Demographics of the European Union | |
---|---|
Population | 448,753,823 (2023) [1] |
Growth rate | 0.37% (2022) [1] |
Birth rate | 8.7 births per 1,000 (2022) [2] |
Death rate | 11.5 deaths per 1,000 (2022) [3] |
Life expectancy | 80.6 (2022) [4] |
• male | 77.9 years (2022) [4] |
• female | 83.3 years (2022) [4] |
Fertility rate | 1.46 children per woman (2022) |
Infant mortality rate | 3.3 deaths per 1,000 live births (2022) [5] |
Language | |
Official | See languages of the European Union |
Spoken | Most spoken L1: German: 20% (2020) Most spoken L2: English L2: 43% (2017) [6] [7] [8] |
The demographics of the European Union show a highly populated, culturally diverse union of 27 member states. As of 1 January 2023, the population of the EU is around 448 million people. [1]
The most populous member state is Germany, with an estimated 84.3 million people, and the least populous member state is Malta with 0.54 million. Birth rates in the EU are rather low with the average woman having 1.6 children. The highest birth-rates are found in Ireland with 16.876 births per thousand people per year and France with 13.013 births per thousand people per year. Spain has the lowest birth rate in Europe with 8.221 births per thousand people per year.
The table below uses data from Eurostat and shows EU population's estimates on January 1, 2023. [9] [10]
Member State | Population | % pop. | Area km2 | % area | Density /km2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 448,753,823 | 100% | 4,225,134 | 100% | 106 |
Austria | 9,104,772 | 2.0% | 83,878 | 2.0% | 109 |
Belgium | 11,742,796 | 2.6% | 30,667 | 0.7% | 383 |
Bulgaria | 6,447,710 | 1.4% | 110,996 | 2.6% | 58 |
Croatia | 3,850,894 | 0.9% | 56,594 | 1.3% | 68 |
Cyprus | 920,701 | 0.2% | 9,253 | 0.2% | 100 |
Czech Republic | 10,827,529 | 2.4% | 78,871 | 1.9% | 137 |
Denmark | 5,932,654 | 1.3% | 42,925 | 1.0% | 138 |
Estonia | 1,365,884 | 0.3% | 45,336 | 1.1% | 30 |
Finland | 5,563,970 | 1.2% | 338,411 | 8.0% | 16 |
France | 68,172,977 | 15.2% | 638,475 | 15.1% | 107 |
Germany | 84,358,845 | 18.8% | 357,569 | 8.5% | 236 |
Greece | 10,413,982 | 2.3% | 131,694 | 3.1% | 79 |
Hungary | 9,599,744 | 2.1% | 93,012 | 2.2% | 103 |
Ireland | 5,271,395 | 1.2% | 69,947 | 1.7% | 74 |
Italy | 58,997,201 | 13.1% | 302,079 | 7.1% | 195 |
Latvia | 1,883,008 | 0.4% | 64,586 | 1.5% | 29 |
Lithuania | 2,857,279 | 0.6% | 65,284 | 1.5% | 44 |
Luxembourg | 672,050 | 0.1% | 2,586 | 0.1% | 260 |
Malta | 542,051 | 0.1% | 316 | 0.01% | 1715 |
Netherlands | 17,811,291 | 4.0% | 37,378 | 0.9% | 477 |
Poland | 36,753,736 | 8.2% | 311,928 | 7.4% | 118 |
Portugal | 10,467,366 | 2.3% | 92,227 | 2.2% | 113 |
Romania | 19,054,548 | 4.2% | 238,398 | 5.6% | 80 |
Slovakia | 5,428,792 | 1.2% | 49,035 | 1.2% | 111 |
Slovenia | 2,116,792 | 0.5% | 20,273 | 0.5% | 104 |
Spain | 48,085,361 | 10.7% | 505,983 | 12.0% | 95 |
Sweden | 10,521,556 | 2.3% | 447,424 | 10.6% | 24 |
Life expectancy and healthy life expectancy in countries of the European Union in 2019 according to estimation of the World Health Organization: [11]
Country | Life expectancy at birth | HALE at birth | Life expectancy at age 60 | HALE at age 60 | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | M | F | FΔM | Δ 2000 | All | M | F | FΔM | Δ 2000 | All | M | F | FΔM | Δ 2000 | All | M | F | FΔM | Δ 2000 | ||
Spain | 83.2 | 80.7 | 85.7 | 5.0 | 4.1 | 72.1 | 71.3 | 72.9 | 1.6 | 3.0 | 25.4 | 23.3 | 27.3 | 4.0 | 2.7 | 19.2 | 18.0 | 20.3 | 2.3 | 1.9 | |
Cyprus | 83.1 | 81.1 | 85.1 | 4.0 | 4.4 | 72.4 | 71.8 | 73.0 | 1.2 | 3.3 | 24.9 | 23.3 | 26.4 | 3.1 | 3.0 | 19.0 | 18.1 | 19.9 | 1.8 | 2.2 | |
Italy | 83.0 | 80.9 | 84.9 | 4.0 | 3.6 | 71.9 | 71.2 | 72.6 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 25.0 | 23.4 | 26.5 | 3.1 | 2.5 | 18.9 | 17.9 | 19.8 | 1.9 | 1.8 | |
France | 82.5 | 79.8 | 85.1 | 5.3 | 3.6 | 72.1 | 71.1 | 73.1 | 2.0 | 2.8 | 25.3 | 23.3 | 27.2 | 3.9 | 2.3 | 19.7 | 18.5 | 20.8 | 2.3 | 1.7 | |
Sweden | 82.4 | 80.8 | 84.0 | 3.2 | 2.8 | 71.9 | 71.7 | 72.1 | 0.4 | 2.0 | 24.5 | 23.3 | 25.6 | 2.3 | 2.1 | 18.9 | 18.3 | 19.4 | 1.1 | 1.5 | |
Luxembourg | 82.4 | 80.6 | 84.2 | 3.6 | 4.2 | 71.6 | 71.1 | 72.0 | 0.9 | 3.3 | 24.4 | 22.9 | 25.8 | 2.9 | 2.6 | 18.5 | 17.7 | 19.3 | 1.6 | 1.8 | |
Malta | 81.9 | 79.9 | 83.8 | 3.9 | 4.0 | 71.5 | 70.9 | 71.9 | 1.0 | 3.0 | 24.5 | 23.0 | 25.9 | 2.9 | 3.7 | 18.9 | 18.0 | 19.6 | 1.6 | 2.7 | |
Netherlands | 81.8 | 80.4 | 83.1 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 71.4 | 71.3 | 71.5 | 0.2 | 2.6 | 24.1 | 23.0 | 25.1 | 2.1 | 2.8 | 18.4 | 17.9 | 18.9 | 1.0 | 1.8 | |
Ireland | 81.8 | 80.2 | 83.5 | 3.3 | 5.4 | 71.1 | 70.7 | 71.4 | 0.7 | 4.0 | 24.2 | 23.0 | 25.3 | 2.3 | 4.0 | 18.6 | 18.0 | 19.2 | 1.2 | 2.9 | |
Germany | 81.7 | 78.7 | 84.8 | 6.1 | 3.6 | 70.9 | 69.7 | 72.1 | 2.4 | 2.4 | 24.4 | 21.9 | 26.9 | 5.0 | 2.6 | 18.5 | 17.0 | 19.9 | 2.9 | 1.7 | |
Portugal | 81.6 | 78.6 | 84.4 | 5.8 | 5.0 | 71.0 | 69.6 | 72.2 | 2.6 | 4.2 | 24.3 | 22.1 | 26.3 | 4.2 | 3.1 | 18.6 | 17.3 | 19.8 | 2.5 | 2.3 | |
Finland | 81.6 | 79.2 | 84.0 | 4.8 | 4.0 | 71.0 | 69.9 | 72.0 | 2.1 | 3.2 | 24.2 | 22.4 | 25.8 | 3.4 | 2.6 | 18.5 | 17.3 | 19.5 | 2.2 | 2.0 | |
Austria | 81.6 | 79.4 | 83.8 | 4.4 | 3.4 | 70.9 | 69.9 | 71.9 | 2.0 | 2.7 | 24.1 | 22.4 | 25.6 | 3.2 | 2.1 | 18.3 | 17.2 | 19.4 | 2.2 | 1.6 | |
Belgium | 81.4 | 79.3 | 83.5 | 4.2 | 3.7 | 70.6 | 69.8 | 71.3 | 1.5 | 2.8 | 24.0 | 22.3 | 25.6 | 3.3 | 2.4 | 18.2 | 17.2 | 19.1 | 1.9 | 1.6 | |
Denmark | 81.3 | 79.6 | 83.0 | 3.4 | 4.4 | 71.0 | 70.7 | 71.4 | 0.7 | 3.4 | 23.6 | 22.3 | 24.9 | 2.6 | 3.0 | 18.2 | 17.6 | 18.9 | 1.3 | 2.2 | |
Slovenia | 81.3 | 78.6 | 84.1 | 5.5 | 5.2 | 70.7 | 69.0 | 72.5 | 3.5 | 4.2 | 23.8 | 21.8 | 25.6 | 3.8 | 3.3 | 17.8 | 16.4 | 19.2 | 2.8 | 2.5 | |
Greece | 81.1 | 78.6 | 83.6 | 5.0 | 2.9 | 70.9 | 69.9 | 71.9 | 2.0 | 2.3 | 23.8 | 22.1 | 25.5 | 3.4 | 2.3 | 18.4 | 17.3 | 19.5 | 2.2 | 1.6 | |
Czechia | 79.1 | 76.3 | 81.9 | 5.6 | 4.1 | 68.8 | 67.0 | 70.6 | 3.6 | 2.9 | 22.1 | 19.9 | 24.0 | 4.1 | 2.8 | 16.3 | 14.7 | 17.8 | 3.1 | 1.7 | |
Estonia | 78.9 | 74.7 | 82.6 | 7.9 | 8.0 | 69.2 | 66.4 | 71.7 | 5.3 | 6.6 | 22.5 | 19.3 | 25.0 | 5.7 | 3.9 | 17.3 | 14.8 | 19.1 | 4.3 | 3.0 | |
Croatia | 78.6 | 75.5 | 81.6 | 6.1 | 4.2 | 68.6 | 66.7 | 70.5 | 3.8 | 3.2 | 21.8 | 19.4 | 23.7 | 4.3 | 2.8 | 16.2 | 14.6 | 17.7 | 3.1 | 1.8 | |
Poland | 78.3 | 74.5 | 81.9 | 7.4 | 4.6 | 68.7 | 65.9 | 71.3 | 5.4 | 3.7 | 22.1 | 19.5 | 24.3 | 4.8 | 2.9 | 16.8 | 14.9 | 18.5 | 3.6 | 2.1 | |
Slovakia | 78.2 | 74.8 | 81.4 | 6.6 | 4.9 | 68.5 | 66.2 | 70.8 | 4.6 | 3.8 | 21.8 | 19.3 | 23.9 | 4.6 | 3.3 | 16.6 | 14.6 | 18.2 | 3.6 | 2.4 | |
Hungary | 76.4 | 73.1 | 79.6 | 6.5 | 5.1 | 67.2 | 65.0 | 69.3 | 4.3 | 4.2 | 20.2 | 17.7 | 22.3 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 15.3 | 13.4 | 16.8 | 3.4 | 1.7 | |
Lithuania | 76.0 | 71.2 | 80.4 | 9.2 | 4.0 | 66.7 | 63.4 | 69.7 | 6.3 | 3.6 | 20.9 | 17.6 | 23.5 | 5.9 | 1.4 | 15.9 | 13.4 | 17.8 | 4.4 | 1.2 | |
Romania | 75.6 | 72.0 | 79.3 | 7.3 | 4.2 | 66.8 | 64.3 | 69.4 | 5.1 | 3.5 | 20.3 | 17.8 | 22.4 | 4.6 | 2.1 | 15.7 | 13.8 | 17.3 | 3.5 | 1.6 | |
Latvia | 75.4 | 70.6 | 79.8 | 9.2 | 5.2 | 66.2 | 62.9 | 69.3 | 6.4 | 4.6 | 20.5 | 17.2 | 23.0 | 5.8 | 2.2 | 15.6 | 13.2 | 17.4 | 4.2 | 1.7 | |
Bulgaria | 75.1 | 71.6 | 78.6 | 7.0 | 3.5 | 66.3 | 63.9 | 68.7 | 4.8 | 2.8 | 19.8 | 17.4 | 22.0 | 4.6 | 2.2 | 15.2 | 13.4 | 16.9 | 3.5 | 1.5 | |
World | 73.3 | 70.8 | 75.9 | 5.1 | 6.5 | 63.7 | 62.5 | 64.9 | 2.4 | 5.4 | 21.1 | 19.5 | 22.7 | 3.2 | 2.3 | 15.8 | 14.8 | 16.6 | 1.8 | 1.7 |
Life expectancy in countries of the European Union in 2021 according to estimation of the World Bank Group: [12] [13] [14]
Country | 2021 | Historical data | COVID-19 impact | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All | Male | Female | FΔM | 2000 | 2000 →2014 | 2014 | 2014 →2019 | 2019 | 2019 →2020 | 2020 | 2020 →2021 | 2021 | 2019 →2021 | 2014 →2021 | ||
Spain | 83.18 | 80.30 | 86.20 | 5.90 | 78.97 | 4.26 | 83.23 | 0.60 | 83.83 | −1.50 | 82.33 | 0.85 | 83.18 | −0.65 | −0.05 | |
Sweden | 83.16 | 81.40 | 85.00 | 3.60 | 79.64 | 2.61 | 82.25 | 0.86 | 83.11 | −0.75 | 82.36 | 0.80 | 83.16 | 0.05 | 0.90 | |
Malta | 82.86 | 81.30 | 84.50 | 3.20 | 78.35 | 3.70 | 82.05 | 0.81 | 82.86 | −0.51 | 82.35 | 0.51 | 82.86 | 0.00 | 0.81 | |
Italy | 82.80 | 80.60 | 85.10 | 4.50 | 79.78 | 3.31 | 83.09 | 0.41 | 83.50 | −1.30 | 82.20 | 0.60 | 82.80 | −0.70 | −0.30 | |
Luxembourg | 82.75 | 80.70 | 84.90 | 4.20 | 77.87 | 4.36 | 82.23 | 0.41 | 82.64 | −0.50 | 82.14 | 0.60 | 82.75 | 0.11 | 0.52 | |
France | 82.32 | 79.30 | 85.50 | 6.20 | 79.06 | 3.66 | 82.72 | 0.11 | 82.83 | −0.65 | 82.18 | 0.15 | 82.32 | −0.50 | −0.40 | |
Ireland | 82.10 | 80.20 | 84.10 | 3.90 | 76.54 | 4.81 | 81.35 | 1.35 | 82.70 | −0.15 | 82.56 | −0.45 | 82.10 | −0.60 | 0.75 | |
Finland | 81.93 | 79.30 | 84.70 | 5.40 | 77.47 | 3.71 | 81.18 | 0.80 | 81.98 | −0.05 | 81.93 | 0.00 | 81.93 | −0.05 | 0.75 | |
Belgium | 81.89 | 79.50 | 84.40 | 4.90 | 77.72 | 3.57 | 81.29 | 0.71 | 82.00 | −1.30 | 80.70 | 1.20 | 81.89 | −0.10 | 0.60 | |
Netherlands | 81.46 | 79.90 | 83.10 | 3.20 | 77.99 | 3.72 | 81.71 | 0.40 | 82.11 | −0.75 | 81.36 | 0.10 | 81.46 | −0.65 | −0.25 | |
Denmark | 81.40 | 79.60 | 83.30 | 3.70 | 76.59 | 4.11 | 80.70 | 0.75 | 81.45 | 0.15 | 81.60 | −0.20 | 81.40 | −0.05 | 0.70 | |
Austria | 81.24 | 78.80 | 83.80 | 5.00 | 78.13 | 3.36 | 81.49 | 0.40 | 81.90 | −0.70 | 81.19 | 0.05 | 81.24 | −0.66 | −0.25 | |
Cyprus | 81.20 | 79.21 | 83.20 | 3.99 | 76.57 | 4.20 | 80.77 | 0.63 | 81.40 | −0.01 | 81.39 | −0.19 | 81.20 | −0.19 | 0.43 | |
Portugal | 81.07 | 78.00 | 84.30 | 6.30 | 76.31 | 4.81 | 81.12 | 0.55 | 81.68 | −0.70 | 80.98 | 0.10 | 81.07 | −0.60 | −0.05 | |
Germany | 80.90 | 78.54 | 83.38 | 4.84 | 77.93 | 3.16 | 81.09 | 0.20 | 81.29 | −0.25 | 81.04 | −0.14 | 80.90 | −0.39 | −0.19 | |
Slovenia | 80.88 | 77.90 | 84.00 | 6.10 | 75.41 | 5.67 | 81.08 | 0.45 | 81.53 | −1.00 | 80.53 | 0.34 | 80.88 | −0.65 | −0.20 | |
European Union | 80.39 | 77.66 | 83.27 | 5.61 | 77.08 | 3.80 | 80.87 | 0.44 | 81.31 | −0.86 | 80.45 | −0.06 | 80.39 | −0.93 | −0.48 | |
Greece | 80.18 | 77.50 | 83.00 | 5.50 | 77.89 | 3.50 | 81.39 | 0.25 | 81.64 | −0.35 | 81.29 | −1.10 | 80.18 | −1.46 | −1.20 | |
Czechia | 77.37 | 74.30 | 80.60 | 6.30 | 74.97 | 3.86 | 78.82 | 0.40 | 79.23 | −1.00 | 78.23 | −0.85 | 77.37 | −1.86 | −1.45 | |
Estonia | 76.74 | 72.40 | 81.30 | 8.90 | 70.42 | 6.62 | 77.03 | 1.61 | 78.65 | −0.05 | 78.60 | −1.85 | 76.74 | −1.90 | −0.29 | |
Croatia | 76.42 | 73.40 | 79.60 | 6.20 | 72.81 | 4.67 | 77.48 | 0.95 | 78.42 | −0.70 | 77.72 | −1.30 | 76.42 | −2.00 | −1.05 | |
Poland | 75.60 | 71.70 | 79.70 | 8.00 | 73.75 | 3.85 | 77.60 | 0.30 | 77.90 | −1.40 | 76.50 | −0.90 | 75.60 | −2.30 | −2.00 | |
Slovakia | 74.71 | 71.30 | 78.30 | 7.00 | 73.05 | 3.76 | 76.81 | 0.85 | 77.67 | −0.80 | 76.87 | −2.15 | 74.71 | −2.95 | −2.10 | |
Hungary | 74.47 | 71.10 | 78.00 | 6.90 | 71.25 | 4.52 | 75.76 | 0.56 | 76.32 | −0.75 | 75.57 | −1.10 | 74.47 | −1.85 | −1.30 | |
Lithuania | 74.34 | 69.90 | 79.00 | 9.10 | 72.02 | 2.50 | 74.52 | 1.77 | 76.28 | −1.30 | 74.98 | −0.64 | 74.34 | −1.94 | −0.18 | |
Latvia | 73.28 | 68.60 | 78.20 | 9.60 | 70.31 | 3.81 | 74.12 | 1.26 | 75.39 | −0.20 | 75.19 | −1.90 | 73.28 | −2.10 | −0.84 | |
Romania | 72.96 | 69.40 | 76.70 | 7.30 | 71.16 | 3.75 | 74.91 | 0.70 | 75.61 | −1.35 | 74.25 | −1.29 | 72.96 | −2.65 | −1.95 | |
Bulgaria | 71.51 | 68.10 | 75.10 | 7.00 | 71.66 | 2.80 | 74.47 | 0.65 | 75.11 | −1.45 | 73.66 | −2.14 | 71.51 | −3.60 | −2.95 | |
World | 71.33 | 68.89 | 73.95 | 5.06 | 67.70 | 4.18 | 71.88 | 1.10 | 72.98 | −0.74 | 72.24 | −0.92 | 71.33 | −1.65 | −0.55 |
The European Union has a significant number of global cities. It contained 13 of the 60 cities which composed the 2008 Global Cities Index, [15] as well as 16 of the 41 "alpha" global cities classified by Globalization and World Cities (GaWC) Research Network (including Paris, Milan, Amsterdam and Brussels among others). [16] The following is a list of the ten most populous cities, urban areas and urban zones in the European Union, with their population:
City proper (2023) | mill. | Urban area (2022) [17] | mill. | LUZ (2016) | mill. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Berlin [18] | 3.8 | Paris [19] [20] | 14.8 | Paris | 12.0 |
Madrid [21] | 3.3 | Ruhr Area | 6.2 | Madrid | 6.4 |
Rome [22] | 2.8 | Madrid | 6.2 | Barcelona | 5.4 |
Paris [23] | 2.1 | Milan | 5.5 | Ruhr Area | 5.0 |
Vienna [24] | 2.0 | Barcelona | 4.8 | Berlin | 5.0 |
Hamburg [25] | 1.9 | Berlin | 4.0 | Milan | 4.3 |
Warsaw [26] | 1.9 | Naples | 3.6 | Naples | 4.1 |
Bucharest [27] | 1.7 | Athens | 3.5 | Athens | 3.9 |
Budapest [28] | 1.7 | Rome | 3.2 | Rome | 3.7 |
Munich [29] | 1.5 | Lisbon [30] | 3.0 | Hamburg | 3.1 |
Country | Population (2023) [31] | % growth (2022) [32] | ‰ Natural change (2022) [33] | ‰ Net migration (2022) [32] | Fertility rate (2022) [34] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
European Union | 448,387,872 | 0.37 | -1.0 | 2.6 | 1.55 |
Germany | 84,358,845 | 1.35 | -3.9 | 15.4 | 1.46 |
France | 68,070,697 | 0.29 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 1.79 |
Italy | 58,850,717 | -0.3 | -5.4 | 2.4 | 1.24 |
Spain | 48,059,777 | 1.32 | -2.9 | 14.8 | 1.16 |
Poland | 36,753,736 | -2.39 | -3.7 | 0.1 | 1.29 |
Romania | 19,051,562 | 0.05 | -4.9 | 4.8 | 1.71 |
Netherlands | 17,811,291 | 1.25 | -0.2 | 8.2 | 1.49 |
Belgium | 11,754,004 | 1.17 | -0.3 | 10.1 | 1.53 |
Czech Republic | 10,827,529 | 2.96 | -1.8 | 30.6 | 1.64 |
Sweden | 10,521,556 | 0.66 | 0.5 | 2.3 | 1.53 |
Portugal | 10,467,366 | 1.11 | -3.9 | 8.3 | 1.43 |
Greece | 10,394,055 | -0.62 | -6.0 | -1.5 | 1.32 |
Hungary | 9,597,085 | -0.95 | -4.4 | -1.8 | 1.56 |
Austria | 9,104,772 | 1.40 | -1.2 | 7.3 | 1.41 |
Bulgaria | 6,447,710 | -5.72 | -6.2 | -0.5 | 1.65 |
Denmark | 5,932,654 | 1.01 | -0.2 | 2.7 | 1.55 |
Finland | 5,563,970 | 0.28 | -3.2 | 10.4 | 1.32 |
Slovakia | 5,428,792 | -0.11 | -1.0 | 0.2 | 1.57 |
Ireland | 5,194,336 | 2.65 | 3.8 | 14.7 | 1.54 |
Croatia | 3,850,894 | -0.30 | -6.0 | -0.1 | 1.53 |
Lithuania | 2,857,279 | 1.83 | -5.4 | 15.7 | 1.27 |
Slovenia | 2,116,792 | 0.46 | -2.2 | 8.2 | 1.55 |
Latvia | 1,883,008 | 0.39 | -7.2 | 11.7 | 1.47 |
Estonia | 1,365,884 | 2.56 | -4.2 | 16.7 | 1.41 |
Cyprus | 920,701 | 1.77 | 3.1 | 7.0 | 1.37 |
Luxembourg | 672,050 | 2.39 | 3.1 | 12.1 | 1.31 |
Malta | 542,051 | 4.05 | 0.3 | 5.5 | 1.08 |
The movement of people within the Union i.e. internal migration, remains limited; it has traditionally followed two patterns:
At present, more people immigrate into the European Union than emigrate from it. Immigration is a controversial issue in many member states, including Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, Italy, Slovakia, Spain, and France. [36] [37] It was also a cited as a major factor in the Brexit referendum of 2016.
In 2022, 59.9 million people living in the EU, or 13.35% of the total population, had been born outside their resident country. As of 2019, the largest absolute numbers of people born outside the EU were in Germany (8.4 million), France (6.3 million), Spain (4.6 million), Italy (4.3 million), and the Netherlands (1.7 million). [38]
In 2017, approximately 825,000 persons acquired citizenship of a member state of the European Union, down from 995,000 in 2016. [39] The largest groups were nationals of Morocco, Albania, India, Turkey and Pakistan. [40]
Spain and Italy in particular receives most of the immigrants coming illegally to Europe from Africa, probably due to their large coastal area and their proximity to the African continent. In particular, Spain has land borders with Morocco at Ceuta and Melilla and the Italian island of Lampedusa lies just 113 km from Tunisia.
African immigrants try to enter Spain by boat from Morocco or Senegal or by jumping the border fences. Dealing with Italy, immigrants mostly enter by boats from Tunisia and Libya.
Estimates are that between 50,000 and 70,000 people enter the European Union illegally through Spanish borders or beaches. Border fences have been built at both the Ceuta and Melilla borders in an attempt to stop illegal entrance to the country. Illegal immigration is an issue in Spanish politics, and also a big human rights problem, since many people die during the journey. Spain has been Europe's largest absorber of migrants for the past six years, with its immigrant population increasing fourfold as 2.8 million people have arrived, mostly from Latin America. Spectacular growth in Spain's immigrant population came as the country's economy created more than half of all the new jobs in the European Union between 2001 and 2006. [41]
The net migration rate for the EU in 2008 was 3.1 per 1,000 inhabitants; [42] this figure is for migration into and out of the European Union, and therefore excludes any internal movements between member states. Annual net migration has varied from 1.5 to 2.0 million people since 2003. [42]
Country | Population 2022 (1000) | Foreign-born 2022 (1000) | % |
---|---|---|---|
EU-27 | 448,388 | 59,900 | 13.35 |
Luxembourg | 661 | 333 | 50.41 |
Malta | 542 | 153 | 23.60 |
Cyprus | 921 | 209 | 22.68 |
Ireland | 5,271 | 1,151 | 21.83 |
Austria | 9,105 | 1,963 | 21.56 |
Sweden | 10,521 | 2,544 | 20.37 |
Germany | 84,359 | 16,476 | 19.53 |
Belgium | 11,743 | 2,247 | 19.13 |
Estonia | 1,366 | 235 | 17.18 |
Spain | 48,085 | 8,204 | 17.06 |
Portugal | 10,467 | 1,684 | 16.09 |
Netherlands | 17,811 | 2,777 | 15.59 |
Slovenia | 2,117 | 309 | 14.61 |
Denmark | 5,933 | 804 | 13.55 |
France | 68,173 | 8,942 | 13.12 |
Latvia | 1,883 | 241 | 12.80 |
Croatia | 3,851 | 491 | 12.23 |
Greece | 10,414 | 1,173 | 11.27 |
Italy | 58,997 | 6,417 | 10.88 |
Finland | 5,564 | 461 | 8.30 |
Lithuania | 2,857 | 232 | 8.11 |
Czech Republic | 10,828 | 764 | 7.06 |
Hungary | 9,600 | 644 | 6.71 |
Slovakia | 5,429 | 213 | 3.93 |
Bulgaria | 6,448 | 169 | 3.23 |
Romania | 19,055 | 531 | 2.79 |
Poland | 36,754 | 933 | 2.54 |
Since 2020, EU data is aggregated for the 27 remaining states. UK is no longer a member due to Brexit. Population is reported on 1 January [43]
Year | Population | Births | Deaths | Natural change | Birth rate (/1000) | Death rate (/1000) | Natural change (/1000) | Migration change (/1000) | Fertility rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1960 | 355,557,414 | 6,642,919 | 3,585,994 | 3,056,925 | 18.7 | 10.1 | 8.6 | 0.9 | 2.6 |
1961 | 358,917,677 | 6,657,429 | 3,508,800 | 3,148,629 | 18.5 | 9.8 | 8.8 | 0.6 | |
1962 | 362,292,099 | 6,600,463 | 3,721,195 | 2,879,268 | 18.2 | 10.3 | 7.9 | 1.7 | |
1963 | 365,754,385 | 6,715,244 | 3,723,423 | 2,991,821 | 18.4 | 10.2 | 8.2 | 0.5 | |
1964 | 368,938,389 | 6,796,911 | 3,622,925 | 3,173,986 | 18.4 | 9.8 | 8.6 | -0.3 | |
1965 | 371,982,334 | 6,640,838 | 3,751,106 | 2,889,732 | 17.9 | 10.1 | 7.8 | 0 | 2.7 |
1966 | 374,882,363 | 6,578,243 | 3,718,683 | 2,859,560 | 17.5 | 9.9 | 7.6 | -0.1 | |
1967 | 377,698,630 | 6,718,346 | 3,811,566 | 2,906,780 | 17.8 | 10.1 | 7.7 | -0.7 | |
1968 | 380,351,144 | 6,610,324 | 3,951,103 | 2,659,221 | 17.4 | 10.4 | 7.0 | -0.1 | |
1969 | 382,976,404 | 6,482,385 | 4,079,386 | 2,402,999 | 16.9 | 10.7 | 6.3 | -0.7 | |
1970 | 385,137,827 | 6,302,419 | 3,986,877 | 2,315,542 | 16.4 | 10.4 | 6.0 | -0.5 | 2.4 |
1971 | 387,270,862 | 6,303,901 | 4,047,311 | 2,256,590 | 16.3 | 10.5 | 5.8 | 1.0 | |
1972 | 389,902,199 | 6,152,597 | 3,995,901 | 2,156,696 | 15.8 | 10.2 | 5.5 | 1.0 | |
1973 | 392,434,984 | 6,032,514 | 4,079,758 | 1,952,756 | 15.4 | 10.4 | 5.0 | 1.0 | |
1974 | 394,804,887 | 6,098,560 | 4,046,095 | 2,052,465 | 15.4 | 10.2 | 5.2 | 0.2 | |
1975 | 396,936,395 | 5,961,857 | 4,163,866 | 1,797,991 | 15.0 | 10.5 | 4.5 | 0.7 | 2.0 |
1976 | 399,002,351 | 5,927,646 | 4,163,979 | 1,763,667 | 14.9 | 10.4 | 4.4 | 0.4 | |
1977 | 400,935,349 | 5,860,777 | 4,096,398 | 1,764,379 | 14.6 | 10.2 | 4.4 | 0.2 | |
1978 | 402,782,640 | 5,774,451 | 4,171,363 | 1,603,088 | 14.3 | 10.4 | 4.0 | 0.4 | |
1979 | 404,564,541 | 5,730,006 | 4,144,125 | 1,585,881 | 14.2 | 10.2 | 3.9 | 0.7 | |
1980 | 406,417,979 | 5,720,295 | 4,250,071 | 1,470,224 | 14.1 | 10.5 | 3.6 | 0.6 | 1.8 |
1981 | 408,131,851 | 5,591,081 | 4,217,650 | 1,373,431 | 13.7 | 10.3 | 3.4 | 0.0 | |
1982 | 409,501,178 | 5,523,341 | 4,183,575 | 1,339,766 | 13.5 | 10.2 | 3.3 | -0.7 | |
1983 | 410,557,063 | 5,355,464 | 4,304,514 | 1,050,950 | 13.0 | 10.5 | 2.6 | -0.4 | |
1984 | 411,456,968 | 5,318,550 | 4,233,094 | 1,085,456 | 12.9 | 10.3 | 2.6 | -0.3 | |
1985 | 412,391,874 | 5,264,500 | 4,335,723 | 928,777 | 12.8 | 10.5 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 1.6 |
1986 | 413,482,162 | 5,243,235 | 4,296,210 | 947,025 | 12.7 | 10.4 | 2.3 | 0.5 | |
1987 | 414,653,514 | 5,193,167 | 4,242,345 | 950,822 | 12.5 | 10.2 | 2.3 | 0.9 | |
1988 | 415,967,079 | 5,221,160 | 4,246,582 | 974,578 | 12.6 | 10.2 | 2.3 | 1.1 | |
1989 | 417,372,976 | 5,123,258 | 4,265,774 | 857,484 | 12.3 | 10.2 | 2.1 | 1.2 | |
1990 | 418,764,395 | 5,095,162 | 4,324,569 | 770,593 | 12.2 | 10.3 | 1.8 | 1.1 | 1.5 |
1991 | 419,958,792 | 4,950,436 | 4,350,854 | 599,582 | 11.8 | 10.4 | 1.4 | 1.5 | |
1992 | 421,163,060 | 4,837,349 | 4,304,019 | 533,330 | 11.5 | 10.2 | 0.7 | 2.5 | |
1993 | 422,508,788 | 4,691,242 | 4,367,728 | 323,514 | 11.1 | 10.3 | 0.8 | 1.6 | |
1994 | 423,532,766 | 4,562,253 | 4,314,434 | 247,819 | 10.8 | 10.2 | 0.6 | 1.2 | |
1995 | 424,301,173 | 4,448,929 | 4,355,217 | 93,712 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 |
1996 | 424,957,650 | 4,453,778 | 4,361,669 | 92,109 | 10.5 | 10.3 | 0.2 | 1.2 | |
1997 | 425,560,270 | 4,446,644 | 4,316,381 | 130,263 | 10.4 | 10.1 | 0.3 | 4.8 | |
1998 | 427,740,621 | 4,420,951 | 4,329,087 | 91,864 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 0.2 | 1.4 | |
1999 | 428,431,186 | 4,418,622 | 4,331,000 | 87,622 | 10.3 | 10.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | |
2000 | 428,929,021 | 4,487,745 | 4,267,048 | 220,697 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 1.5 |
2001 | 429,481,944 | 4,393,825 | 4,231,178 | 162,647 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 0.4 | 1.9 | 1.43 |
2002 | 430,456,663 | 4,364,928 | 4,284,989 | 79,939 | 10.1 | 10.0 | 0.2 | 3.3 | 1.43 |
2003 | 431,976,112 | 4,384,916 | 4,373,650 | 11,266 | 10.2 | 10.1 | 0.0 | 3.7 | 1.44 |
2004 | 433,589,156 | 4,441,177 | 4,190,920 | 250,257 | 10.2 | 9.7 | 0.6 | 2.9 | 1.46 |
2005 | 435,116,254 | 4,454,301 | 4,288,668 | 165,633 | 10.2 | 9.9 | 0.4 | 2.8 | 1.47 |
2006 | 436,521,866 | 4,515,537 | 4,224,330 | 291,207 | 10.3 | 9.7 | 0.7 | 2.7 | 1.50 |
2007 | 437,984,240 | 4,551,180 | 4,271,736 | 279,444 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 0.6 | 2.6 | 1.52 |
2008 | 439,386,639 | 4,675,051 | 4,312,237 | 362,814 | 10.6 | 9.8 | 0.8 | 1.6 | 1.57 |
2009 | 440,426,387 | 4,622,368 | 4,341,741 | 280,627 | 10.5 | 9.9 | 0.6 | 0.8 | 1.56 |
2010 | 441,041,446 | 4,603,858 | 4,344,647 | 259,211 | 10.4 | 9.8 | 0.6 | 1.1 | 1.57 |
2011 | 440,260,386 | 4,458,386 | 4,318,817 | 139,569 | 10.1 | 9.8 | 1.1 | 0.4 | 1.54 |
2012 | 440,905,186 | 4,417,656 | 4,441,347 | -23,691 | 10.0 | 10.1 | -0.1 | 2.5 | 1.54 |
2013 | 441,958,943 | 4,303,313 | 4,419,258 | -115,945 | 9.7 | 10.0 | -0.3 | 2.4 | 1.51 |
2014 | 442,883,888 | 4,361,239 | 4,372,607 | -11,368 | 9.8 | 9.9 | 0.0 | 1.8 | 1.54 |
2015 | 443,666,812 | 4,330,922 | 4,620,411 | -289,489 | 9.7 | 10.4 | -0.7 | 3.3 | 1.54 |
2016 | 444,802,830 | 4,379,549 | 4,534,200 | -154,651 | 9.8 | 10.2 | -0.3 | 1.9 | 1.57 |
2017 | 445,534,430 | 4,328,560 | 4,661,081 | -332,357 | 9.7 | 10.5 | -0.8 | 2.3 | 1.56 |
2018 | 446,208,557 | 4,245,710 | 4,693,576 | -447,866 | 9.5 | 10.5 | -1.0 | 1.5 | 1.54 |
2019 | 446,446,444 | 4,168,656 | 4,653,033 | -485,944 | 9.3 | 10.4 | -1.1 | 3.1 | 1.53 |
2020 | 447,319,916 | 4,071,380 | 5,184,077 | -1,112,697 | 9.1 | 11.6 | -2.5 | 2.0 | 1.50 |
2021 | 447,073,916 | 4,086,056 | 5,297,294 | -1,208,880 | 9.1 | 11.9 | -2.8 | 1.7 | 1.53 |
2022 | 446,735,291 | 3,885,585 | 5,148,595 | -1,263,010 | 8.7 | 11.5 | -2.8 | 6.9 | 1.46 |
2023 (p) | 448,387,872 | 3,659,063 | 4,828,265 | -1,167,863 | 8.2 | 10.8 | -2.6 |
The EU has significant religious diversity, mirroring its diverse history and culture. The largest religious group professes Christianity and accounts for 64% of the EU population in 2019, [44] down from 72% in 2012. [45] Largest Christian groups are Roman Catholicism, Protestantism and Eastern Orthodoxy. Several EU nations do not have a Christian majority and for example in Estonia and the Czech Republic the majority have no religious affiliation.
European countries have experienced a decline in church attendance as well as a decline in the number of people professing a religious belief. The 2010 Eurobarometer Poll found that, on average, 51% of the citizens of EU Member States state that they believe there is a God, 26% believe there is some sort of spirit or life force and 20% don't believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force. 3% declined to answer. [46] These figures show a 2% change from theism to atheism since 2005. [45]
European indigenous (or native) religions are still alive in small and diverse minorities, and some have been revived as Neo-pagan traditions. [47] [48] These include, but are not limited to, Sámi neo-shamanism, Danish Asatro, [49] and the Estonian maausulised movement. [47]
The recent influx of immigrants to the affluent EU nations has brought in various religions of their native homelands, including Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, Sikhism and the Baháʼí Faith. Judaism has had a long history in Europe and has coexisted with the other religions for centuries, despite periods of persecution or genocide by European rulers. Islam too has had a long history in Europe, with Spain and Portugal at one time having a Muslim majority. [50] Large Muslim populations also exist in the Balkans and parts of Eastern Europe, due to a legacy of centuries of Ottoman rule.
The first official language of each of the 27 Member Countries has the status of an official language of the European Union. In total there are 24, with Irish, Bulgarian and Romanian gaining official language status on 1 January 2007, when the last two countries joined the European Union, and Croatian becoming official in 2013.
Before Brexit, English was the most spoken language in the EU, being spoken by around 51% of its population. This high proportion is because 38% of EU citizens speak it as a language other than their mother tongue (i.e. second or foreign language). [6] German is the most spoken first language, spoken by more than 20% of the population following Brexit.
The EU faces challenges in its demographic future. Most concerns center around several related issues: an ageing population, growing life expectancy and immigrant flow.
After hitting a historical low of 1.47 children born per female, the total fertility rate of the EU started to increase again, to reach a level of 1.60 in 2008. [51] The positive trend was observed in all member states with the exception of Luxembourg, Malta and Portugal. The largest increases over this period were observed in Bulgaria (from 1.23 children per woman in 2003 to 1.57 in 2009), Slovenia (from 1.20 to 1.53), the Czech Republic (from 1.18 to 1.49) and Lithuania (from 1.26 to 1.55). [51] In 2009, the Member States with the highest fertility rates were Ireland (2.06), France (2.00), Sweden (1.94), and the United Kingdom (1.90), all approaching the replacement level of 2.1 children born per female. [51] The lowest rates were observed in Latvia (1.31), Hungary and Portugal (both 1.32) and Germany (1.36). The increasing fertility rate has also been accompanied by an upward trend in the natural increase of the population which is due to the moderate increase of the crude birth rate that reached 10.9 births per 1000 inhabitants in 2008, an increase of 0.3 compared with 2007. The increase was observed in all member countries except Germany. The EU crude death rate remained stable at 9.7 per 1000 inhabitants. [42] The relatively low fertility rate means retirement age workers are not entirely replaced by younger workers joining the workforce. The EU faces a potential future dominated by an ever-increasing population of retired citizens, without enough younger workers to fund (via taxes) retirement programs or other state welfare agendas. [52]
A low fertility rate, without supplement from immigration, also suggests a declining overall EU population, [53] which further suggests economic contraction or even a possible economic crisis. [54] Some media have noted the 'baby crisis' in the EU, [55] some governments have noted the problem, [56] and the UN and other multinational authorities have warned of a possible crisis. [57] At this point however such a decrease in the population of the EU is not observed as the overall natural growth remains positive and the EU continues to attract large numbers of immigrants. In 2010, a breakdown of the population by citizenship showed that there were 20.1 million foreign citizens living in the EU representing 4% of the population. [51]
Over the last 50 years, life expectancy at birth in the EU27 has increased by around 10 years for both women and men, to reach 82.4 years for women and 76.4 years for men in 2008. The life expectancy at birth rose in all Member States, with the largest increases for both women and men recorded in Estonia and Slovenia. [51]
In 2017, Eurostat released yearly projections up to 2080.
The table figures below are in thousands. [58]
Country | 2015 | 2040 | % change | 2080 | % change |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
EU-28 (including UK) | 508,401 | 528,357 | 3.9% | 518,798 | -2.0% |
Austria | 8,576 | 10,087 | 17.6% | 10,072 | 17.4% |
Belgium | 11,208 | 12,844 | 14.6% | 14,189 | 26.6% |
Bulgaria | 7,202 | 5,933 | -17.6% | 4,593 | -36.2% |
Cyprus | 847 | 954 | 12.6% | 1,004 | 18.5% |
Czech Republic | 10,538 | 10,552 | 0.1% | 9,777 | -7.2% |
Denmark | 5,659 | 6,564 | 16.0% | 6,858 | 21.2% |
Estonia | 1,313 | 1,283 | -2.3% | 1,140 | -13.2% |
Finland | 5,471 | 5,722 | 4.6% | 5,577 | 1.9% |
France | 66,415 | 72,915 | 9.8% | 78,688 | 18.5% |
Germany | 81,197 | 84,133 | 3.6% | 77,793 | -4.2% |
Greece | 10,858 | 9,419 | -13.3% | 7,264 | -33.1% |
Hungary | 9,855 | 9,471 | -3.9% | 8,691 | -11.8% |
Ireland | 4,628 | 5,396 | 16.6% | 6,220 | 34.4% |
Italy | 60,795 | 59,982 | -1.3% | 53,784 | -11.5% |
Latvia | 1,986 | 1,598 | -19.5% | 1,284 | -35.3% |
Lithuania | 2,921 | 2,128 | -27.1% | 1,658 | -43.2% |
Luxembourg | 562 | 860 | 53.0% | 1,066 | 89.7% |
Malta | 429 | 505 | 17.7% | 517 | 20.5% |
Netherlands | 16,900 | 19,035 | 12.6% | 19,728 | 16.7% |
Poland | 38,005 | 35,840 | -5.7% | 29,044 | -23.6% |
Portugal | 10,374 | 9,553 | -7.9% | 7,579 | -26.9% |
Romania | 19,870 | 17,069 | -14.0% | 14,530 | -26.8% |
Slovakia | 5,421 | 5,373 | -0.9% | 4,714 | -13.0% |
Slovenia | 2,062 | 2,066 | 0.2% | 1,938 | -6.0% |
Spain | 46,449 | 48,244 | 3.9% | 50,988 | 9.8% |
Sweden | 9,747 | 11,994 | 23.1% | 14,388 | 47.6% |
There is no precise or universally accepted definition of the terms "ethnic group" or "nationality". In the context of European ethnography in particular, the terms ethnic group, people (without nation state), nationality, national minority, ethnic minority, linguistic community, linguistic group and linguistic minority are used as mostly synonymous, although preference may vary in usage with respect to the situation specific to the individual countries of Europe. [59]
Defining ethnic composition requires defining ethnic minority groups. European Commission, funded the European Social Survey which considered three different way to define ethnic minority groups:
However main legal EU statistics published by Eurostat focus on citizenship and country of birth.
The largest groups that account for about 400 million people in the European Union are:
The rest are various smaller ethnic groups include Hungary (c. 9.8 million), Austrians (c. 8.8 million), Bulgaria (c. 8 million) Flemish, Croats, Slovaks, Silesians, Danes, Finns, Irish, Walloons, Lithuanians, Slovenes, Latvians, Estonians, Russians, Maltese, Moravians, Frisians and Basques.
More than 5 million ethnic groups
On current trends European populations will become more ethnically diverse, with the possibility that today's majority ethnic groups will no longer comprise a numerical majority in some countries. [63]
In 2011, almost a quarter of new EU citizens were Moroccans, Turks, Ecuadorian or Indians. The new citizens in the old EU27 in 2011 were mainly Africans (26% of the total number of citizenships acquired), Asians (23%), non-EU27 Europeans (19%), North and South Americans (17%) or another EU27 Member State (11%). In 2011, the largest groups that acquired citizenship of an EU27 Member State were citizens of Morocco (64 300 persons, of which 55% acquired citizenship of France or Spain), Turkey (48 900, 58% acquired German citizenship), Ecuador (33 700, 95% acquired Spanish citizenship) and India (31 700, 83% acquired British citizenship). [64]
In 2012, 34.3 million foreign citizens lived in the old 27 European Union member states, accounting for 6.8% of the European Union population, [65] of whom 20.5 million were third country nationals (i.e. nationals of non-EU countries). The number of foreign-born (which includes those who have naturalised or are dual nationals) was 48.9 million or 9.7 per cent of the total population. [66]
A total of 8.0 million citizens from European countries outside of the old EU-27 were residing in the EU at the beginning of 2012; among these more than half were citizens of Turkey, Albania or Ukraine. The next biggest group was from Africa (24.5%), followed by Asia (22.0%), the Americas (14.2%) and Oceania (0.8%). Romanians (living in another EU Member State) and Turkish citizens made up the biggest groups of non-nationals living in the EU-27 in 2012. There were 4.4 million Romanian citizens living outside of Romania within the EU-27 and 2.3 million Turkish citizens living in the EU-27; each of these two groups of people accounted for 7.0% of all foreigners living in the EU-27 in 2012. The third largest group was Moroccans (1.9 million people, or 5.6% of all foreigners). [67]
Approximately 20 million non-Europeans live in the EU, 4% of the overall population prior to Brexit. [68]
Age structure: (2006 est.)
Birth rate: 10.9 births/1,000 population (2008) [69]
Death rate: 9.7 deaths/1,000 population (2008) [69]
Net migration rate: 3.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008) [69]
Marriage rate: 4.9 marriages/1,000 population (2007) [69]
Divorce rate: 2.0 divorces/1,000 population (2005) [70]
Sex ratio: (2006 est.)
Infant mortality rate: (2005) [70]
Life expectancy: (2005) [70]
Total fertility rate: 1.59 children born/woman 2009 [71]
Live Births outside marriage: 40% of total live births in 2012 [72]
The demographics of the member states of the European Union:
The people of Cyprus are broadly divided into two main ethnic communities, Greek Cypriots and Turkish Cypriots, who share many cultural traits but maintain distinct identities based on ethnicity, religion, language, and close ties with Greece and Turkey respectively. Before the dispute started in 1964 the peoples of Cyprus were dispersed over the entire island.
Ireland had an estimated population of 5,281,600 as of 1 April 2023.
Demographic features of the population of Italy include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects.
The economy of Malta is a highly industrialised service-based economy. It is classified as an advanced economy by the International Monetary Fund and is considered a high-income country by the World Bank and an innovation-driven economy by the World Economic Forum. It is a member of the European Union and of the eurozone, having formally adopted the euro on 1 January 2008.
Demographic features of the population of Portugal include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Demographic features of the population of Belgium include ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects. All figures are from the National Institute for Statistics unless otherwise indicated.
The economy of Austria is a highly developed social market economy, with the country being one of the fourteen richest in the world in terms of GDP per capita. Until the 1980s, many of Austria's largest industry firms were nationalised. In recent years, privatisation has reduced state holdings to a level comparable to other European economies.
Demographic features of the population of Austria include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and other aspects of the population.
Demographic features of the population of the Czech Republic include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, and religious affiliations.
The demography of the Republic of Bulgaria is monitored by the National Statistical Institute of Bulgaria. Demographic features of the population of Bulgaria include population density, ethnicity, education level, health of the populace, economic status, religious affiliations and others.
Eurostat is a Directorate-General of the European Commission located in the Kirchberg quarter of Luxembourg City, Luxembourg. Eurostat's main responsibilities are to provide statistical information to the institutions of the European Union (EU) and to promote the harmonisation of statistical methods across its member states and candidates for accession as well as EFTA countries. The organisations in the different countries that cooperate with Eurostat are summarised under the concept of the European Statistical System.
The economy of the European Union is the joint economy of the member states of the European Union (EU). It is the second largest economy in the world in nominal terms, after the United States, and the third largest at purchasing power parity (PPP), after China and the US. The European Union's GDP is estimated to be $19.35 trillion (nominal) in 2024 or $26.64 trillion (PPP), representing around one-sixth of the global economy. Germany has the biggest national GDP of all EU countries, followed by France and Italy.
Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat.
Immigration to Spain increased significantly in the beginning of the 21st century. In 1998, immigrants accounted for 1.6% of the population, and by 2009, that number had risen to over 12%. Until 2014, the numbers were decreasing due to the economic crisis, but since 2015, immigration to Spain has increased again, especially after 2021.
The ageing of Europe, also known as the greying of Europe, is a demographic phenomenon in Europe characterised by a decrease in fertility, a decrease in mortality rate, and a higher life expectancy among European populations. Low birth rates and higher life expectancy contribute to the transformation of Europe's population pyramid shape. The most significant change is the transition towards a much older population structure, resulting in a decrease in the proportion of the working age while the number of the retired population increases. The total number of the older population is projected to increase greatly within the coming decades, with rising proportions of the post-war baby-boom generations reaching retirement. This will cause a high burden on the working age population as they provide for the increasing number of the older population.
Immigration to Europe has a long history, but increased substantially after World War II. Western European countries, especially, saw high growth in immigration post 1945, and many European nations today have sizeable immigrant populations, both of European and non-European origin. In contemporary globalization, migrations to Europe have accelerated in speed and scale. Over the last decades, there has been an increase in negative attitudes towards immigration, and many studies have emphasized marked differences in the strength of anti-immigrant attitudes among European countries.
The Healthy Life Years (HLY) indicator, also known as disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) or Sullivan's Index, is a European structural indicator computed by Eurostat. It is one of the summary measures of population health, known as health expectancies, composite measures of health that combine mortality and morbidity data to represent overall population health on a single indicator. HLY measures the number of remaining years that a person is expected to live at a certain age without the disability.
Serbia ranked 65th in the world in life expectancy in 2018 with 73.3 years for men and 78.5 years for women. As of 2018, it had a low infant mortality rate. As of 2017, it had 2.96 practicing physicians per 1,000 people.
In January 2020, the municipality of Madrid, capital of Spain, had a population of 3,345,894 registered inhabitants in an area of 604.3 square kilometers (233.3 sq mi). Thus, the city's population density was about 5,337 inhabitants per km2. Madrid is Spain's largest city and the second most populous city proper in the European Union, after Berlin.
Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the first decades of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas. Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. It may also include individuals from certain French-speaking territories depending on the definition of Latin America used.