Energy consumption declined in the 1990s after the breakup of the Soviet Union and in the 2010s and 2020s during war with Russia
History
When Ukraine was part of the Soviet Union, large energy systems were constructed to meet the needs of industry and to provide redundancy in case of a war with NATO, and after independence it relied on cheap energy from Russia.[12] But since the fall of Yanukovych governments have tried to integrate with energy in the EU, before the full scale invasion there were mostly monopolies.[12]
In 2011, Ukraine joined the European Energy Community, however there has been slow progress on implementing European energy regulations.[13] Energy infrastructure is somewhat resilient due to overbuilding by the Soviet Union.[14]
Gas is an important part of energy in Ukraine. About 20 billion cubic meters of fossil gas is extracted each year, and since 2022 this has almost met demand,[16] which in winter can reach 150 mcm a day.[17] Ukraine has the largest gas storage in Europe.[18]
In 2022 almost a fifth of total energy supply in Ukraine was from oil, and most energy imports were oil products such as gasoline and diesel.[19] The country used to produce and refine its own oil.[20]Strategic reserves of oil and products were set up after 2023 to help with energy security.[21]
Coal mining has historically been an important industry in Ukraine. Although the industry is often associated with the coal-rich Donets basin in the east of the country, other coal mining regions include the Lviv-Volhynian basin and the Dnieper brown coal mining basin. The Donets basin is Ukraine's most developed and largest coal mining region.
In 2013, Ukraine was the third largest coal producer in Europe. In 1976, national production was 218 million metric tonnes. By 2016, production had dropped to 41 million metric tonnes. The Donets Black Coal Basin in eastern Ukraine, with 90% of the nation's reserves, suffers from three connected problems: (1) mines are not profitable enough to sustain capital investment, resulting in aging mining equipment and processes, (2) the government, taking advice from the International Monetary Fund, has discontinued $600 million annual mining subsidies, and (3) the Ukrainian government refuses to buy from mines controlled by Russia.
Electricity is an important part of energy in Ukraine. Most electricity generation is nuclear,[29] and the system is inflexible.[30] The bulk of Energoatom output is sold to the government's "guaranteed buyer" to keep prices more stable for domestic customers.[31][32] Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not.[33]
The share of renewables within energy in Ukraine is less than 5%.[40]:27 In 2020 10% of electricity was generated from renewables; made up of 5% hydro,[41] 4% wind,[42] and 1% solar.[43] Biomass provides renewable heat.[40]:35 There is a National Renewable Energy Action Plan to 2030.[44]
Heating
District heating has been attacked and significantly damaged.[45][46] In 2024 the International Energy Agency (IEA) wrote about heat supply to Ukraine’s major cities. “Most attacks on heating infrastructure have occurred in regions close to the front lines. The Kharkiv region is now without large-scale heat generating capacity and other frontline regions – particularly Chernihiv, Donetsk, Zaporizhzhia, Sumy and Mykolaiv – have suffered severe damage to their heat generation capacities. Heat supply is also at risk in Ukraine’s capital, Kyiv.”[47]
Efficiency and demand response
As of 2025[update] it is much less energy efficient than the EU.[12] In 2024 the IEA recommended engaging consumers in energy saving and demand response, while continuing investments in energy efficiency. They said that “a social tariff that safeguards a certain volume of consumption at subsidised rates, after which consumers pay a higher price, would help to incentivise efficient practices and investments, supported by public information campaigns that advise on energy efficiency measures for immediate impact as well as longer-term gains. Lowering the default temperature for district heating can also provide quick savings.”[47]
Personnel and finance
Ukraine signed a loan agreement in-principle for $3.65 billion with the China Development Bank in 2012, during President Viktor Yanukovich's term of office, contingent on the development of agreed projects in the coal and gas sectors. However, by 2017 Ukraine had not agreed any suitable projects due to a "lack of convergence in the positions of [Uglesintezgaz] and the energy ministry".[48] Elementum Energy Ltd owns the most power plants.[49][need quotation to verify] In 2025 financial assistance is needed for emergency repairs.[46]As of 2025[update] households were still paying less than the market price.[12]
The European Investment Bank is financing municipal district heating and energy efficiency projects.[50] Although by 2024 more women were working in the energy sector than before they were still underrepresented in leadership positions.[51]
↑"Factbox: Ukraine's energy options limited in event of Russian gas disruption". Reuters. 2022-02-24. Retrieved 2022-02-27. Ukraine has not imported gas directly from Russia since 2015, but it buys it from Western traders as part of the Russian gas that goes through Ukrainian territory to Europe. [..] If Russia maintains gas transit through Ukraine and transit gas pipelines remain operational, Ukraine is able to provide the population and industry with gas. [..] In theory, gas could be imported at up to 40 mcm per day, but this is barely feasible due to a lack of freely available resources in Europe and funds to buy it.
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![Samarska Coal Mine [uk], near Ternivka Samarska Mine, Ternivka.jpg](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Samarska_Mine%2C_Ternivka.jpg/250px-Samarska_Mine%2C_Ternivka.jpg)
