Primary energy use in Slovakia was 194 TWh and 36 TWh per million inhabitants in 2009. [1]
Primary energy use in Slovakia was 194 TWh and 36 TWh per million inhabitants in 2009. [1]
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CO2 emissions: |
Slovakia has a plan to get renewable sources of energy up to 19.2% by 2030. [3]
From 2024, following the completion of two new nuclear reactors, Slovakia will return to being a net exporter of electricity. [4]
Slovnaft is the largest oil refinery in Slovakia.
In 2022 Slovakia sought to reduce its reliance on oil from Russia.
Slovenský plynárenský priemysel (Slovak Gas Industry) is the main natural gas supplier in Slovakia.
In 2022 Slovakia sought to reduce its reliance on natural gas from Russia who was supplying 81% in 2020.
In order to lower reliance, a gas pipeline interconnector with neighbouring Poland was completed by August 2022 and put into operation in a bilateral opening ceremony on the 26 August 2022. [5] [6]
Two coal power stations were operated in Slovakia until 2024, with the power station at Nováky closing in 2023, and the power station at Vojany ceasing production in spring 2024. [7] [8] Slovakia currently does not have thermal powerplants in operation and relies on nuclear power generation and power generation from renewables. [9]
Five operating reactors in two power plants Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant with two reactors dating from the 1980s and three at Mochovce Nuclear Power Plant), with two from the 1990s and the 3rd being commissioned in January 2023. Total electricity generation from nuclear in 2020 was 15.4 TWh. One additional reactor is near completion at Mochovce. [10]
| Achievement | Year | Achievement | Year | Achievement | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 5% | 2001 | 10% | 2009 | 15% | 2019 [2] |
Renewable energy includes wind, solar, biomass and geothermal energy sources.
In the end of 2022 wind power capacity in Slovakia 3MW which has not changed since 2010. In the National Energy and Climate Plan the Government plans to build 500MW of wind by 2030. [11]
In 2023 Slovakia had 840 MW of installed solar power capacity. [12]
Biomass provides around 4% of electricity generation capacity.
There is hydropower potential in Vah and Orava rivers (before Stary Hrad, and after Kralovianski Meander, Oravka tunnel), with power plants over 30MW as extremely profitable (for low cost/installed MW).
Emissions of carbon dioxide in total, per capita in 2007 were 6.8 tons CO2 compared to EU 27 average 7.9 tons CO2. Emission change 2007/1990 (%) was -35.1%. In Europe in 2007 the Slovak emissions of carbon dioxide per capita (6.8 tons CO2) were higher than in Hungary 5.4, Sweden 5.1, Portugal 5.2 or Switzerland 5.6 and lower than in Czech Republic 11.8, Luxembourg 22.4, Finland 12.2, Netherlands 11.1, Germany 9.7 or Ireland 10.1 [13]
1990 emissions were 74 Mt CO2 eq. The Kyoto protocol target is reduction of 6 Mt (-8%). [14]
Japan is a major consumer of energy, ranking fifth in the world by primary energy use. Fossil fuels accounted for 88% of Japan's primary energy in 2019. Japan imports most of its energy due to scarce domestic resources. As of 2022, the country imports 97% of its oil and is the larger liquefied natural gas (LNG) importer globally.
Energy in the United Kingdom came mostly from fossil fuels in 2021. Total energy consumption in the United Kingdom was 142.0 million tonnes of oil equivalent in 2019. In 2014, the UK had an energy consumption per capita of 2.78 tonnes of oil equivalent compared to a world average of 1.92 tonnes of oil equivalent. Demand for electricity in 2023 was 29.6 GW on average, supplied through 235 TWh of UK-based generation and 24 TWh of energy imports.
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country, and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s, China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases, and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer, and the largest producer of hydroelectricity, solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy, where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
Low-carbon electricity or low-carbon power is electricity produced with substantially lower greenhouse gas emissions over the entire lifecycle than power generation using fossil fuels. The energy transition to low-carbon power is one of the most important actions required to limit climate change.
Energy in Romania describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Romania.
Energy in Finland describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Finland. Energy policy of Finland describes the politics of Finland related to energy. Electricity sector in Finland is the main article regarding electricity in Finland.
Energy in Switzerland is transitioning towards sustainability, targeting net zero emissions by 2050 and a 50% reduction in greenhouse gas emissions by 2030.
Energy in Australia is the production in Australia of energy and electricity, for consumption or export. Energy policy of Australia describes the politics of Australia as it relates to energy.
The National Grid covers most of mainland Great Britain and several of the surrounding islands, and there are interconnectors to Northern Ireland and to other European countries. Power is supplied to consumers at 230 volts AC with a frequency of 50 Hz. In 2023 about a third of electricity used in Britain was generated from fossil gas and two-thirds was low-carbon power. Wind generates the most low-carbon power, followed by nuclear some of which is imported from France. The government is aiming for greenhouse gas emissions from electricity in Britain to be net zero by 2035.
The total electricity consumption of the Netherlands in 2021 was 117 terawatt-hours (TWh). The consumption grew from 7 TWh in 1950 by an average of 4.5% per year. In 2021, fossil fuels, such as natural gas and coal, accounted for around 62% of the total electricity produced. Renewable energy sources, such as biomass, wind power, and solar power, produce 38% of the total electricity. One nuclear plant in Borssele is responsible for around 3% of total generation. More than 75% of electricity is produced centrally by thermal and nuclear units.
Electricity production in Belgium reached 87.9 terawatt-hours (TWh) in 2020, with nuclear power (39%), natural gas (30%), and wind (15%) as the primary sources. Additional contributions came from biofuels and waste (7%), solar (6%), and coal (2%). In the same year, the total electricity demand was 80.9 TWh, with consumption predominantly from the industrial sector (50%), followed by commercial (25%), residential (23%), and transport (2%) sectors.
The electricity sector in Switzerland relies mainly on hydroelectricity, since the Alps cover almost two-thirds of the country's land mass, providing many large mountain lakes and artificial reservoirs suited for hydro power. In addition, the water masses drained from the Swiss Alps are intensively used by run-of-the-river hydroelectricity (ROR). With 9,052 kWh per person in 2008, the country's electricity consumption is relatively high and was 22% above the European Union's average.
Energy in Sweden is characterized by relatively high per capita production and consumption, and a reliance on imports for fossil fuel supplies.
Primary energy consumption in Spain in 2020 was mainly composed of fossil sources. The largest sources are petroleum (42.3%), natural gas (19.8%) and coal (11.6%). The remaining 26.3% is accounted for by nuclear energy (12%) and different renewable energy sources (14.3%). Domestic production of primary energy includes nuclear (44.8%), solar, wind and geothermal (22.4%), biomass and waste (21.1%), hydropower (7.2%) and fossil (4.5%).
Energy in the Czech Republic describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in the Czech Republic.
Electricity in Cyprus is managed by the Electricity Authority of Cyprus. Power is primarily generated at three fuel oil-burning stations but the use of distributed renewable energy is expanding.
Energy in Luxembourg describes energy and electricity production, consumption and import in Luxembourg. Electricity sector in Luxembourg is the main article of electricity in Luxembourg.
Total primary energy supply (TPES) in Slovenia was 6.80 Mtoe in 2019. In the same year, electricity production was 16.1 TWh, consumption was 14.9 TWh.
The Energiewende is the ongoing energy transition by Germany. The new system intends to rely heavily on renewable energy, energy efficiency, and energy demand management.
World energy supply and consumption refers to the global supply of energy resources and its consumption. The system of global energy supply consists of the energy development, refinement, and trade of energy. Energy supplies may exist in various forms such as raw resources or more processed and refined forms of energy. The raw energy resources include for example coal, unprocessed oil & gas, uranium. In comparison, the refined forms of energy include for example refined oil that becomes fuel and electricity. Energy resources may be used in various different ways, depending on the specific resource, and intended end use. Energy production and consumption play a significant role in the global economy. It is needed in industry and global transportation. The total energy supply chain, from production to final consumption, involves many activities that cause a loss of useful energy.
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