Demographics of Portugal

Last updated

Demographics of Portugal
Portugal population pyramid.svg
Population pyramid of Portugal as of 2023
PopulationIncrease2.svg 10,639,726 (2023)
Growth rate1.2% (2023)
Birth rate8.1 births/1,000 population (2023)
Death rate11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023)
Life expectancy81.2 years (2023)
 • male78.4 years (2023)
 • female83.7 years (2023)
Fertility rateIncrease2.svg 1.44 children (2023)
Infant mortality rate2.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2023)
Net migration rate14.7 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023)
Age structure
0–14 years12.8% (2023)
15–64 years63.1% (2023)
65 and over24.1% (2023)
Sex ratio
Total0.9 male(s)/female (2022)
At birth1.05 male(s)/female (2022)
Nationality
Nationality Portuguese citizen
Major ethnic Portuguese
Minor ethnic
Language
Official Portuguese
Spoken Languages of Portugal

Demographic features of the population of Portugal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.

Contents

As of 2023, Portugal had an estimated population of 10,639,726 inhabitants. [1] Its population density, at 115.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (299/sq mi), is slightly higher than that of most EU countries, moderately surpassing the EU average of 105.4 inhabitants per square kilometre (273/sq mi). [2] [3] However, the distribution of the population is widely uneven; the most densely populated areas are the Lisbon metropolitan area (which contains well above a quarter of the country's population), the metropolitan areas of Porto and the Atlantic coast, while other vast areas are very sparsely populated, like the plateaus of Alentejo, the Trás-os-Montes and Serra da Estrela highlands, and the lesser islands of the Azores archipelago.

The population of the country almost doubled during the twentieth century (+91%), but the pattern of growth was extremely uneven due to large-scale internal migration from the rural North to the industrial cities of Lisbon and Porto, a phenomenon which happened as a consequence of the robust economic growth and structural modernisation, owing to a liberalisation of the economy of the 1960s.

High fertility and birth rates persisted until the 1980s, after which they started to dramatically decline, leading to rapid population aging. At the end of the first decade of the 21st century, almost one in five Portuguese was over 65 years old. [4] Lately, Portugal has been experiencing a short growth in birth rates. The total fertility rate has climbed from an all-time low of 1.21 children per woman in 2013 to 1.43 in 2022, still well below replacement level.

Due to decrease in emigration and increase in immigration in the late 1990s and early 2000s the total population reached its peak in December 2009, standing at 10,573,479. Since then, due to the 2008 financial crisis, immigration (that was- in some years - surpassed by emigration) could not offset a shrinking population size, mainly due to the low birthrate but, also due to aging, the rising mortality. After having decreased by 2.27% by 2018, the total population of Portugal started to grow again, mainly sustained by growing immigration and slightly increasing birth rates. [5] [6] By 2023, the total population had already surpassed the 2009 peak.

Portugal is a fairly linguistically and religiously homogeneous country. Ethnically, the Portuguese people form a big majority of the total population in Portugal. The Portuguese people are mainly a combination of ancient paleolithic populations, and the proto-Celtic, Celtic and Iberian tribes, para-Celtic Lusitanians. Some other groups, like the Romans, Germanic (Visigoths, Suevi, Buri, Alans and Vandals) and later the Moorish (Arabs and Berber), Sephardic Jewish, and the French also passed through the country.

Today, Brazilians, Britons, Indians, Italians, French, Ukrainians, Nepalis and countries members of PALOP (Portuguese-speaking African countries) are the main immigrants and form the major foreign communities in the country. [7] [8]

Portuguese is spoken throughout the country, with only some villages near the northern municipality of Miranda do Douro speaking Mirandese, locally recognised as a co-official language.

Total fertility rate from 1850 to 1899

Population pyramid from 1950 to 2020 Portugal population pyramid from 1950 to 2020.gif
Population pyramid from 1950 to 2020

The total fertility rate is the number of children born per woman. It is based on fairly good data for the entire period. Sources: Our World In Data and Gapminder Foundation. [9]

Years18501851185218531854185518561857185818591860 [9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal4.54.474.444.414.384.354.334.34.274.244.21
Years1861186218631864186518661867186818691870 [9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal4.184.154.124.094.14.114.124.144.154.16
Years1871187218731874187518761877187818791880 [9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal4.174.184.194.24.214.224.234.244.234.22
Years1881188218831884188518861887188818891890 [9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal4.914.194.184.174.164.154.384.34.384.24
Years189118921893189418951896189718981899 [9]
Total Fertility Rate in Portugal4.164.064.153.863.93.93.953.933.89

[10]

Vital statistics since 1900

[11] [12]
[13] [14] [15] 		Average population (December 31)Live birthsDeathsNatural changeCrude birth rate (per 1000)Crude death rate (per 1000)Natural change (per 1000)Crude migration change (per 1000) Total fertility rates [fn 1] [9] [16] [17] [18]
19005,410,000165,245110,33054,91530.520.310.23.96
19015,460,000170,773114,13056,64331.320.910.4-1.24.07
19025,490,000176,029108,37867,65132.019.712.4-6.94.16
19035,560,000183,138111,68571,45333.020.112.9-0.14.29
19045,600,000176,726105,57271,15431.618.912.7-5.54.11
19055,660,000179,746112,75666,99031.820.011.8-1.14.13
19065,690,000182,920125,24357,67732.122.010.1-4.84.17
19075,730,000176,417113,25463,16330.719.711.0-4.03.99
19085,790,000175,268115,87659,39230.320.010.20.33.94
19095,850,000174,753112,42162,33229.919.210.8-0.33.89
19105,890,000186,953113,16173,79231.719.212.5-5.74.12
19115,960,000230,033130,90099,13338.622.016.6-4.75.02
19125,960,000207,870119,57888,29234.920.114.8-14.84.54
19135,970,000193,906123,05470,85232.520.611.9-10.24.22
19145,980,000188,479115,52672,95331.519.312.0-10.34.09
19155,990,000195,225122,51372,71232.620.512.0-10.34.24
19166,000,000192,780129,38963,39132.121.610.7-9.04.17
19176,000,000188,391134,08254,30931.422.39.1-9.14.08
19186,020,000178,687248,978-70,29129.741.4-11.614.93.86
19196,020,000166,162152,85613,30627.625.42.2-2.23.59
19206,040,000202,908142,86260,04633.623.79.9-6.64.37
19216,070,000197,022126,31670,70632.420.811.7-6.74.21
19226,170,000203,727125,74777,98033.120.412.63.94.3
19236,240,000207,172141,77565,39733.222.710.50.84.32
19246,310,000207,440126,05281,38832.820.012.8-1.64.26
19256,370,000208,434117,41391,02132.618.414.3-4.84.24
19266,470,000214,633127,95986,67433.519.813.42.34.36
19276,550,000199,399123,38276,01731.018.811.60.84.03
19286,620,000211,314124,08887,22631.918.713.2-2.54.15
19296,720,000200,874118,82482,05029.917.712.22.93.89
19306,804,000202,529116,35286,17729.717.112.7-0.23.86
19316,860,000204,120115,22588,89529.716.813.0-4.83.86
19326,968,000208,062118,89589,16729.917.112.82.93.89
19337,057,000204,315120,99683,31928.917.211.81.03.88
19347,147,000203,158118,53984,61928.416.611.81.03.74
19357,237,000203,943123,05180,89228.217.011.21.43.59
19367,326,000205,615119,00386,61228.116.211.80.53.45
19377,416,000198,217117,29180,92626.715.810.91.43.39
19387,506,000199,467115,33184,13626.615.411.20.93.34
19397,595,000198,888116,07582,81326.215.310.91.03.28
19407,696,000187,892120,48667,40624.415.78.84.53.22
19417,750,000184,336134,93749,39923.817.46.40.63.12
19427,810,000187,503126,53160,97224.016.17.8-0.13.14
19437,890,000198,101121,88776,21425.115.39.70.53.27
19447,960,000201,373119,27582,09825.314.810.3-1.43.28
19458,040,000209,131115,59693,53526.014.211.6-1.53.39
19468,100,000205,825120,80085,02525.414.910.5-3.03.29
19478,180,000200,488110,43790,05124.513.511.0-1.13.14
19488,262,000220,981107,576113,40526.713.013.7-3.73.42
19498,333,000212,260117,49994,76125.514.111.4-2.83.23
19508,405,000205,163102,798102,36524.412.212.2-3.63.1
19518,459,000207,870105,473102,39724.612.512.1-5.73.1
19528,496,000211,213100,486110,72724.911.813.0-8.63.1
19538,534,000202,13597,460104,67523.711.412.3-7.83.1
19548,570,000197,53695,088102,44823.011.112.0-7.83.1
19558,610,000209,79099,472110,31824.411.612.8-8.13.1
19568,647,000202,667106,91995,74823.412.411.1-6.83.11
19578,680,000211,494101,784109,71024.411.712.6-8.83.12
19588,725,000212,46791,891120,57624.410.513.8-8.63.13
19598,826,000213,06297,754115,30824.311.113.1-1.53.15
19608,865,000213,89595,009118,88623.910.613.38.93.16
19618,929,000217,51699,590117,92624.311.113.2-6.03.18
19628,994,000220,20096,864123,33624.410.713.7-6.43.18
19639,031,000212,15298,011114,14123.410.812.6-8.53.19
19649,034,000217,13696,878120,25823.810.613.2-12.93.19
19658,999,000210,29995,187115,11223.010.412.6-16.53.18
19668,931,000206,940100,088106,85222.711.012-19.63.16
19678,875,000202,06195,816106,24522.210.511.7-18.03.13
19688,837,000194,96294,661100,30121.410.411.0-15.33.09
19698,758,000189,739101,08888,65120.911.19.7-18.63.05
19708,663,252180,69092,85487,83620.910.710.1-20.92.99
19718,624,258181,24398,35582,88821.011.49.6-14.12.99
19728,636,603174,68590,02584,66020.210.49.8-8.42.85
19738,629,598172,32495,23977,08520.011.08.9-9.72.76
19748,879,127171,97996,83775,14219.410.98.520.22.69
19759,307,815179,64897,75081,89819.310.58.839.52.75
19769,403,809186,712101,84384,86919.910.89.01.32.81
19779,507,536181,06495,91785,14719.010.19.02.02.68
19789,608,959167,46796,04271,42517.410.07.43.32.45
19799,713,570160,31192,56667,74516.59.57.03.92.31
19809,818,980158,30994,79463,51516.19.76.54.42.25
19819,883,670152,07195,72856,34315.49.75.70.92.13
19829,939,871151,00292,37958,62315.29.35.9-0.22.08
19839,975,859144,29696,17948,11714.59.64.8-1.21.96
198410,016,605142,78396,97545,80814.39.74.6-0.51.91
198510,030,621130,45097,08533,36513.09.73.3-1.91.73
198610,034,846126,71595,52131,19412.69.53.1-2.71.67
198710,025,215123,17995,10228,07712.39.52.8-3.81.63
198810,014,005122,09397,84424,24912.29.82.4-3.51.62
19899,995,995118,48395,74322,74011.99.62.3-4.11.58
19909,970,441116,321102,76813,55311.710.31.4-4.01.57
19919,950,029116,299103,88212,41711.710.41.2-3.21.56
19929,954,958114,924100,63814,28611.510.11.4-0.91.54
19939,974,391113,960105,9508,01011.410.60.81.21.52
199410,008,659109,22799,2329,99510.99.91.02.41.45
199510,043,693107,097103,4753,62210.710.30.43.11.41
199610,084,196110,261106,8813,38010.910.60.33.71.45
199710,133,758112,933104,7788,15511.110.30.84.11.47
199810,186,634113,384106,1987,18611.110.40.74.51.48
199910,249,022116,002107,8718,13111.310.50.85.31.51
200010,330,774120,008105,36414,64411.610.21.46.61.55
200110,394,669112,774105,0927,68210.810.10.75.51.45
200210,444,592114,383106,2588,12511.010.20.84.01.47
200310,473,050112,515108,7953,72010.710.40.42.31.44
200410,494,672109,298102,0127,28610.49.70.71.41.41
200510,511,988109,399107,4641,93510.410.20.21.41.42
200610,532,588105,449101,9903,45910.09.70.31.71.38
200710,553,339102,492103,512-1,0209.79.8-0.12.11.35
200810,563,014104,594104,2803149.99.90.00.81.40
200910,573,47999,491104,434-4,9439.49.9-0.51.51.35
201010,572,721101,381105,954-4,5739.610.0-0.40.31.39
201110,558,95096,856102,848-5,9929.29.8-0.6-0.71.35
201210,503,88989,841107,612-17,7718.610.3-1.7-3.51.28
201310,444,09282,787106,554-23,7677.910.2-2.3-3.41.21
201410,395,12182,367104,843-22,4767.910.1-2.2-2.51.23
201510,368,55485,500108,539-23,0398.310.5-2.2-0.41.30
201610,344,47887,126110,573-23,4478.510.7-2.301.36
201710,335,77086,154109,758-23,6048.410.7-2.31.51.37
201810,333,49687,020113,051-26,0318.511.0-2.52.31.41
201910,375,39586,579111,843-25,2648.410.9-2.46.51.42
202010,394,29784,530123,396-38,8668.212.0-3.85.61.40
202110,421,11779,582124,841-45,2207.712.1-4.47.01.34
202210,516,62183,671124,311-40,6408.011.9-3.98.31.42
2023 [19] 10,639,72685,699118,295-32,5968.111.1-3.014.71.44

Current vital statistics

[20]

PeriodLive birthsDeathsNatural increase
January - October 202371,36997,172-25,803
January - October 202470,57698,574-27,998
DifferenceDecrease2.svg -793 (-1.11%)Increase Negative.svg +1,402 (+1.44%)Decrease2.svg -2,195

Structure of the population

Population by Sex and Age Group (Official Census 2021): [21]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total4 920 2205 422 84610 343 066100.00
0–4218 527207 185425 7124.07
5–9222 278210 889433 1674.14
10–14251 339240 793492 1324.70
15–19266 963255 595522 5584.99
20–24287 540273 647560 8875.36
25–29280 721268 129548 8505.24
30–34287 493284 268571 7615.46
35–39305 503314 418619 9215.92
40–44351 485375 132726 6176.94
45–49392 737423 651816 3887.80
50–54366 189400 157766 3467.32
55–59351 700397 580749 2807.16
60–64339 143386 682725 8256.93
65–69309 373359 065668 4386.39
70–74282 050335 766617 8165.90
75–79215 263278 986494 2494.72
80–84148 007211 012359 0193.43
85+125 800242 600368 4003.52
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14692 144658 8671 351 01112.91
15–643 272 8793 335 5546 608 43363.13
65+1 036 7881 386 8512 507 92223.96
Population by Sex and Age Group (Population Estimate 2023): [22]
Age GroupMaleFemaleTotal%
Total5 083 5685 556 15810 639 726100.00
0–4221 121208 651429 7724.04
5–9229 621218 559448 1804.21
10–14247 542238 274485 8164.57
15–19269 206258 900528 1064.96
20–24290 561280 090570 6515.36
25–29291 928278 498570 4265.36
30–34300 061295 770595 8315.60
35–39308 975316 753625 7285.88
40–44352 038373 875725 9136.82
45–49394 465425 996820 4617.71
50–54373 346409 236782 5827.36
55–59354 591400 294754 8857.09
60–64344 026392 774736 8006.92
65–69316 994368 303685 2976.44
70–74282 121337 022619 1435.82
75–79225 565291 354516 9194.86
80–84150 497213 353363 8503.42
85+130 910248 456379 3663.57
Age groupMaleFemaleTotalPercent
0–14698 284665 4841 363 76812.82
15–643 279 1973 432 1866 711 38363.08
65+1 106 0871 458 4882 564 57524.10

Maps

Other demographic statistics

Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
0 412,924—    
600 367,043−0.02%
1100 688,207+0.13%
1400 825,848+0.06%
1500 1,150,000+0.33%
1600 1,840,000+0.47%
1710 2,430,000+0.25%
1810 3,010,000+0.21%
1825 3,390,000+0.80%
1849 3,411,454+0.03%
1864 4,188,419+1.38%
1878 4,550,699+0.59%
1890 5,049,729+0.87%
1900 5,423,132+0.72%
1911 5,969,056+0.88%
1920 6,032,991+0.12%
1930 6,825,883+1.24%
1940 7,722,152+1.24%
1950 8,510,240+0.98%
1960 8,851,240+0.39%
1970 8,648,369−0.23%
1981 9,833,041+1.17%
1991 9,862,540+0.03%
2001 10,356,117+0.49%
2011 10,562,178+0.20%
2021 10,343,066−0.21%
2023 10,639,726+1.42%
Source: INE, [23] [24] [25] [26] Our World in Data [27]
Historical population of Portugal Historical population of Portugal.svg
Historical population of Portugal

The following demographic statistics are from the World Population Review. [28]

The following demographic statistics are from the CIA World Factbook, unless otherwise indicated. [18]

Total population
10,639,726 (2023 official INE estimate) [26]
Age structure of the resident population
2023 official INE estimate: [29]
  • 0-14 years: 12.82% (male 698,284 /female 665,484)
  • 15-64 years: 63.08% (male 3,279,197 /female 3,432,186)
  • 65 years and over: 24.10% (male 1,106,087/female 1,458,488)
Median age
  • total: 46.8 years (2022 official Eurostat data) [30] [31]
  • male: 45.1 years
  • female: 48.3 years
Birth rate
8.1 births/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate) [32]
Death rate
11.1 deaths/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate) [33]
Total fertility rate
1.44 children born/woman (2023 official INE estimate) [34]
Net migration rate
14.70 net migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 official INE estimate) [35] [36]
Population growth rate
+ 1.17 % (2023 official INE estimate) [29]
Mother's mean age at first birth
30.2 years (2023 official INE estimate) [29]
Life expectancy at birth
Life expectancy in Portugal since 1940 Life expectancy in Portugal.svg
Life expectancy in Portugal since 1940
PeriodLife expectancy in
Years		PeriodLife expectancy in
Years
1950–195560.31990–1995Increase2.svg74.9
1955–1960Increase2.svg62.41995–2000Increase2.svg76.0
1960–1965Increase2.svg64.52000–2005Increase2.svg77.6
1965–1970Increase2.svg66.42005–2010Increase2.svg79.3
1970–1975Increase2.svg68.32010–2015Increase2.svg80.5
1975–1980Increase2.svg70.42015–2020Increase2.svg81.1
1980–1985Increase2.svg72.52020–2024Increase2.svg82.6
1985–1990Increase2.svg74.0

Source: UN World Population Prospects [37]

Infant mortality rate
2022 official INE estimate: [29]
  • total: 2.59 deaths/1,000 live births. Country comparison to the world: 216th
  • male: 2.75 deaths/1,000 live births
  • female: 2.43 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 official INE estimate) [38]
Infant mortality rate
Years [39] 1960196119621963196419651966196719681969197019711972197319741975
Deaths/1,000 live births77.588.878.673.169.064.964.759.261.155.855.551.941.444.837.938.9
Years1976197719781979198019811982198319841985198619871988198919901991
Deaths/1,000 live births33.430.329.126.024.321.819.819.216.717.815.814.313.012.110.910.8
Years1992199319941995199619971998199920002001200220032004200520062007
Deaths/1,000 live births9.28.67.97.46.86.46.05.65.55.05.04.13.83.53.33.4
Years2008200920102011201220132014201520162017201820192020202120222023
Deaths/1,000 live births3.33.62.53.13.42.92.92.93.22.73.32.92.42.42.62.5
Life expectancy in Portugal since 1960 by gender Life expectancy by WBG -Portugal -diff.png
Life expectancy in Portugal since 1960 by gender
Dependency ratios
2022 official INE estimate: [29]
  • total dependency ratio: 58.4
  • youth dependency ratio: 20.44
  • elderly dependency ratio: 37.96
  • potential support ratio: 2.63 (2022 INE estimate)
Urbanization
urban population: 73.38% of total population (2020 official INE estimate [40] )
rate of urbanization: 0.44% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)
Sex ratio
2022 official INE estimate:
  • at birth: 1.05 male(s)/female [41]
  • under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female [42]
  • 15–64 years: 0.96 male(s)/female
  • 65 years and over: 0.76 male(s)/female
  • total population: 0.90 male(s)/female [43]

Employment and income

Unemployment, youth ages 15–24
total: 23.1%. Country comparison to the world: 66th
male: 20.6%
female: 26.2% (2021 est.)

Urban organization

Metropolitan areas and agglomerations

The 25 most and the 25 least populated municipalities of Portugal. The metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto and Minho are visible. MunicipiosMaisPopul.svg
The 25 most and the 25 least populated municipalities of Portugal. The metropolitan areas of Lisbon, Porto and Minho are visible.

As of 2023, Portugal had two significant agglomerations: the political metropolitan areas of Lisbon and Porto – Grande Área Metropolitana de Lisboa (3.0 million) and Grande Área Metropolitana do Porto (1.8 million). Together they host 44.77% of the total population. [44]

ImageCityMetropolitan areaCore municipality
Lisboa e o rio Tejo - Portugal (100442449).jpg Lisbon 2,961,177567,131
Porto (36337379133).jpg Porto 1,802,664248,769

Largest urban areas

When considering the number of inhabitants in consistent single urban areas, de facto cities in mainland Portugal, per the new with increased density of human-created structures, and excluding suburban and rural areas, Portugal has two cities with about one million inhabitants each (Lisbon and Porto), ten others with more than 50,000 inhabitants and 14 cities with populations between 20,000 and 40,000 inhabitants. [45]

Largest cities

Portugal has 151 localities with national city status (cidade). Every city is included into a municipality ( município ). This is a list of population by city, which means that it refers to the number of inhabitants in the city proper, excluding inhabitants from the same municipality but living outside the urban area of the city in other civil parishes ( freguesias ) of the municipality. In some cases (e.g. Lisbon), the entire municipality and the city proper cover the same territory. [46] [47] [48]

Population density of Portugal in 2021, per km : .mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{} 0-49 50-99 100-499 500-999 1000-1999 2000+ Mapa densidade portugal.png
Population density of Portugal in 2021, per km :
  0-49
  50-99
  100-499
  500-999
  1000-1999
  2000+
RankCity namePopulationMetropolitan areaSubregion
1 Lisbon 548,703 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
2 Porto 240,592 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
3 Vila Nova de Gaia 188,443 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
4 Amadora 174,511 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
5 Braga 148,977 Greater Metropolitan Area of Minho Cávado
6 Coimbra 106,655 Greater Metropolitan Area of Coimbra Baixo Mondego
7 Funchal 106,429 Madeira
8 Setúbal 98,470 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
9 Almada 88,202 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
10 Agualva-Cacém 81,006 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
11 Queluz 73,047 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
12 Rio Tinto 65,469 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
13 Barreiro 62,860 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
14 Aveiro 62,130 Baixo Vouga
15 Viseu 60,570 Dão-Lafões
16 Odivelas 58,170 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
17 Guimarães 54,750 Ave
18 Leiria 54,540 Pinhal Litoral
19 Faro 49,360 Algarve
20 Matosinhos 49,034 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
21 Loures 46,246 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Grande Lisboa
22 Portimão 43,810 Algarve
23 Póvoa de Varzim 41,206 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
24 Amora 41,140 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
25 Maia 40,534 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto
26 Évora 40,373 Alentejo Central
27 Montijo 40,130 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon Península de Setúbal
28 Ponta Delgada 40,050 Açores
29 Santa Maria da Feira 39,576 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Entre Douro e Vouga
30 Ermesinde 38,570 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto Grande Porto

Largest municipalities by population

The following table lists the largest Portuguese municipalities by population as of 2023. The land area is expressed in km2 and only municipalities with populations of over 100,000 inhabitants are listed. [2] The 26 listed municipalities account for 46.10% of the country's population and for only 5.14% of its total land area. [49]

View of residential building in Amadora, one of the most densely populated municipalities in Portugal and more densely populated than Hong Kong Alfragidetorre.jpg
View of residential building in Amadora, one of the most densely populated municipalities in Portugal and more densely populated than Hong Kong
RankMunicipalityPopulationLand AreaDensityMetropolitan area
1 Lisbon 567,131100.055,668.5 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
2 Sintra 395,528319.231,239.0 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
3 Vila Nova de Gaia 311,223168.461,847.5 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
4 Porto 248,76941.426,006.0 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
5 Cascais 219,63697.402,255.0 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
6 Loures 207,065167.241,238.1 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
7 Braga 201,583183.401,099.1
8 Almada 181,23270.212,581.3 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
9 Matosinhos 179,55862.422,876.6 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
10 Amadora 178,25323.787,495.9 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
11 Oeiras 175,67745.883,829.1 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
12 Seixal 173,16395.501,813.2 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
13 Gondomar 168,582131.861,278.5 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
14 Guimarães 156,789240.95650.7
15 Odivelas 153,70826.545,791.6 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
16 Coimbra 144,822319.40453.4
17 Maia 142,59482.991,718.2 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
18 Santa Maria da Feira 139,837215.88647.8 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto
19 Vila Franca de Xira 139,452318.19438.3 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
20 Vila Nova de Famalicão 135,994201.59674.6
21 Leiria 133,795565.09236.8
22 Setúbal 123,548230.33536.4 Greater Metropolitan Area of Lisbon
23 Barcelos 117,005378.90308.8
24 Funchal 107,56276.141,412.7
25 Viseu 101,977507.10201.1
26 Valongo 100,16675.121,333.4 Greater Metropolitan Area of Porto

People

Nationality

noun: Portuguese (singular and plural)
adjective: Portuguese

Immigration

Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021 Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021.svg
Portuguese and foreign born population pyramid in 2021

In 1992, 1.3% of the population was foreign, by 2023 the number had grown to almost 10% or 1,044,606 people. [50]

Since the independence of the former African colonies, Portugal saw a steady immigration from Africa, most notably Cape Verde, Angola and Guinea-Bissau, but also São Tomé and Príncipe, Mozambique and former Portuguese India in Asia.

Portugal saw migration waves due to labor shortages since 1999, first from Eastern Europe (1999–2002), in two distinctive groups, a Slav (Ukraine, Russia and Bulgaria) and an East Latin (Romania and Moldova), that stopped and started declining as the labour market became saturated.

Since 2003, most of the immigrants came from Brazil, China and the Indian subcontinent. Family reunification was seen as important for a successful integration in the country, thus the government eased it, and in 2006, more than 6 in 10 new immigrants were family members of legal foreign residents in the country. [51]

There is also a significant number of elderly Western European residents in search of quality of life, namely from the United Kingdom, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Belgium.

More recently, there is significant migration from the former Portuguese colony of Brazil, as since 2017 more than 30,000 Brazilians immigrate to Portugal annually.

Below is a summary table of the main foreign nationalities present in Portugal according to the latest AIMA data. [50] As of December 31, 2023, there were 1,044,606 legally resident people in Portugal with foreign citizenship (about 9.82% of the population). These include both citizens born in Portugal with foreign citizenship and foreign immigrants. Descendants of immigrants are excluded (Portugal, like many European countries, does not collect data on ethnicity) and those who, regardless of place of birth or citizenship at birth, were Portuguese citizens (see also Portuguese nationality law ). Among the latter are also naturalized citizens whose data are reported in the next table.

Biggest foreign nationality by district. 1st foreign nationality PT 2022.png
Biggest foreign nationality by district.
Largest groups of foreign residents as of 01.01.2024
NationalityPopulation [50]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 368,449
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 55,589
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 48,885
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg  United Kingdom 47,409
Flag of India.svg  India 44,051
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Italy.svg  Italy 36,227
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 32,535
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 29,972
Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg  China 27,873
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of France.svg  France 27,549
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 26,460
Flag of Bangladesh.svg  Bangladesh 25,666
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 23,499
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Germany.svg  Germany 22,858
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 20,881
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Spain.svg  Spain 20,573
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 17,148
Flag of the United States.svg  United States of America 14,126
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Netherlands 13,592
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 10,901
Other countries (below 10,000)130,363
Foreign-born naturalised citizens in Portugal by 2020. Immigrants in Portugal 2020.png
Foreign-born naturalised citizens in Portugal by 2020.

Below is a summary table of Portuguese citizenship acquisitions by foreigners residing in the country recorded between 2008 and 2022 for countries having recorded at least 1,000 naturalizations during the given timespan. During this period, 342,458 people (3.27% of the current Portuguese population) obtained Portuguese citizenship according to the latest Eurostat data. These people are not counted among foreigners (see above table) as they are Portuguese citizens in all respects. [52]

NationalityAcquisitions of Citizenship
(2008–2022) [53] [54]
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 89,713
Flag of Cape Verde.svg  Cape Verde 55,109
Flag of Ukraine.svg  Ukraine 32,722
Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg  Guinea-Bissau 27,043
Flag of Angola.svg  Angola 25,805
Flag of Moldova.svg  Moldova 19,212
Flag of Sao Tome and Principe.svg  São Tomé and Príncipe 14,990
Flag of India.svg  India 12,202
Flag of Europe.svg Flag of Romania.svg  Romania 6,922
Flag of Nepal.svg    Nepal 6,473
Flag of Russia.svg  Russia 5,540
Flag of Pakistan.svg  Pakistan 5,288
Other countries (below 5,000)41,439

Net migration

Portugal Net migration by region [55]
YearPortugalMainlandAzoresMadeira
2011-25,178-22,661-821-1,696
2012-37,290-34,127-955-2,208
2013-36,029-32,739-985-2,305
2014-26,495-21,293-2,066-3,136
2015-3,528476-1,573-2,431
2016-6292,222-1,400-1,451
201714,89616,695-1,117-682
201823,75724,720-1,094131
201967,16366,634-5751,104
202057,76854,8898392,040
202172,04068,6161,5001,924
2022136,144131,4491,9732,722
2023155,701150,8821,2273,592

Ethnic minorities and persons with disabilities

Portugal does not collect ethnicity or racial data of its population. [56]

Anti-racism laws prohibit and penalize racial discrimination in housing, business, and health services.

Discrimination against persons with disabilities in employment, education, access to health care, or the provision of other state services is illegal. The law mandates access to public buildings and to newly built private buildings for such persons.

Languages

Map of Portuguese language dialects in Portugal. Portugal portuguese dialects.png
Map of Portuguese language dialects in Portugal.

The main language spoken as first language by the overwhelming majority of the population is Portuguese. [57] Other autochthonous languages spoken include:

Religion

Religion in Portugal (Census 2021) [67]

   Roman Catholicism (80.20%)
   Protestantism (2.13%)
   Jehovah's Witnesses (0.72%)
   Eastern Orthodoxy (0.69%)
  Other Christian (1.04%)
   Islam (0.42%)
   Hinduism (0.22%)
   Buddhism (0.19%)
   Judaism (0.03%)
  Other religion (0.28%)
   No religion (14.09%)

The great majority of the Portuguese population belongs to the Roman Catholic Church. Religious observance remains strong in northern areas, while the population of Lisbon and southern areas are generally less devout.

Religious minorities include a little over 400,000 Protestants and Mormons [68] [69] [70] (3.84% of the total population).

There are also about 100,000 Muslims [71] (1%) and 45,000 Hindus [72] [73] [74] (0.43%), most of whom came from Goa, a former Portuguese colony on the west coast of India (Some Muslims also came from former two Portuguese African colonies with important Muslim minorities: Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique).

There are also about 1,500 Jews, [75] 2,000 Baha'i [76] and 35,000 Sikh [72] (0.34%)

Portugal is also home to about 17,000 Buddhists, [77] mostly Chinese from Macau and a few Indians from Goa.

Portugal is still one of the most religious countries in Europe, most Portuguese believe with certainty in the Existence of God and religion plays an important role in the life of most Portuguese. [78] [79] According to the Pew Research Center, 40% of Portuguese Catholics pray daily. [80]

Religious map of Portuguese municipalities

Religion by municipality according with the 2021 Census.

Catholics by municipality - Census 2021.png
Percentage of Catholics by municipality.
Other christians - Census 2021.png
Percentage of Other Christians by municipality.
Non-Christian religions.png
Percentage of Other religions (Non-Christians) by municipality.
No-religion.png
Percentage of non religious by municipality.

Education

Carolina Michaelis highschool in Cedofeita Cedofeita-Escola Secundaria Carolina Michaelis (6).jpg
Carolina Michaelis highschool in Cedofeita

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write (2021 official INE estimate) [81]

total population: 96.92%
male: 97.90%
female: 96.04%
School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)
total: 17 years
male: 17 years
female: 17 years (2020)

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ In fertility rates, 2.1 and above is a stable population and has been marked blue, 2 and below leads to an aging population and the result is that the population decreases.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Municipalities of Portugal</span>

The municipality is the second-level administrative subdivision of Portugal, as defined by the 1976 Constitution.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alvalade</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Alvalade is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in central Lisbon, Alvalade is south of Lumiar and Olivais, west of Marvila, east of São Domingos de Benfica, and north of Avenidas Novas and Areeiro. The population in 2021 was 33,309.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parque das Nações</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

The Parque das Nações, colloquially known as Expo, is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in eastern Lisbon, Parque das Nações is to the east of Olivais, northeast of Marvila, and directly south of Lisbon's border with Loures. The population in 2021 was 22,382.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Olivais, Lisbon</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Olivais is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in eastern Lisbon, Olivais is west of Parque das Nações, north of Marvila and Alvalade, and east of Lumiar and Santa Clara. The population in 2021 was 32,179.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lumiar</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Lumiar is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in northern Lisbon, Lumiar is east of Carnide, north of Alvalade, west of Olivais, and south of Santa Clara and partially of Lisbon's border with Odivelas. The population in 2021 was 46,334.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Immigration to Portugal</span>

As of December 2022, Portugal had 1,733,067 inhabitants that were born in a foreign country, out of 10,516,621 inhabitants, accounting for 16.48% of its total population. This figure also includes all Portuguese nationals born outside of Portugal. This applies whether they are children of Portuguese citizens living abroad at the time of their birth or foreign-born individuals who have acquired Portuguese citizenship through naturalization. Dealing with foreign nationals, in 2023 around 1,044,606 foreign citizens lived in Portugal, accounting for 9.82% of Portugal's population. Among foreign nationals, about 35.3% were from Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Economy of Portugal</span>

The economy of Portugal is ranked 34th in the World Economic Forum's Global Competitiveness Report for 2019. The great majority of the international trade is done within the European Union (EU), whose countries received 71.4% of the Portuguese exports and were the origin of 74.6% of the Portuguese imports in 2020. The Portuguese currency is the euro (€) and the country has been a part of the Eurozone since its inception. Portugal's central bank is the Banco de Portugal, which forms part of the European System of Central Banks, and the major stock exchange is the Euronext Lisbon. Among OECD nations, Portugal has a highly efficient and strong social security system; social expenditure stood at roughly 24.6% of GDP.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carnide</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Carnide is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in northern Lisbon, Carnide is north of São Domingos de Benfica and Benfica, east of Lumiar, and directly south of Lisbon's border with Odivelas. The population in 2021 was 18,028.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marvila, Lisbon</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Marvila is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in eastern Lisbon, Marvila is to the southwest of Parque das Nações north of Beato, and east of Alvalade. The population in 2021 was 35,479.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Penha de França</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Penha de França is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in the historic center of Lisbon, Penha de França is north of São Vicente, east of Arroios, south of Areeiro, and west of Beato. The population in 2021 was 28,475.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santa Clara, Lisbon</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Santa Clara is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in northern Lisbon, Santa Clara is north of Lumiar, west of Olivais, and directly south of Lisbon's border with Odivelas and Loures. The population in 2021 was 23,645.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Areeiro, Lisbon</span> Civil parish in Lisbon, Portugal

Areeiro is a freguesia and typical quarter of Lisbon, the capital city of Portugal. Located in central Lisbon, Areeiro is east of Avenidas Novas, east of Marvila, south of Alvalade, and north of Beato, Penha de França, and Arroios. The population in 2021 was 21,160.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vilela (Póvoa de Lanhoso)</span> Civil parish in Norte, Portugal

Vilela is a Portuguese Freguesia in the Municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, with an area of 4.18 km2 and 615 inhabitants (2011). The Freguesia has a population density of 147.1 people per km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferreiros (Póvoa de Lanhoso)</span> Civil parish in Norte, Portugal

Ferreiros is a Portuguesae Freguesia in the Municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, with and area of 4.88 km² and 416 inhabitants as of 2011. The population density is 85.2 people per km².

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Monsul</span> Civil parish in Norte, Portugal

Monsul is a Portuguese Freguesia in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, it has an area of 3.39 km2 (1.31 sq mi) and 773 inhabitants (2011). Its population density is 228/km2 (590/sq mi).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rendufinho</span> Civil parish in Norte, Portugal

Rendufinho is a Portuguese Freguesia in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, it has an area of 8.86 km² and 736 inhabitants (2011). And a population density of 83.1 people per km².

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geraz do Minho</span> Civil parish in Norte, Portugal

Geraz do Minho is a Portuguese Freguesia in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, it has an area of 4.33 km2 and 521 inhabitants (2011). It has a population density of 120 people per km2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sobradelo da Goma</span> Civil parish in Norte, Portugal

Sobradelo da Goma is a Portuguese Freguesia in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, it has an area of 10.23 km² and 794 inhabitants (2011). Its population density is 77.6 people per km².

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  65. ↑ Vicente, Manuel Fernandes (17 August 2009). "Minderico renasce com apoio da Volkswagen a línguas ameaçadas". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  66. ↑ "Língua Gestual Portuguesa (LGP)". Associação Portuguesa de Surdos (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  67. ↑ "Censos 2021. Católicos diminuem, mas ainda são mais de 80% dos portugueses". RTP. 23 November 2022. Retrieved 23 November 2022.
  68. ↑ Henriques, Joana Gorjão (29 January 2017). "O crescimento discreto dos mórmones em Portugal". PÚBLICO (in Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  69. ↑ Lusa, Agência. "Aliança Evangélica comemora cem anos e diz haver 400 mil protestantes em Portugal". Observador (in European Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  70. ↑ "2022 bate recorde de novas igrejas, em especial evangélicas e graças aos cidadãos brasileiros". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 8 April 2023. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  71. ↑ ""A comunidade muçulmana em Portugal dá-nos uma grande tranquilidade na prevenção do terrorismo"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 20 September 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  72. 1 2 "Uma comunidade indiana em Portugal diversa e dialogante na fé". SIC Notícias (in Portuguese). 5 May 2021. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  73. ↑ ""Os meus filhos são hindus, portugueses e até rezam a ave-maria"". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 17 October 2020. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  74. ↑ "Cerca de 50.000 nepaleses entraram em Portugal nos últimos anos". www.dn.pt (in European Portuguese). 16 March 2022. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  75. ↑ "Por que judeus estão voltando a Portugal séculos após antepassados serem expulsos e massacrados". BBC News Brasil (in Brazilian Portuguese). Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  76. ↑ "Portugal - Bahaipedia, an encyclopedia about the Bahá'í Faith". bahaipedia.org. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  77. ↑ "Budismo em Portugal | União Budista". uniaobudista.pt. Retrieved 11 May 2023.
  78. ↑ Portugueses são mais cristãos e vão mais à igreja do que o resto da Europa ocidental
  79. ↑ Portugal é dos países onde mais pessoas garantem que Deus existe
  80. ↑ Five Centuries After Reformation, Catholic-Protestant Divide in Western Europe Has Faded Pew Research Center.
  81. ↑ "Statistics Portugal - Web Portal". www.ine.pt. Retrieved 15 April 2024.
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