Migration from Latin America to Europe

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Latin American migration to Europe is the diaspora of Latin Americans to the continent of Europe, dating back to the first decades of the Spanish and Portuguese empires in the Americas. [1] Latin Americans in Europe are now a rapidly growing group consisting of immigrants from Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Puerto Rico, Uruguay and Venezuela. It may also include individuals from certain French-speaking territories depending on the definition of Latin America used.

Contents

A large majority of Latin Americans in Europe reside in Spain or have been naturalized as Spanish citizens. The main reasons of their migration to Spain are the common language, family ties and cultural proximity to Spain. Portugal, Italy and France also have a sizable Latin American community; in the case of Italy, many of the immigrants are descendants of the Italian diaspora in Latin America.

Spain

Spain is the second destination of choice after the United States for Latin American migrants and the vast majority of Latin Americans in Europe are residents or nationals of this country. [2] [3]

After several years of decline since a peak in 2010, the population of Spain born in Latin America has grown again since 2016. In 2019, 3,114,076 Spanish people born in South, Central America or the Caribbean (excluding Puerto Rico) had been legally residing in Spain for the last 12 months, compared to 2,340,247 in 2016 and 2,459,098 in 2010. A majority hold Spanish citizenship. [4] [5]

Following the "Law of historic memory" Latin Americans with a Spanish parent (and their descendants) have automatic right to Spanish citizenship, even without residing in the country. This potentially applies to millions of Latin Americans. In addition, all Latin Americans from Spanish speaking countries (and Brazil) qualify for Spanish citizens after two years' residence, regardless of recent ancestry. This compares very favorably to the requirement of ten years' residence for immigrants from other countries.

As a result, a significant and ever growing portion of Latin American immigrants have acquired Spanish citizenship due to naturalization laws and the falling number of Latin Americans residing in Spain is primarily due to them acquiring Spanish nationality and no longer being classed as immigrants. In the period between 2011 and 2013, over one million immigrants acquired Spanish citizenship and over 75% of these were Latin American. [6] As an example, by 2014 the majority of Spain's 408,944 Ecuadorian-born residents had already acquired Spanish citizenship and were no longer included national statistics tracking immigration. [7] As a result, Latin Americans with Spanish citizenship living in other European countries such as the UK, France or Germany benefiting from European freedom of movement and establishment for all EU citizens will be categorized as Spaniards when using nationality as a criterion to determine the country of origin (rather than country of birth) of a particular EU country's immigrant population. [8] [9] Despite Spain's prolonged 2008-2015 economic crisis during which the country suffered years of massive unemployment and went from having the second highest immigration rate in the world to becoming a net-emigrant country, less than 30% of Spain's Latin American immigrants have left the country during this period. [10] As a result of the combined effect of nationalization and net emigration during the economic crisis, the Latin American resident population yet to acquire Spanish nationality fell steadily to around 900,000 in 2015. [11]

Country of birthPopulation (2020) [12] Corresponding article
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 416,347 Ecuadorians in Spain
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 513,583 Colombians in Spain
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 292,775 Argentines in Spain
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 395,747 Venezuelans in Spain
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 244,681 Peruvians in Spain
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 186,286 Dominicans in Spain
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 178,680
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 151,327
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 156,302
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 107,200 Paraguayans in Spain
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 133,044

Germany

Distribution of Latin American population in Germany 2021 Latin American population in Germany 2021.svg
Distribution of Latin American population in Germany 2021

Latin American citizens registered in the German central register of foreigners. (only Western Germany until 1989) [13]

Country of birthPopulation (1970)Population (1980)Population (1990)Population (2000)Population (2010)Population (2020)Population (2022)Surplus of women in % (2022)Corresponding article
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 3,4875,48510,48624,14232,53749,50055,71072.2 Brazilians in Germany
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 9421,8783,7898,88010,29420,70526,71047.3
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 9482,0253,2236,0699,58317,75521,59022.5 Mexicans in Germany
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1,0562,0074,0098,2318,64410,96012,43578.2
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 9341,2071,4853,0523,5018,02511,09515.2
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 1,8245,4586,4406,4956,0799,33510,505-0.2
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 1311584937,5018,5128,3509,18520.4
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 2,4663,7644,1524,8954,5746,7609,0306.6
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 511978624,8036,0606,4606,58076.5
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 4407881,1463,6634,5895,6406,54027.1
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 7741,2631,5221,7291,7202,0602,41037.4
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 1593194925005241,4652,04514.1
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 1012654095765971,4751,99522.9
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 1512864977888191,6101,9505.3
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 2634006038541,1221,5701,780115.0
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 1091913586365411,1401,4900.7
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 2473695506756281,0351,19012.5
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 40565780075855880090016.9
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 25124228042254863570523.8
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 11313418227634056570022.2
Total14,85227,09341,77884,945101,770155,845184,54541.6

Naturalizations from Latin American Countries to Germany

Year20002001200220032004200520062007200820092010201120122013201420152016201720182019202020212022Sum 2000–2022
Number of Naturalizations [14] 1,6822,0862,3173,0472,9052,8903,3063,0702,8613,1253,2903,2533,0723,5523,6343,7403,7223,7453,8154,2853,9754,5554,24576,172

France

According to UN data, in 2019, the largest groups of Latin American migrants in France were from Brazil (181,500), [15] Colombia (40,000), [16] [17] Mexico (40,000), [18] Chile (30,325), [19] Argentina (17,999), [20] Peru (30,000), [21] Venezuela (30,000), [22] and Uruguay (10,859) [23] [24]

RankCountry of originPopulation (2021)
1.Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 181,500
2.Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 40,000
3.Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 40,000
4.Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 30,325
5.Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 30,000
6.Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 30,000
7.Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 17,999
8.Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 10,859
9.Other10,599
Total380,824 (1.1%) [25]

United Kingdom

According to the 2001 UK Census, 62,735 Latin Americans in the United Kingdom were born in their respective nations of origin. [26] There were also a further 1,338 people who stated their birthplace as 'South or Central America' (note this would also include Guyana, French Guiana, and Suriname, which are not part of Latin America.). [26] In 2009, the Office for National Statistics estimated that the number of Brazilian-born people in the UK alone had risen to around 60,000 and the number of Colombian-born to around 22,000. Estimates for other Latin American countries were not made because the sample size did not allow for estimation of the size of smaller groups with sufficient degree of accuracy. [27]

Latin American-born people in the United Kingdom in 2001 Latinamericansukcensus.jpg
Latin American-born people in the United Kingdom in 2001
Country of birthPopulation (2011 census) [28] [29] [30] Corresponding article
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 52,148 Brazilians in the United Kingdom
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia [31] 25,761 Colombians in the United Kingdom
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 10,550
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 9,771 Mexicans in the United Kingdom
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 9,150
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 8,767 Ecuadorians in the United Kingdom
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 7,246 Peruvians in the United Kingdom
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 7,130 Chileans in the United Kingdom
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 3,765 Bolivians in the United Kingdom
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 2,481
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 1,377
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 1,364

Norway

From 1977 to 2012, the number of non-Norwegian citizens living in Norway of European descent has increased from around 46,000 to around 280,000. In the same period the number of citizens of nations on other continents increased from about 25,000 to about 127,000, of which 112,230 belong to Asia, Africa and South America. [32] Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents, by country of origin

RankCountry of origin [33] Population (2001) [34] Population (2014) [35]
1.Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 6,4917,904
2.Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 8244,017
3.Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 6043,841
4.Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 4921,295
5.Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 286959
6.Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 378890
7.Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 276844
8.Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 174492
9.Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 134308
11.Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 134235
12.Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 167234
13.Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 81191
15.Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 78159
16.Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 52133
17.Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 64117

The Netherlands

Immigrants and Dutch-born to immigrant parents Iberian America

Country of origin [36] Population (1996) [37] Population (2000)Population (2005)Population (2010)Population (2015)Population (2019)
Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 2,9523,2394,1674,5224,2456,508
Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 4085477449541,1701,415
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 6,5898,91312,28917,02222,04130,104
Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 3,5663,9374,5644,9365,4886,207
Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 4,9377,0259,88512,29215,34618,351
Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 2744446237419701,242
Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 3617811,3611,7482,0522,333
Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 5,3217,3419,84311,60013,65115,206
Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 5591,1211,8832,4663,2003,943
Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 304350453544626752
Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 2293394716048151,034
Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 203269387505670816
Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 1,2511,8022,8944,0545,5487,618
Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 273314403535693843
Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 244278353393470561
Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 215238270281328371
Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 1,8492,4183,6624,9256,1007,324
Flag of Puerto Rico.svg  Puerto Rico 91101132153199241
Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 8058869971,0691,1351,234
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 2,2572,9484,0904,9366,0027,420

Other / Dutch Americas

Country of origin [36] Population (1996) [38] Population (2000)Population (2005)Population (2010)Population (2015)Population (2019)
Flag of Aruba.svg  Aruba 2745921,2042,2504,1305,610
Flag of Curacao.svg  Curaçao [39] 203982
Flag of the Netherlands.svg  Caribbean Netherlands* [39] [40] 1564
Flag of the Netherlands Antilles (1986-2010).svg  Netherlands Antilles* (dissolved)86,550106,605129,334136,170144,565 [41] 154,510 [42]

French Latin America

Country of origin [36] Population (1996) [43] Population (2000)Population (2005)Population (2010)Population (2015)Population (2019)
Flag of France.svg  French Guiana 401477707716767836
Flag of France.svg  Guadeloupe 194219306301327397
Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 223331540619703865
Flag-of-Martinique.svg  Martinique 8594105106121123

Portugal

In 2008, Portugal's foreign population grew 1% from 435,736 in 2007 to 440,277. One in four immigrants is Brazilian, [44] and Portugal was a country for an increasing amount of Venezuelans. There are also other communities from Argentina, the latter can have Portuguese ancestry due to the historical ties between both nations. [45]

Country of birthPopulation (2011) [46] Population (2019) [47] [48] Corresponding article
Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 139,703158,799 Brazilians in Portugal
Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 25,15724,603 Portuguese Venezuelans

Switzerland

In 2013, there were a total of 1,937,447 permanent foreign residents (23.8% of the total population of 8.14 million) in Switzerland. Of these, 51,761 were from Latin America and the Caribbean. [49]

Italy

The list is not complete, as it does not include some Latin Americans that have gotten citizenship via jus sanguinis.

RankCountry of citizenshipPopulation (2020) [50] Country of birth (2019)
1.Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 91,662117,189
2.Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 72,64485,272
3.Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 51,790115,970
4.Flag of the Dominican Republic.svg  Dominican Republic 29,11146,127
5.Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 22,31137,307
6.Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 18,05340,769
7.Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 16,27014,682
8.Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 13,14115,794
9.Flag of Venezuela.svg  Venezuela 10,31653,007
10.Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 9,11771,880
11.Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 4,5679,441
12.Flag of Chile.svg  Chile 3,01712,775
13.Flag of Honduras.svg  Honduras 2,4612,880
14.Flag of Paraguay.svg  Paraguay 1,7502,862
15.Flag of Uruguay.svg  Uruguay 1,2517,446
16.Flag of Guatemala.svg  Guatemala 8372,299
17.Flag of Nicaragua.svg  Nicaragua 7001,311
18.Flag of Costa Rica.svg  Costa Rica 4761,619
19.Flag of Panama.svg  Panama 3481,094
20.Flag of Haiti.svg  Haiti 306792

Sweden

As of 2021, there were 114,480 people in Sweden that were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had two parents that were born in Latin America. 34% of these were from Chile and 13% from Colombia. Meanwhile 171,845 had some Latin American origin, meaning they were either born in Latin America or were born in Sweden and had at least one Latin American-born parent. [51]

RankCountry of originPopulation (2021)
1. Flag of Chile.svg Chile 39,404
2.Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 15,065
3.Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 12,456
4.Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 10,250
5.Flag of Bolivia.svg  Bolivia 6,158
6.Flag of Argentina.svg  Argentina 4,922
7.Flag of El Salvador.svg  El Salvador 4,503
8.Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 3,975
9.Flag of Cuba.svg  Cuba 3,824
10.Flag of Ecuador.svg  Ecuador 3,324
Other10,599
Total114,480 (1.1%) [52]

Finland

As of 2021, 8,763 people in Finland had a Latin American background, up from 4,284 in 2011 and 614 in 1990. In 1990 the most common country of origin was Chile, accounting for 30% of Latin Americans. 2,814 of them live in Helsinki, where they make up 0.43% of the population. Brazil is the common country of origin, accounting for 26% of Latin Americans, followed by Mexicans (14%) and Colombians (9%). 594 children were adopted from Colombia between 1987 and 2021, making it the fourth most common country of origin for international adoptees in Finland, and accounted for 10.4% of all international adoptions. These are not counted as having Colombian background, however, and are instead counted with the background country of the adoptive parents, which is usually Finland. [53] [54]

RankCountry of originPopulation (2021)
1.Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 2,315
2.Flag of Mexico.svg  Mexico 1,184
3.Flag of Colombia.svg  Colombia 826
4.Flag of Peru.svg  Peru 678
5. Flag of Chile.svg Chile 668
Other3,092
Total8,763 (0.2%) [55]

Ireland


RankCountry of originPopulation (2016) [56]
1.Flag of Brazil.svg  Brazil 13,640

European Union (in general)

HORIZONTALLY: Country of Residence VERTICALLY: Country of Origin [57] BelgiumBulgariaCzech RepublicDenmarkGermanyEstoniaIrelandGreeceSpainFranceCroatiaItalyCyprusLatviaLithuaniaLuxembourgHungaryMaltaNetherlands (2019)AustriaPoland [58] PortugalRomaniaSloveniaSlovakiaFinlandSwedenIcelandLiechtensteinNorwaySwitzerlandUnited Kingdom
Argentina203611836710811440013756663281115125192026513614018-213222116508136030313759442573290291930-928775510550
Bolivia10312292429382011082418788530583312891100-24342141543854195121212128405013-48727843765
Brazil10441915093012475905692982293101640567121958361511025-17954269430104455035813970312981469806381113-40992877952150
Chile4085211271455113807311380680751373012711129314-165118862071105942764228163672871270-644959667140
Colombia52702323629471763012330413379400266794632256697-2471581118351141313776742303185410929159-5138934025760
Costa Rica2565641461.4002243933906936126750-10227124215240421225523544-247778725
Cuba14962586874371111017196365110120463713263464251-9840642.333786261978555396343241638-81827482480
Dominican Republic212521411349.24013758511949033340331632510328171015206280938142171661112156627-66772881385
Ecuador518013109550748061038741238041781275288163-109987394359270440287221532.10127-61140998765
El Salvador41771977960254528650109309689130-20737527453740048272512-167568885
Guatemala77563622417606272316595295601856111085117103433386010136373528-413554975
Honduras19502111510101295230675575016728006113816868438223831828-85348640
Mexico199425442968130202588941044000126094069275418-200342976181452302371654362518210774-96048589770
Nicaragua2682919178920134166126456390971800101018431981026 :29866726-151383380
Panama158640707300331623765470139209001528456162381184312212344-40279715
Paraguay3970587439400548271905111412201442-271503711993971063131436-133966760
Peru3272212409891452014330301184840114668696675327-363159287324148597403723639406700670-125478787245
Uruguay44717412082900414211691715224614657373-69491123421110622175138022267-20614111370
Venezuela120626117616649074821062143670638556444693930-221136137420841832515734401312689733-78630869150
'Total amount of Latin Americans by country of residence41049709326513710170300175134827283226195516509385551285763317004005226922311328218146201517045164594246846877549174902363989868144.610

Total amount of Latin Americans residing in the European Union (as of 2011); ~3.843.026

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See also