Language Endangerment Status | |
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Extinct (EX) | |
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Endangered | |
Safe | |
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Other categories | |
Related topics | |
UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger categories | |
An endangered language is a language that is at risk of falling out of use, generally because it has few surviving speakers. If it loses all of its native speakers, it becomes an extinct language. A language may be endangered in one area but show signs of revitalisation in another, as with the Irish language.
The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization defines four levels of language endangerment between "safe" (not endangered) and "extinct": [1]
The list below includes the findings from the third edition of Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger (2010; formerly the Red Book of Endangered Languages), as well as the online edition of that publication, both published by UNESCO. [2]
Albania • Armenia • Azerbaijan • Belarus • Belgium • Bosnia and Herzegovina • Bulgaria • Croatia • Cyprus • Czech Republic • Denmark • Estonia • Finland • France • Georgia • Germany • Greece • Hungary • Ireland • Italy • Kazakhstan • Latvia • Liechtenstein • Lithuania • Luxembourg • Moldova • Monaco • Montenegro • Netherlands • North Macedonia • Norway • Poland • Portugal • Romania • Russia • San Marino • Serbia • Slovakia • Slovenia • Spain • Sweden • Switzerland • Turkey • Ukraine • United Kingdom
Language | Status | Speakers | Notes | ISO 639-3 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Albania | ||||
Aromanian | Definitely endangered [1] | 210,000 [3] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia, Kosovo | rup |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Torlakian | Vulnerable [1] | 1,500,000 [6] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | hbs |
Armenia | ||||
Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered [1] | 778,000 [7] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
Suret | Definitely endangered [1] | 650,000–1,000,000 [8] | Also spoken in: Iran, Iraq, Syria, Turkey | aii, cld |
Austria | ||||
Alemannic | Vulnerable [9] | 7,162,000 [10] | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
Bavarian | Vulnerable [1] | 14,089,000 [11] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered [1] | 50,000–60,000 [12] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Slovakia | |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Czech Republic, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Azerbaijan | ||||
Budukh | Severely endangered [1] | 200 [14] | bdk | |
Juhuri | Definitely endangered [1] | 101,000 [15] | Caucasus. Also spoken in: Russia | jdt |
Khinalug | Severely endangered [1] | 3,000 [16] | kjj | |
Kryz | Severely endangered [1] | 5,000 [17] | kry | |
Lezgian | Vulnerable [1] | 800,000 [18] | Also spoken in: Russia | lez |
Rutul | Definitely endangered [1] | 36,400 [19] | Also spoken in: Russia | rut |
Talysh | Vulnerable [1] | 912,000 [20] | Also spoken in: Iran | tly |
Tat | Severely endangered [1] | 28,000 [21] | ttt | |
Tsakhur | Definitely endangered [1] | 22,300 [22] | Also spoken in: Russia | tkr |
Udi | Severely endangered [1] | 6,160 [23] | (Azerbaijan) | udi |
Belarus | ||||
Belarusian | Vulnerable [1] | 5,058,400 [24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
Polesian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Poland, Ukraine | |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Belgium | ||||
Champenois | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | fra |
Limburgian-Ripuarian | Vulnerable [1] | 1,300,000 [25] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands | ksh, lim |
Lorrain | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | fra |
Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
Picard | Severely endangered [1] | 700,000 [26] | Also spoken in: France | pcd |
Walloon | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [27] | Also spoken in: France, Luxembourg | wln |
West Flemish | Vulnerable [1] | 1,400,000 [28] | Also spoken in: France, Netherlands | vls, zea |
Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||||
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Bulgaria | ||||
Aromanian | Definitely endangered [1] | 210,000 [3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Greece, North Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered [1] | 580,000 [29] | (Dobruja). Also spoken in: Romania, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
Deli Orman Gagauz | Critically endangered [1] | 148,720 [30] | (Deli Orman) | bgx, gag |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
Maritime Gagauz | Severely endangered [1] | 148,720 [30] | (Maritime). Also spoken in: Romania | bgx, gag |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Czech Republic, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Torlakian | Vulnerable [1] | 1,500,000 [6] | Also spoken in: Albania, North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia | hbs |
Croatia | ||||
Arbanasi | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | ||
Istriot | Severely endangered [1] | 1,300 [31] | ist | |
Istro-Romanian | Severely endangered [1] | 1,400 [32] | ruo | |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Venetian | Vulnerable [1] | 3,900,000 [33] | Also spoken in: Italy, Slovenia | vec |
Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Serbia | |
Cyprus | ||||
Cypriot Arabic | Severely endangered [1] | 9,800 [34] | acy | |
Czech Republic | ||||
Bavarian | Vulnerable [1] | 14,089,000 [11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
East Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | 4,900,000 [35] | Also spoken in: Germany | vmf |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Denmark | ||||
Faroese | Vulnerable [1] | 72,000 [36] | fao | |
Low Saxon | Vulnerable [1] | 2,200,000 [37] | Also spoken in: Germany, Netherlands, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
Scanian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Sweden | swe |
South Jutlandic | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Germany | jut |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Estonia | ||||
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Croatia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Võro-Seto | Definitely endangered [1] | 133,680 [38] | Also spoken in: Russia | est |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Finland | ||||
Inari Sámi | Severely endangered [1] | 400 [39] | smn | |
Karelian | Definitely endangered [1] | 19,753 [40] [41] | Also spoken in: Russia | krl |
North Saami | Definitely endangered [1] | 25,000 [42] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia, Sweden | sme |
Olonetsian | Definitely endangered [1] | 14,100–25,000 [43] | Also spoken in: Russia | olo |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Skolt Saami | Severely endangered [1] | 350 [44] | Also spoken in: Norway, Russia | sms |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
France | ||||
Alemannic | Vulnerable [9] | 7,162,000 [10] | Also spoken in: Austria, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Italy | oci |
Auvergnat | Severely endangered [1] | 80,000 [45] | oci | |
Basque | Vulnerable [1] | 751,000 [46] | Also spoken in: Spain | eus |
Breton | Severely endangered [1] | 207,000 [47] | bre | |
Burgundian | Severely endangered [1] | 50,000 [48] | fra | |
Champenois | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
Corsican | Definitely endangered [1] | 150,000 [49] | Also spoken in: Italy | cos |
Frainc-Comtou | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Switzerland | fra |
Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered [1] | 157,000 [50] | Also spoken in: Italy, Switzerland | frp |
Gallo | Severely endangered [1] | 191,000 [51] | fra | |
Gascon | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Spain | oci |
Languedocien | Severely endangered [1] | 5,000 [45] | oci | |
Ligurian | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [52] | Also spoken in: Italy, Monaco | lij |
Limousin | Severely endangered [1] | 10,000 [45] | oci | |
Lorrain | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium | fra |
Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg | ltz |
Norman | Severely endangered [1] | 20,000 [53] | nrn | |
Picard | Severely endangered [1] | 700,000 [26] | Also spoken in: Belgium | pcd |
Poitevin-Saintongeais | Severely endangered [1] | 200,000–300,000 [54] | fra | |
Provençal | Severely endangered [1] | 350,000 [45] | oci | |
Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Germany | pfl |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Walloon | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [27] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Luxembourg | wln |
West Flemish | Vulnerable [1] | 1,400,000 [28] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | vls, zea |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Georgia | ||||
Abkhaz | Vulnerable [1] | 190,000 [55] | Also spoken in: Russia, Turkey | abk |
Bats | Severely endangered [1] | 500 [56] | bbl | |
Bohtan Neo-Aramaic | Severely endangered [1] | <500 [57] | Also spoken in: Russia | bhn |
Homshetsma | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | (Caucasus). Also spoken in: Russia | hye |
Laz | Definitely endangered [1] | 22,000 [58] | Also spoken in: Turkey | lzz |
Mingrelian | Definitely endangered [1] | 344,000 [59] | xmf | |
Ossete | Vulnerable [1] | 597,450 [60] | Also spoken in: Russia | oss |
Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered [1] | 778,000 [7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Greece, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
Svan | Definitely endangered [1] | 14,000 [61] | sva | |
Udi | Severely endangered [1] | 6,160 [23] | (Georgia) . | udi |
Urum | Definitely endangered [1] | 190,000 [62] | Also spoken in: Russia, Ukraine | uum |
Germany | ||||
Alemannic | Vulnerable [9] | 7,162,000 [10] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Italy, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
Bavarian | Vulnerable [1] | 14,089,000 [11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
East Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | 4,900,000 [35] | Also spoken in: Czech Republic | vmf |
Ripuarian | Vulnerable [1] | 250,000 [63] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Netherlands | ksh |
Low Saxon | Vulnerable [1] | 2,200,000 [37] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Netherlands, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
Moselle Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Luxembourg | ltz |
North Frisian | Severely endangered [1] | 10,000 [64] | frr | |
Rhenish Franconian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | pfl |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Saterland Frisian | Severely endangered [1] | 2,000 [65] | stq | |
Sorbian | Definitely endangered [1] | 19,900 [66] | dsb, hsb | |
South Jutlandic | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Denmark | jut |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Greece | ||||
Aromanian | Definitely endangered [1] | 210,000 [3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia | rup |
Arvanitika | Severely endangered [1] | 50,000 [67] | aat | |
Cappadocian Greek | Critically endangered [1] | 2,800 [68] | cpg | |
Corfiot Italkian | Critically endangered [1] | 250 | ||
Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered [1] | 148,720 [30] | (South Balkans) . Also spoken in: North Macedonia, Turkey | bgx, gag |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia, Turkey | lad |
Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered [1] | 5,000 [69] | Also spoken in: North Macedonia | ruq |
Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered [1] | 778,000 [7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine | pnt |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Tsakonian | Critically endangered [1] | 2,000–4,000 [70] | tsd | |
Hungary | ||||
Bavarian | Vulnerable [1] | 14,089,000 [11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | bar |
Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered [1] | 50,000–60,000 [12] | Also spoken in: Austria, Slovakia | hbs |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Rusyn | Vulnerable [1] | 70,000 [71] | Also spoken in: Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Ireland | ||||
Irish | Definitely endangered [1] | 170,000-1,760,000 [72] [73] | Also spoken in: United Kingdom | gle |
Shelta | Critically endangered [74] | 50,000 [75] | sth | |
Italy | ||||
Alemannic | Vulnerable [9] | 7,162,000 [10] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Liechtenstein, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
Algherese (Catalan) | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | cat | |
Alpine Provençal | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | oci |
Arbëresh | Definitely endangered [1] | 100,000 [76] | aae | |
Bavarian | Vulnerable [1] | 14,089,000 [11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Switzerland | bar |
Cimbrian | Definitely endangered [1] | 400 [77] | cim | |
Corsican | Definitely endangered [1] | 150,000 [49] | Also spoken in: France | cos |
Emilian | Definitely endangered [1] | c. 1,300,000 [78] | egl | |
Faetar | Definitely endangered [1] | <1,000 [79] | An outlying dialect of Francoprovençal | frp |
Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered [1] | 157,000 [50] | Also spoken in: France, Switzerland | frp |
Friulian | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [80] | fur | |
Gallo-Italic of Sicily | Definitely endangered [1] | 60,000 [81] | lmo | |
Gallurese | Definitely endangered [1] | 100,000 [82] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdn |
Gardiol | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | An outlying dialect of Alpine Provençal | |
Griko | Severely endangered [1] | 20,000 [83] | An outlying dialect of Greek spoken in Calabria and Salento | ell |
Ladin | Definitely endangered [1] | 41,100 [84] [85] [86] | lld | |
Ligurian | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [52] | Also spoken in: France, Monaco | lij |
Lombard | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,800,000 [87] | Also spoken in: Switzerland | lmo |
Mòcheno | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,900 [88] | An outlying dialect of Bavarian | mhn |
Molise Croatian | Severely endangered [1] | <1,000 [89] | svm | |
Piedmontese | Definitely endangered [1] | 2,000,000 [90] | pms | |
Resian | Definitely endangered [1] | 929 [91] | An outlying dialect of Slovene | slv |
Romagnol | Definitely endangered [1] | 430,000 [92] | Also spoken in: San Marino | rgn |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Sardinian | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,000,000 [93] [94] | src, sro | |
Sassarese | Definitely endangered [1] | 100,000 [95] | An outlying dialect of Corsican, yet listed as being part of Sardinian by UNESCO | sdc |
Sicilian | Vulnerable [1] | 4,700,000 [96] | scn | |
Neapolitan | Vulnerable [1] | 5,700,000 [97] | nap | |
Swabian German | Severely endangered [1] | 820,000 [98] | swg | |
Swiss German | Severely endangered [1] | 4,930,000 [99] | gsw | |
Töitschu | Severely endangered [1] | 22,780 [100] | An outlying dialect of Alemannic | gsw, swg, wae |
Venetian | Vulnerable [1] | 3,900,000 [33] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Slovenia | vec |
Walser | Severely endangered [1] | 22,780 [101] | wae | |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Kazakhstan | ||||
Dungan | Definitely endangered [1] | 110,000 [102] | Also spoken in: Kyrgyzstan | dng |
Latvia | ||||
Belarusian | Vulnerable [1] | 5,058,400 [24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Lithuania, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
Latgalian | Vulnerable [1] | 200,000 [103] | Also spoken in: Russia | lav |
Livonian | Critically endangered [1] | 250 [104] | liv | |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Liechtenstein | ||||
Alemannic | Vulnerable [9] | 7,162,000 [10] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland | gsw, swg, wae |
Lithuania | ||||
Belarusian | Vulnerable [1] | 5,058,400 [24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Poland, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
Karaim | Severely endangered [1] | 80 [105] | (Lithuania). | kdr |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Luxembourg | ||||
Luxembourgish | Vulnerable [1] | 430,000 [106] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France, Germany | ltz |
Walloon | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [27] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | wln |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Moldova | ||||
Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Critically endangered [1] | 148,720 [30] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Romania, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
Monaco | ||||
Ligurian | Definitely endangered [1] | 600,000 [52] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | lij |
Montenegro | ||||
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Netherlands | ||||
Limburgish | Vulnerable [1] | 1,300,000 [25] | Also spoken in: Belgium, Germany | lim |
Low Saxon | Vulnerable [1] | 2,200,000 [37] | Also spoken in: Denmark, Germany, Russia | act, drt, frs, gos, nds, sdz, stl, twd, vel, wep |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
West Flemish | Vulnerable [1] | 1,400,000 [28] | Also spoken in: Belgium, France | vls, zea |
West Frisian | Vulnerable [1] | 470,000 [107] | fry | |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
North Macedonia | ||||
Aromanian | Definitely endangered [1] | 210,000 [3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, Serbia | rup |
Megleno-Romanian | Severely endangered [1] | 5,000 [69] | Also spoken in: Greece | ruq |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Norway | ||||
Lule Sámi | Severely endangered [1] | 650 [108] | Also spoken in: Sweden | smj |
North Saami | Definitely endangered [1] | 25,000 [42] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia, Sweden | sme |
Pite Sámi | Critically endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Sweden | sje |
Skolt Saami | Severely endangered [1] | 350 [44] | Also spoken in: Finland, Russia | sms |
Southern Sámi | Severely endangered [1] | 600 [109] | Also spoken in: Sweden | sma |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Poland | ||||
Belarusian | Vulnerable [1] | 5,058,400 [24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Ukraine | bel |
Kashubian | Severely endangered [1] | 108,000 [110] | Also spoken in: Canada | csb |
Polesian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belarus, Ukraine | |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Rusyn | Vulnerable [1] | 70,000 [71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Romania, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
Wymysorys | Severely endangered [1] | 20 [111] | wym | |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Portugal | ||||
Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Spain | ast, ext, mwl |
Romania | ||||
Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Serbia | bul |
Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered [1] | 580,000 [29] | (Dobruja) . Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine | crh, jct |
Csángó | Severely endangered. [1] | Unknown | hun | |
Gagauz (Bessarabia) | Severely endangered [1] | 148,720 [30] | Also spoken in: Bulgaria, Moldova, Russia, Ukraine | bgx, gag |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Turkey, Serbia | lad |
Nogai | Severely endangered [1] | 87,000 [112] | (Dobruja) . | nog |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Rusyn | Vulnerable [1] | 70,000 [71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Slovakia, Ukraine | rue |
Torlakian | Vulnerable [1] | 1,500,000 [6] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Serbia | hbs |
Transylvanian Saxon | Severely endangered [1] | 200,000 [113] | ||
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Russia | ||||
San Marino | ||||
Romagnol | Definitely endangered [1] | 430,000 [92] | Also spoken in: Italy | rgn |
Serbia | ||||
Aromanian | Definitely endangered [1] | 210,000 [3] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, Greece, North Macedonia | rup |
Banat Bulgarian | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Romania | bul |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Turkey | lad |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Torlakian | Vulnerable [1] | 1,500,000 [6] | Also spoken in: Albania, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Romania | hbs |
Vojvodina Rusyn | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Croatia | |
Slovakia | ||||
Burgenland Croatian | Definitely endangered [1] | 50,000–60,000 [12] | Also spoken in: Austria, Hungary | hbs |
Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Ukraine | slk |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Rusyn | Vulnerable [1] | 70,000 [71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Ukraine | rue |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Slovenia | ||||
Gottscheerish | Critically endangered [1] | Unknown | ||
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Venetian | Vulnerable [1] | 3,900,000 [33] | Also spoken in: Croatia, Italy | vec |
Spain | ||||
Aragonese | Definitely endangered [1] | 30,000–50,000 [114] | arg | |
Asturian-Leonese | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Portugal | ast, ext, mwl |
Basque | Vulnerable [1] | 751,000 [46] | Also spoken in: France | eus |
Gascon | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | oci |
Sweden | ||||
Dalecarlian | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | swe | |
Modern Gutnish | Definitely endangered [1] | 2,000–5,000 [115] [116] | swe | |
Lule Sámi | Severely endangered [1] | 650 [108] | Also spoken in: Norway | smj |
North Saami | Definitely endangered [1] | 25,000 [42] | Also spoken in: Finland, Norway, Russia | sme |
Pite Sámi | Critically endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Norway | sje |
Scanian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | swe | |
Southern Sámi | Severely endangered [1] | 600 [109] | Also spoken in: Norway | sma |
Ume Sámi | Critically endangered [1] | 100 [117] | sju | |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Switzerland | ||||
Alemannic | Vulnerable [9] | Also spoken in: Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Liechtenstein | gsw, swg, wae | |
Bavarian | Vulnerable [1] | 14,089,000 [11] | Also spoken in: Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Hungary, Italy | bar |
Frainc-Comtou | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: France | fra |
Franco-Provençal | Definitely endangered [1] | 157,000 [50] | Also spoken in: France, Italy | frp |
Lombard | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,800,000 [87] | Also spoken in: Italy | lmo |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Turkey, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Romansh | Definitely endangered [1] | 60,000 [118] | roh | |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Ukraine, United Kingdom | ydd |
Turkey | ||||
Abaza | Definitely endangered [1] | 49,800 [119] | Also spoken in: Russia | abq |
Abkhaz | Vulnerable [1] | 190,000 [55] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | abk |
Adyghe | Definitely endangered [1] | 610,000 [120] | Also spoken in: Iraq, Israel, Jordan, North Macedonia, Russia, Syria | ady |
Gagauz (South Balkans) | Severely endangered [1] | 460,000 [121] | (South Balkans) Also spoken in: Greece, North Macedonia | bgx |
Homshetsma | Definitely endangered [1] | Unknown | hye | |
Judezmo | Severely endangered [1] | 60,000 [4] | Also spoken in: Albania, Algeria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, North Macedonia, Morocco, Romania, Serbia | lad |
Kabard-Cherkes | Vulnerable [1] | 590,000 [122] | Also spoken in: Russia | kbd |
Laz | Definitely endangered [1] | 22,000 [58] | Also spoken in: Georgia | lzz |
Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered [1] | 778,000 [7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Ukraine | pnt |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Ukraine, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Suret | Definitely endangered [1] | 650,000–1,000,000 [8] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Iran, Iraq, Syria | aii, cld |
Western Armenian | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,600,000 [123] | hye | |
Zazaki | Vulnerable [1] | 3,000,000–4,000,000 [124] | zza | |
Ukraine | ||||
Belarusian | Vulnerable [1] | 5,058,400 [24] | Also spoken in: Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Russia | bel |
Crimean Tatar | Severely endangered [1] | 580,000 [29] | (Crimea). Also spoken in Bulgaria, Romania, Russia | crh, jct |
Crimean Turkish | Severely endangered [1] | 580,000 [29] | ||
Eastern Slovak | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Slovakia | slk |
Gagauz | Definitely endangered [1] | 148,720 [30] | (Bessarabia). Also spoken in: Moldova | bgx, gag |
Karaim | Critically endangered [1] | 80 [105] | (Western Ukraine) | kdr |
Mariupolitan Greek | Severely endangered [1] | Unknown | ell | |
Nogai | Severely endangered [1] | 87,000 [112] | (Crimea) | nog |
Plautdietsch | Definitely endangered [1] | 447,360 [125] | pdt | |
Polesian | Vulnerable [1] | Unknown | Also spoken in: Belarus, Poland | |
Pontic Greek | Definitely endangered [1] | 778,000 [7] | Also spoken in: Armenia, Georgia, Greece, Russia, Turkey | pnt |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, United Kingdom | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Rusyn | Vulnerable [1] | 70,000 [71] | Also spoken in: Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia | rue |
Urum | Definitely endangered [1] | 190,000 [62] | Also spoken in: Georgia, Russia | uum |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom | ydd |
United Kingdom and Crown dependencies | ||||
Cornish | Critically endangered [1] | 557 [126] | cor | |
Guernésiais | Severely endangered [1] | 200 [127] | (Guernsey) | nrn |
Irish | Definitely endangered [1] | 170,000-1,760,000 [72] [73] | Also spoken in: Ireland | gle |
Jèrriais | Severely endangered [1] | 4,700 [127] | (Jersey) | nrn |
Manx | Critically endangered [1] | 1,853 [128] | (Isle of Man) | glv |
Romani | Definitely endangered [1] | 3,500,000 [5] | Also spoken in: Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Montenegro, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine | rmc, rmf, rml, rmn, rmo, rmw, rmy |
Scots | Vulnerable [1] | 99,200 [129] | sco | |
Scottish Gaelic | Definitely endangered [1] | 57,375 [130] | Also spoken in: Canada | gla |
Sercquiais | Critically endangered | 3 [131] | ||
Welsh | Vulnerable [1] | 892,200 [132] | Also spoken in: Patagonia | cym |
Yiddish | Definitely endangered [1] | 1,510,000 [13] | Also spoken in: Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Moldova, Norway, Netherlands, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine | ydd |
There are over 250 languages indigenous to Europe, and most belong to the Indo-European language family. Out of a total European population of 744 million as of 2018, some 94% are native speakers of an Indo-European language. The three largest phyla of the Indo-European language family in Europe are Romance, Germanic, and Slavic; they have more than 200 million speakers each, and together account for close to 90% of Europeans.
Ethnologue: Languages of the World is an annual reference publication in print and online that provides statistics and other information on the living languages of the world. It is the world's most comprehensive catalogue of languages. It was first issued in 1951, and is now published by SIL International, an American evangelical Christian non-profit organization.
Lists of endangered languages are mainly based on the definitions used by UNESCO. In order to be listed, a language must be classified as "endangered" in a cited academic source. Researchers have concluded that in less than one hundred years, almost half of the languages known today will be lost forever. The lists are organized by region.
The Bom language is an endangered language of Sierra Leone. It belongs to the Mel branch of the Niger–Congo language family and is particularly closely related to the Bullom So language. Most speakers are bilingual in Mende. Use of the Bom language is declining among members of the ethnic group.
Bozo is a Mande language spoken by the Bozo people of the Inner Niger Delta in Mali. For Fishing, many Bozo are also found in other West African countries where there are Rivers and Dams, such as Nigeria, Burkina Faso and the Ivory Coast. According to the 2000 census, the Bozo people number about 132,100. Bozo is considered a dialect cluster, but there is a quite a bit of diversity. Ethnologue recognises four languages on the basis of requirements for literacy materials. Bozo is part of the northwestern branch of the Mande languages; the closest linguistic relative is Soninke, a major language spoken in the northwestern section of southern Mali, in eastern Senegal, and in southern Mauritania. The Bozo often speak one or more regional languages such as Bambara, Fula, or Western Songhay. The language is tonal, with three lexical tones.
The Boruca language is the native language of the Boruca people of Costa Rica. Boruca belongs to the Isthmian branch of the Chibchan languages. Though exact speaker numbers are uncertain, UNESCO’s Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger has listed Boruca as "critically endangered". It was spoken fluently by only five women in 1986, while 30 to 35 others spoke it non-fluently. The rest of the tribe's 1,000 members speak Spanish.
Mangareva, Mangarevan is a Polynesian language spoken by about 600 people in the Gambier Islands of French Polynesia and by Mangarevians emigrants on the islands of Tahiti and Moorea, located 1,650 kilometres (1,030 mi) to the North-West of the Gambier Islands.
Baldemu, or Mbazlam, is a nearly extinct Afro-Asiatic language spoken in northern Cameroon. Baldamu is spoken in Bogo commune, Diamaré department, Far North Region by only 5 speakers as of 2012. Speakers have been shifting to Fulfulde.
Zeem, or Chaari, is an endangered Chadic dialect cluster of Nigeria, whose speakers are shifting to Hausa. Dyarim is closely related.
The Kwasio language, also known as Ngumba / Mvumbo, Bujeba, and Gyele / Kola, is a language of Cameroon, spoken in the south along the coast and at the border with Equatorial Guinea by some 70,000 members of the Ngumba, Kwasio, Gyele and Mabi peoples. Many authors view Kwasio and the Gyele/Kola language as distinct. In the Ethnologue, the languages therefore receive different codes: Kwasio has the ISO 639-3 code nmg, while Gyele has the code gyi. The Kwasio, Ngumba, and Mabi are village farmers; the Gyele are nomadic Pygmy hunter-gatherers living in the rain forest.
Baka is a dialect cluster of Ubangian languages spoken by the Baka Pygmies of Cameroon and Gabon. The people are ethnically close related to the Aka, collectively known as the Mbenga (Bambenga).However, the languages are not related, apart from some vocabulary dealing with the forest economy, which suggests the Aka may have shifted to Bantu, with an estimated 15000 people have shifted.
The Koma language is a language cluster belonging to the Duru branch of Savannas languages of Cameroon. Blench (2004) includes three varieties separated in Ethnologue, Koma Ndera, Gɨmne, and Gɨmnɨme; within Koma Ndera, speakers of the marginal dialects, Gomnome and Ndera, can scarcely understand one another, though both understand the central dialect, Gomme.
Mpumpong (Mpongmpong) is a Bantu language of Cameroon. Maho (2009) considers Mpiemo to be a dialect.
Logorik, Subori, or Saburi is a (critically) endangered language spoken in Eastern Sudan and Western Chad.
Leti, or Mangisa, is a Bantu language of Cameroon, spoken by the Mengisa people. Most Mengisa have switched to the Eton language, though a number of them continue to use Leti as a secret ritual language. A smaller number speak Leti as their mother tongue.
Tarao, Taraotrong or Tarau is an unclassified Tibeto-Burman language of India. It is marginally (70%) intelligible with Chothe. The speakers of this language use Meitei language as their second language (L2) according to the Ethnologue.
Zazao is an Oceanic language spoken in the Solomon Islands. Its speakers live on Santa Isabel Island. It is classified as “critically endangered” by the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger, because its speakers usually speak the Cheke Holo language or the Zabana language.
Fwâi (Poai) is a Kanak language of New Caledonia, spoken in the commune of Hienghène. In 2009, there were around 1,900 speakers of Fwâi. It’s considered a vulnerable language by the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger.
Of the 1.76 million who said they could speak Irish, 73,803 said they speak it daily outside the education system, a fall of 3,382 on the 2011 figure. ... (421,274) said they never spoke Irish. ... Of the 73,803 daily Irish speakers (outside the education system), 20,586 (27.9%) lived in Gaeltacht areas. The total population of all Gaeltacht areas in April 2016 was 96,090
Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch[At home or with relatives, 60.1% of the population considered mainly speak Swiss German]