: 3.19 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups

population: Greek 91.6%, Albanian 4.4%, other 4% (2011) Note: data represent citizenship, since Greece does not collect data on ethnicity

Dependency ratios

total dependency ratio: 56.1

youth dependency ratio: 21.3

elderly dependency ratio: 34.8

potential support ratio: 2.9 (2020 est.)

Religions

Greek Orthodox (official) 81–90%, Muslim 2%, other 3%, none 4–15%, unspecified 1% (2015 est.)

Urbanization

urban population: 79.7% of total population (2020)

rate of urbanization: 0.22% annual rate of change (2015–20 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24

total: 39.9%. Country comparison to the world: 11th

male: 36.4%

female: 43.9% (2018 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

total: 20 years

male: 20 years

female: 20 years (2018)

Immigration

Main article: Immigration to Greece

Foreign citizens in Greece in 1998 by country of citizenship.

Greece has received a large number of immigrants since the early 1990s. The majority of them come from the neighbouring countries. As of 2011, the number of foreigners in an enumerated total of 10,815,197 people was 911,299.

Foreign-born by country (Eurostat): ^[25] The Top-15 per year are displayed for consistency.

Country	2010	2014	2020 n-aEU [26]	2020 EU [27]	2021 [28]
Albania	384,600	337,719	346,918	—	374,926
Bulgaria	45,700	40,914	— [note 1]	72,777	35,444
Pakistan	20,100	18,040	19,167	—	35,309
Romania	32,400	27,191	— [note 1]	44,600	28,250
Georgia	62,600	45,061	23,050	—	26,083
Bangladesh	14,200	8,362	included into others	—	17,189
Ukraine	13,300	10,662	18,056	—	16,408
Afghanistan			included into others	—	15,457
United Kingdom	5,200	10,736	— [note 1]	14,752	13,517
Russia	55,700	42,959	14,772	—	13,415
Egypt	10,200	9,813	11,652	—	12,453
India			13,259	—	12,385
Cyprus	10,200	10,881	— [note 1]	13,850	12,362
Syria	7,500	8,306	included into others	—	10,785
Philippines			10,696	—	10,585
Poland	10,800	16,635	— [note 1]	13,560	included into others
Germany	29,300	25,722	— [note 1]	10,336	included into others
China			19,814	—	included into others
Turkey	9,500	12,469	included into others	—	included into others
others	117,100	102,006	65,429 [note 1]	736,470 [note 2]	127,287
Total	828,400	727,477	524,813 [note 1]	906,345	761,855

Nationality of Greece over time

Nationality	1951		1961		1971		1981		1991		2001		2011		2021 [29]		2021 census [28]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Greeks	7,602,230	99.60%	8,333,817	99.35%	8,675,804	98.94%	9,568,017	98.24%	10,092,624	98.37%	10,166,927	92.73%	9,903,268	91.57%	9,777,439	91.34%	9,716,889	92.70%
Foreigners	30,571	0.40%	54,736	0.65%	92,568	1.06%	171,424	1.76%	167,276	1.63%	797,093	7.27%	911,929	8.43%	921,485	8.61%	761,855	7.27%
EU-27	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	–	199,101	1.84%	168,550	1.57%	116,669	1.11%
Non-EU															752,900	7.1%	641,921	6.12%
Total	7,632,801		8,388,553		8,768,372		9,739,441		10,259,900		10,964,020		10,815,197		10,698,837		10,482,487

Illegal immigration

Greece has received many illegal immigrants beginning in the 1990s and continuing during the 2000s and 2010s. Migrants make use of the many islands in the Aegean Sea, directly west of Turkey. A spokesman for the European Union's border control agency said that the Greek-Albanian border is "one of Europe's worst-affected external land borders." Migrants across the Evros region bordering Turkey face land-mines. Principal illegal immigrants include Albanians, Pakistanis, Kurds, Afghans, Iraqis and Somalis. ^{[30] [31]}

Ethnic groups, languages and religion

Main articles: Minorities in Greece, Languages of Greece, and Religion in Greece

The population of northern Greece has primarily been ethnically, religiously and linguistically diverse. ^[32] The Muslim minority of Greece is the only explicitly recognized minority in Greece by the government. The officials define it as a group of Greek Muslims numbering 98,000 people, consisting of Turks (50%), Pomaks (35%) and Romani (15%). No other minorities are officially acknowledged by the government. ^{[33] [34] [35]} There is no official information for the size of the ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities because asking the population questions pertaining to the topic have been abolished since 1951. ^{[36] [37]}

Map showing the distribution of major Modern Greek dialect areas

Note: Greek is the dominant language throughout Greece; inclusion in a non-Greek language zone does not necessarily imply that the relevant minority language is still spoken there, or that its speakers consider themselves an ethnic minority.

Religion in Greece for the period 2006–2015 according to Swiss Metadatabse of Religious Affiliation in Europe ^[38]

  Eastern Orthodoxy and other Christian (87.6%)

  Unaffiliated (6.1%)

  Islam (5.3%)

  others (0.8%)

Minorities in Greece according to Minority Rights Group International in 2015: ^[39]

• Roma: 265,000
• Vlachs (Aromanians and Megleno-Romanians): 200,000
• Ethnic Macedonians: 100,000–200,000
• Arvanites: 95,000
• Turks: 90,000
• Pomaks: 35,000–40,000
• Jews: 5,000

The official language of Greece is Greek, spoken by almost all as a second language at least. Additionally, there are a number of linguistic minority groups that are bilingual in a variety of non-Greek languages, and parts of these groups identify ethnically as Greeks.

Estimated historical population and census figures¹:

Language (and religion)	census 1879 [40] [41]		estimate 1913 [42]		census 1928 [43] [33] [44]		census 1940 [43] [44] [45]		census 1951 [43] [46]
	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Greek					5,759,523	92.8	6,902,339	92.5	7,297,878	95.6
Turkish (altogether)					191,254	3.1	229,075	3.8	179,895	2.4
Turkish (and Orthodox Christian)					103,642	1.7
Turkish (and Muslim)					86,506	1.4
Slavic 3			300,000- 500,000	6.3- 10.6	81,9842	1.3	86,086	1.2	41,017	0.5
Bulgarian (and Muslim)					16,775	0.3
Pomak							18,086	0.2	18,671	0.2
"Koutsovlach"					19,703	0.3	53,997	0.7	39,855	0.5
Albanian							49,632	0.7	22,7364	0.3
Albanian/Arvanitika	225,000
Albanian (and Muslim)					18,598	0.3
Armenian					33,634	0.5	26,827	0.4	8,990	0.1
Roma					4,998	0.1	8,141	0.1	7,429	0.1
Russian					3,295	0.1	8,126	0.1	3,815	0.1
French							4,518	0.1	2,101	0.0
Romanian							2,901	0.0	2,082	0.0
English					2,098	0.0	3,529	0.0	1,456	0.0
Spanish					63,200	1.0	53,125	0.7	1,339	0.0
German							3,401	0.0	1,301	0.0
Italian					3,199	0.1	4,426	0.1	894	0.0
Hebrew or Yiddish							34	0.0	853	0.0
Others					6,248	0.1	5,694	0.1	2,489	0.1
Total	1,679,775		4,734,990		6,204,684		7,344,860		7,632,801
Notes: 1 Census figures are considered "unreliable". [47] 2The 1928 census figure (81,984) of the Slavic speakers does not reflect their actual strength due to either an official policy or reluctance of the concerned, and perhaps represents a number of speakers, who are lacking Greek national consciousness, while contemporary Greek reports estimate at least 200,000 Bulgarian-speaking inhabitants in the country. [48] 3 The Slavic figure in the 1928, 1940 and 1951 census is referred to as a Macedonian Bulgarian dialect or Macedonian Slavic. [43] [44] 4 The Albanian figure (22,746) in the 1951 census is considered "certainly too small" and a research in the 1970s indicated a figure of at least 30,000 in Attica and Biotia alone. [49]

Languages spoken in Greece:

Language	Classification	Speaking population	Spoken by	Ethnic population	Region	Notes
Greek classification
Cappadocian [50]	IE, Greek, Attic	2,800 (2015 M. Janse)	Cappadocians		Mandra, Neo Agioneri and Xirochori	More distinct from standard Greek than Pontic Greek
Cretan		600,000	Cretans		Crete
Greek [50]	IE, Greek, Attic	10,700,000 (2012 European Commission )	national		scattered	Lexical similarity: 84%–93% with Greek in Cyprus
Greek, Ancient [50]	IE, Greek, Attic	no known L1 speakers			scattered	religious language
Pontic [50] [51]	IE, Greek, Attic	200,000 (2001 Johnstone and Mandryk)- 400,000 (2009 Z. Diakonikolaou)	Pontians		Macedonia and Epirus(Kilkis, Pella, and Serres; Thessaloniki, Drama and Imathia)	Greek and Pontic speakers reportedly do not understand each other and Pontians do not speak standard Greek
Romano-Greek [50]	mixed Greek-Romani	30 (2000)	Romani		Thessaly, Central Greece	Structured on Greek with heavy Romani lexicon
Sarakatsani	IE, Greek, Doric	80,000	Sarakatsani		Central Greece, Thessaly, Epirus
Tsakonian [50] [52]	IE, Greek, Doric	200 (2007 Salminen)-1,500 (2010 M. Kisilier)	Tsakonians		Agios Andreas, Leonidio, Prastos, Kastanitsa, Melana, Pramatefti, Sapounakeika, Sitena, and Tyros	Not inherently intelligible with modern Greek. Lexical similarity with standard Greek: 70% or less.
Other languages
Albanian, Arvanitika [50] [49]	IE, Albanian, Tosk	50,000 (1993 Lunden, 2007 Salminen)	Arvanites	150,000	southern Euboea, Salamis, Boeotia, Attica, Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands, Thessaly and Central Greece, Thrace	Heavily influenced by Greek. Christian
Albanian, Tosk [50]	IE, Albanian, Tosk	10,000 (2002)	Tosk Albanians		Epirus and Western Macedonia(Central Florina, into Kastoria, Lehovo)	Cham Tosk
Arabic [53]	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, South	28,000	Arabs
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic [53]	Afro-Asiatic, Semitic, Central, Aramaic, Eastern, Central, Northeastern	2,000	Assyrians
Armenian, Western [50]	IE, Armenian	20,000 (2007)	Armenians		scattered, Attica, Thessaly and Central Greece
Aromanian [54] [50]	IE, Italic, Romance, Eastern	50,000 (1999 Salminen)- 200,000 (1995 Greek Monitor of Human and Minority Rights)	Aromanians	700,000 (Trâ Armânami Association of French Aromanians)	Pindus Mountains, around Trikala, Epirus, Thessaly, Macedonia	Christian
Bulgarian [55] [49]	IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern	56,200 (2014), 10–40,000 (Trudgill)	Pomaks, Bulgarians		Macedonia and Thrace	Pomak, Muslim
English [51]	IE, Germanic, West	8,000
German [50]	IE, Germanic, West	L1 users: 10,800 (2011 census), L2 users: 541,000 (2012 European Commission)				L1 users based on nationality
Greek sign language [50]	Sign language	5,000 (2014 EUD)- 62,500 (2014 IMB)	national		scattered
Judeo-Italian [55]	IE, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Italo-Dalmatian	50 (2007 Salminen)	Jews		Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands
Kurdish, Northern [51]	IE, Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Western, Northwestern, Kurdish	22,500	Kurds
Ladino [51]	IE, Italic, Romance, Italo-Western, Western, Gallo-Iberian, Ibero-Romance, West Iberian, Castilian	2,000	Jews
Megleno-Romanian [55] [53]	IE, Italic, Romance, Eastern	3,000 (2002)- 12,000 (1995)	Megleno-Romanians		Moglena
Romani, Balkan [50]	IE, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani	40,000 (1996 B. Igla)	Romani		Attica; Macedonia, Peloponnese, Western Greece and the Ionian Islands, Epirus	Christian, Muslim
Romani, Vlax	IE, Indo-Iranian, Indo-Aryan, Intermediate Divisions, Western, Romani	1,000	Romani		Attica, Thessaly, Central Greece, Epirus, Western Macedonia	Christian
Russian [51]	IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, East		Russians
Serbian [51]	IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Western		Serbs
Slavic [51] [49] [50]	IE, Balto-Slavic, Slavic, South, Eastern	60–90,000 (Trudgill), 250,000 (2007 Boskov)	Slavic-speakers of Greek Macedonia		Macedonia (mainly Florina, Pella and Thessaloniki; Kastoria, Kozani, Kilkis, Imathia, Serres), Epirus (Ioannina)	Christian
Turkish [50]	Turkic, Southern	40,000 (L1: 9,700, L2: 30,300, 2014)	Turks, Karamanlides, Pomaks		Macedonia and Thrace, Aegean	Muslim, Christian
Turkish, Balkan Gagauz [53]	Turkic, Southern		Gagauzes
Urum [51]	Turkic		Urums

Religious population in Greece at the 1951 Census ^[46]

Orthodox	7,472,559 (97.9%)
Muslim	112,665 (1.4%)
Catholic	28,430 (0.4%)
Protestant and other Christian	12,677 (0.2%)
Jewish	6,325 (0.1%)
Total	7,632,801

According to the Greek constitution, Eastern Orthodox Christianity is recognized as the "prevailing religion" in Greece. During the centuries that Greece was part of the Ottoman Empire, besides its spiritual mandate, the Orthodox Church, based in Constantinople (present-day Istanbul), also functioned as an official representative of the Christian population of the empire. The Church is often credited with the preservation of the Greek language, values, and national identity during Ottoman times. The Church was also an important rallying point in the war for independence against the Ottoman Empire, although the official Church in Constantinople initially condemned the breakout of the armed struggle in fear of retaliation from the Ottoman side. The Church of Greece was established shortly after the formation of a Greek national state. Its authority to this day extends only to the areas included in the independent Greek state before the Balkan Wars of 1912–1913. There is a Muslim minority concentrated in Thrace and officially protected by the Treaty of Lausanne (1923). Besides Pomaks (Muslim Bulgarian ^[56] speakers) and Roma, it consists mainly of ethnic Turks, who speak Turkish and receive instruction in Turkish at special government-funded schools. There are also a number of Jews in Greece, most of whom live in Thessaloniki. There are also some Greeks who adhere to a reconstruction of the ancient Greek religion. ^[57] A place of worship has been recognized as such by court. ^[58]

Education

Main article: Education in Greece

Greek education is free and compulsory for children between the ages of 5 and 15. English study is compulsory from first grade through high school. University education, including books, is also free, contingent upon the student's ability to meet stiff entrance requirements. A high percentage of the student population seeks higher education. More than 100,000 students are registered at Greek universities, and 15% of the population currently holds a university degree. Admission in a university is determined by state-administered exams, the candidate's grade-point average from high school, and his/her priority choices of major. About one in four candidates gains admission to Greek universities.

Greek law does not currently offer official recognition to the graduates of private universities that operate in the country, except for those that offer a degree valid in another European Union country, which is automatically recognized by reciprocity. As a result, a large and growing number of students are pursuing higher education abroad. The Greek Government decides through an evaluation procedure whether to recognize degrees from specific foreign universities as qualification for public sector hiring. Other students attend private, post-secondary educational institutions in Greece that are not recognized by the Greek Government. At the moment extensive public talk is made for the reform of the Constitution to recognize private higher education in Greece as equal with public and to place common regulations for both.

The number of Greek students studying at European institutions is increasing along with EU support for educational exchange. In addition, nearly 5,000 Greeks are studying in the United States, about half of whom are in graduate school. Greek per capita student representation in the US (one every 2,200) is among the highest in Europe.

See also

• Demographic history of Greece
• Turks of Western Thrace
• Immigration to Greece
• Minorities in Greece
• Aging of Europe
• Albanian immigrants in Greece

Notes

1. The source doesn't include immigrants from the European Union, European Free Trade Association nations or the United Kingdom
2. Of which 21,243 people are from the remaining EU countries and 1,630 are from the EFTA countries

1. In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

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34. Μουσουλμανικη Μειονοτητα Θρακησ [Muslim Minority of Thrace] (in Greek). Athens, Greece: Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Hellenic Resources Network. June 1999. Retrieved 6 January 2016.
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35. "Macedonia Fights for Its Name". Newsweek. 25 March 2008. Retrieved 30 January 2019. 'Greece is one of the rare countries of the EU that does not recognize the phrase 'minority rights.' They still have a concept of a pure nation—one state, one nation, one religion, one culture, everything Greek. And they do not want to recognize that in Greece there is a big Turkish minority, a big Albanian minority and one small Macedonian minority.'
36. Shendruk, Amanda (8 July 2021). "Are you even trying to stop racism if you don't collect data on race?". Quartz. Retrieved 4 July 2022.
37. Fassmann, Heinz; Reeger, Ursula; Sievers, Wiebke (2009). Statistics and Reality: Concepts and Measurements of Migration in Europe. Amsterdam University Press. p. 237. ISBN   978-90-8964-052-9 . Retrieved 27 March 2016.
38. "SMRE". www.smre-data.ch.
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40. Zervas, Theodore G. (8 December 2016). Formal and informal education during the rise of Greek nationalism: learning to be Greek. Springer. p. 52. ISBN   9781137484147. An 1879 Greek census found that, in the Peloponnese, Central Greece, Euboea and the island of Andros, there were nearly 225,000 Albanian/ Arvanitic speakers
41. Martin, Frederick (1924). The statesman's year-book statistical and historical annual of the states of the civilised world for the year 1882. Oxford University. p. 288. Greece, at the last census, taken June 1879, had a total population of 1,679,775
42. Peter Trudgill & Daniel Schreier, "Greece and Cyprus", in: Sociolinguistics (HSK 3.3), 2nd ed., Berlin & New York: de Gruyter, p. 1881-1889, esp. p. 1885
43. Angelopoulos, Ath. "Population Distribution of Greece Today According to Language, National Consciousness, and Religion". Balkan Studies. 43. Thessaloniki: 126–131. ISSN   2241-1674.
44. Mavrogordatos, George Th. (2003). Οι εθνικές μειονότητες [The National Minorities]. Ιστορία Της Ελλάδας Του 20Ού Αιώνα, Επιμ. Χ. Χατζηιωσήφ, Τόμος Β2. Αθήνα: Βιβλιόραμα, 2003 (in Greek). academia.edu. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
45. Shea, John (1997). Macedonia and Greece: The Struggle to Define a New Balkan Nation. McFarland. p. 129. ISBN   978-0-7864-0228-1 . Retrieved 7 February 2017.
46. Clogg, Richard (2002). "Introduction". Minorities in Greece: Aspects of a Plural Society. C. Hurst & Co. p. xi. ISBN   978-1-85065-705-7 . Retrieved 7 February 2017.
47. Clogg, Richard (January 2002). Minorities in Greece: aspects of a plural society . Hurst & Co. p.  112. ISBN   9781850657064. Census figures are unreliable, and Greece has long since ceased to include linguistic minorities in its census
48. Mavrogordatos, George (January 1983). Stillborn republic: social coalitions and party strategies in Greece, 1922–1936. University of California Press. p.  247. ISBN   9780520043589. In any event, those of the 1928 Census for the Slavo-Macedonian-speaking population as a whole clearly do not reflect its actual strength, as a result of either official policy, or reluctance on the part of those concerned, or both. Contemporary Greek reports estimate as many as 200,000 "Bulgarian"-speaking inhabitants in Macedonia, of whom no more than 80,000–90,000 are considered to be lacking a Greek national consciousness – a number equivalent to that of the census, perhaps not accidentally. (49. See the reports of P. Demetriades to the Association for the Dissemination of Greek Letters, 13 August 1927 and 23 December 1927, VA File 373. Given the confidential nature and policy orientation of these reports, they should be rated as more reliable than public statements. On the actual number of Slavomacedonians, see also Christidès, pp. 64–65.)
49. Trudgill, Peter; Schreier, Daniel (2006). "Greece and Cyprus". In Ulrich Ammon; Norbert Dittmar; Klaus J. Mattheier; Peter Trudgill (eds.). Sociolinguistics: An International Handbook of the Science of Language and Society. Vol. 3 (2nd ed.). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 1881–1889, esp. p. 1883. ISBN   978-3-11-018418-1 . Retrieved 7 February 2017.
50. Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2018). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (Twenty-first ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
51. Lewis, M. Paul, ed. (2009). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (Sixteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
52. Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2016). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Ethnologue (Nineteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
53. Grimes, Barbara F., ed. (2000). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". www.ethnologue.com (Fourteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
54. Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World" (Fifteenth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
55. Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Ethnologue: Languages of the World". Ethnologue (Twentieth ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International.
56. Gordon, Raymond G. Jr, ed. (2005). "Bulgarian". Ethnologue: Languages of the World (15th ed.). Dallas, Texas: SIL International. Archived from the original on 16 January 2009. Retrieved 3 January 2017.
57. Brabant, Malcolm (21 January 2007). "Ancient Greek gods' new believers". BBC News . Retrieved 7 February 2017.
58. Smith, Helena (4 May 2006). "Greek gods prepare for comeback". The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on 30 August 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2008.

External links

• General Secretariat of National Statistical Service of Greece (in Greek and English)
• The World Factbook