Energy in Europe

See also: Energy policy of the European Union

Energy in Europe includes energy, including electricity, production, consumption and import in Europe.

Primary energy consumption across European countries, highlights diverse energy use patterns. Countries show fluctuations in consumption, reflecting changes in energy demand and policy. Germany and the Russian Federation are among the highest consumers, smaller economies like Lithuania and Turkmenistan have markedly lower consumption levels. Per person energy use in Europe varies significantly, with smaller nations like Iceland, showing high consumption rates per million people, indicating the diverse energy use and economic activities across the continent. Europe has significant reliance on oil, a major energy source predominantly used for transportation and heating, with most European countries importing most of their oil needs due to limited domestic production.

There has been an increase in renewable energy, with plans to increase wind power capacity. The European Commission's "REPowerEU" plan underscores a commitment to renewables. There is an ongoing transition towards more sustainable energy systems in Europe.

Primary energy consumption by country

Further information: List of countries by energy consumption and production

Primary energy consumption for selected European and Eurasian countries in million tonnes of oil equivalent (Mtoe) from 2010 to 2015, according to BP, is listed below. ^[1]

Country	2010	2011	2012	2013	2014	2015
Austria	35.9	33.8	35.4	35.1	33.9	34.1
Azerbaijan	10.7	11.9	12.3	12.6	13.2	13.7
Belarus	25.9	25.9	27.9	24.7	24.9	23.6
Belgium	66.0	61.3	58.6	60.0	55.9	56.5
Bulgaria	17.8	19.1	18.1	16.7	17.9	18.9
Czech Republic	42.8	42.1	41.7	40.9	40.1	39.6
Denmark	19.5	18.5	17.1	18.0	17.5	16.9
Finland	30.9	28.6	27.6	27.2	26.3	25.9
France	253.2	244.5	244.7	247.4	237.5	239.0
Germany	323.7	312.3	316.7	325.8	311.9	320.6
Greece	31.5	30.7	29.3	27.9	26.3	26.3
Hungary	24.9	23.2	21.7	20.5	20.5	21.5
Ireland	15.2	14.1	14.0	13.7	13.7	14.6
Italy	172.2	168.4	162.2	155.7	146.8	151.7
Kazakhstan	48.5	55.0	57.5	57.4	57.7	54.8
Lithuania	5.6	5.8	5.8	5.4	5.2	5.3
Netherlands	96.1	91.5	88.4	86.4	81.1	81.6
Norway	41.9	43.0	47.8	45.0	46.4	47.1
Poland	98.2	98.7	95.7	96.0	92.4	95.0
Portugal	25.6	24.5	22.4	24.5	24.6	24.1
Romania	33.8	34.7	34.0	31.5	32.5	33.1
Russian Federation	673.3	694.9	695.3	688.0	689.8	666.8
Slovakia	17.4	16.8	16.2	16.8	15.5	15.8
Spain	146.2	143.1	142.4	134.2	132.1	134.4
Sweden	52.1	51.5	54.7	51.4	51.7	53.0
Switzerland	28.7	27.2	28.8	29.7	28.4	27.9
Turkey	111.0	115.0	120.2	117.6	122.8	131.3
Turkmenistan	25.9	27.0	29.7	26.8	31.3	37.3
Ukraine	121.0	125.7	122.6	114.7	101.0	85.1
United Kingdom	210.5	198.8	201.9	201.4	188.9	191.2
Uzbekistan	43.8	49.7	49.2	48.7	50.3	51.6
Other Europe & Eurasia	98.6	96.9	94.4	96.1	94.1	96.0
Total Europe & Eurasia	2948.5	2934.2	2934.3	2898.0	2832.3	2834.4

Primary energy consumption per capita (2008)

The European primary energy use per capita (TWh per million people) in 2008 is listed below. ^[2]

Primary energy consumption in Europe (2008) ^[2]

Rank	country	TWh	population (million)	TWh per million people
1	Russia	7,987	141.79	56
2	Germany	3,899	82.12	47
3	France	3,099	64.12	48
4	United Kingdom	2,424	61.35	40
5	Italy	2,047	59.89	34
6	Spain	1,614	45.59	35
7	Ukraine	1,583	46.26	34
8	Turkey	1,146	71.08	16
9	Poland	1,138	38.12	30
10	Netherlands	927	16.44	56
11	Kazakhstan	825	15.68	53
12	Belgium	681	10.71	64
13	Sweden	577	9.26	62
14	Czech Republic	519	10.43	50
15	Romania	458	21.51	21
16	Finland	410	5.31	77
17	Austria	387	8.34	46
18	Greece	354	11.24	31
19	Norway	345	4.77	72
20	Belarus	327	9.68	34
21	Switzerland	311	7.71	40
22	Portugal	281	10.62	26
23	Bulgaria	230	7.62	30
24	Denmark	221	5.49	40
25	Ireland	174	4.44	39
26	Azerbaijan	155	8.68	18
27	Croatia	106	4.43	24
28	Estonia	63	1.34	47
29	Iceland	61	0.32	191
30	Luxembourg	48	0.49	98
31	Moldova	37	3.63	10
32	Armenia	35	3.08	11
33	Cyprus	30	0.80	38
34	Malta	10	0.41	23

Mtoe = 11.63 TWh primary energy, includes energy losses

Oil

Oil sources for the European Union with tendency forecast.

Oil is one of the largest primary energy sources in Europe. It is mostly used for transportation and heating. Oil production is relatively low in Europe, with significant production only in the North Sea. Most of Europe's oil comes from imports (about 90% for the EU28).

Fossil gas

Fossil gas tends to be supplied from north and south. ^[3]

Electricity

Renewable energy

The twelve newer EU Member States in Central and Eastern Europe planned to increase wind power capacity from the 6.4 gigawatts installed at the end of 2012 to 16 gigawatts by 2020. ^{[4] [5]}

If renewable electricity production in the EU continued to grow at the same rate as it did from 2005 to 2010, it would account for 36.4% of electricity in 2020 and 51.6% in 2030, following: ^{[6] [7]}

Renewable energy as a percentage of total electricity
2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010	2020	2030
13.6	14.2	15	16.4	18.2	21	36	52

In March 2022, the European Commission released its comprehensive "REPowerEU" plan to promote renewable energy in Europe. ^{[8] [9]}

Generation and consumption

2021 Electricity in Europe – Generation and Consumption (GWh) ^[10]

Country	Generation											Consumption	Imports	Exports	Distribution losses
	Total	Nuclear	Fossil fuels	Renewable							Hydro- electric pumped storage
				Total	Hydro- electricity	Geo- thermal	Tide and wave	Solar	Wind	Biomass and waste
European Union	2,753,320	696,341	1,002,188	1,064,830	343,436	6,177	503	163,321	383,203	168,191	-10,039	2,585,288	399,051	391,828	175,256
Austria	64,227	0	13,752	52,135	38,751	0	0	2,722	6,460	4,202	-1,660	68,534	26,436	18,893	3,236
Belgium	94,864	47,892	24,521	22,749	393	0	0	5,568	11,692	5,096	-298	83,413	15,194	23,070	3,574
Bulgaria	41,529	16,487	16,935	8,327	4,819	0	0	1,497	1,421	590	-220	30,321	1,857	10,635	2
Croatia	14,603	0	4,243	10,421	7,128	75	0	149	2,058	1,012	-60	15,932	11	7,545	2
Cyprus	4,878	0	4,100	777	0	0	0	477	244	57	0	4,659	0	0	0
Czechia	76,641	29,042	37,831	10,130	2,409	0	0	2,184	594	4,943	-362	61,915	15,153	26,228	3,651
Denmark	32,793	0	7,169	25,624	16	0	0	1,278	16,034	8,295	0	38,183	19,445	12,979	1,076
Estonia	6,653	0	3,498	3,155	25	0	0	305	741	2,084	0	8,842	7,333	4,704	440
Finland	69,653	22,630	9,534	37,489	15,766	0	0	305	8,186	13,232	0	83,725	23,999	6,713	3,215
France	530,418	360,704	48,048	123,210	58,857	133	484	15,095	36,908	11,733	-1,543	447,447	24,532	69,369	38,134
Germany	557,144	65,441	260,790	233,000	19,252	249	0	49,992	113,624	49,883	-2,087	511,660	51,336	70,237	26,582
Greece	52,474	0	30,839	21,660	5,909	0	0	5,106	10,471	174	-25	52,140	7,583	3,898	4,020
Hungary	34,191	15,110	12,093	6,988	202	12	0	3,896	645	2,233	0	43,914	19,967	7,213	3,031
Ireland	33,596	0	22,346	11,472	750	0	0	79	9,712	930	-222	32,645	2,309	863	2,397
Italy	274,179	0	159,842	115,192	44,739	5,530	0	25,039	20,687	19,198	-856	299,922	46,564	3,770	17,051
Latvia	5,538	0	1,958	3,581	2,689	0	0	7	137	748	0	6,917	4,667	2,895	394
Lithuania	3,704	0	1,341	2,624	384	0	0	191	1,354	695	-261	11,822	12,479	3,435	926
Luxembourg	921	0	261	1,044	107	0	0	223	335	379	-384	6,496	6,758	1,037	147
Malta	2,112	0	1,848	264	0	0	0	256	1	7	0	2,495	547	36	0
Netherlands	117,440	3,618	74,901	38,921	84	0	0	12,655	18,004	8,177	0	113,278	20,885	20,632	4,414
Poland	166,557	0	136,021	30,898	2,339	0	0	3,831	16,181	8,547	-363	158,194	15,100	14,212	9,250
Portugal	47,469	0	16,745	31,146	11,846	178	0	2,192	13,055	3,874	-422	47,743	9,545	4,792	4,480
Romania	55,019	10,377	18,547	26,195	17,377	0	0	1,703	6,508	608	-100	50,527	8,697	6,499	7
Slovakia	27,194	14,590	6,010	6,702	4,170	0	0	672	6	1,854	-108	26,103	13,886	13,098	1,879
Slovenia	14,852	5,419	4,114	5,419	4,712	0	0	453	6	248	-100	13,727	8,387	8,658	854
Spain	259,404	54,040	83,365	122,944	29,626	0	19	25,938	60,833	6,528	-946	233,977	17,388	16,506	26,309
Sweden	165,267	50,992	1,534	112,762	71,086	0	0	1,507	27,306	12,863	-21	130,756	8,341	33,910	8,942

See also

• Energy efficiency in Europe (study)
• European countries by fossil fuel use (% of total energy)
• European countries by electricity consumption per person

References

1. "Statistical Review of World Energy | Energy economics | BP Global". bp.com. BP. Retrieved 28 July 2016.
2. IEA Key energy statistics 2010 Archived 2010-10-11 at the Wayback Machine Page: Country-specific indicator numbers from page 48
3. "Between the Baltic and the Balkans, the new geopolitics of gas". www.robert-schuman.eu (in French). Retrieved 2025-02-24.
4. Wind power for 9 million households in Eastern Europe by 2020
5. Eastern winds, Emerging European wind power markets
6. "Electric Rates Podcast".
7. EU met its 2010 Renewable electricity target – ambitious 2030 target needed EWEA 12 January 2012
8. European Commission (8 March 2022). REPowerEU: Joint European action for more affordable, secure and sustainable energy — COM(2022) 108 final. Strasbourg, France: European Commission. Retrieved 2022-07-10. Three annexes also available.
9. European Commission (8 March 2022). REPowerEU Plan — COM(2022) 230 final. Brussels, Belgium: European Commission. Retrieved 2022-07-10. Three annexes also available.
10. "Electricity". U.S. Energy Information Administration.