Electricity in Ukraine

Last updated

Electricity sector of Ukraine
Data
Peak Demand18.5 GW [1]
Installed capacity (2020)54.5 [2]
Institutions
Responsibility for transmission Ukrenergo
Zaporizhzhia nuclear station, the largest nuclear power plant in Europe Kernkraftwerk Saporischschja.JPG
Zaporizhzhia nuclear station, the largest nuclear power plant in Europe
Electricity generation by source Electricity generation in Ukraine by source and year.png
Electricity generation by source

Electricity is an important part of energy in Ukraine. Most electricity generation is nuclear. [3] The bulk of Energoatom output is sold to the government's "guaranteed buyer" to keep prices more stable for domestic customers. [4] [5] Zaporizhzhia is the largest nuclear power plant in Europe. Until the 2010s all of Ukraine's nuclear fuel came from Russia, but now most does not. [6]

Contents

Some electricity infrastructure was destroyed in the Russo-Ukrainian War, [7] [8] but wind farms and solar power are thought to be resilient because they are distributed. [9] As of 2024 about 2 GW can be imported from other European countries, but that is not enough to cover peak demand. [3] [10] Better air defence is needed, [11] : 5  and many small gas-turbine generators are being installed to reduce the blackouts being caused by Russian attacks. [10]

History

Electricity production fell from 296 TWh in 1991 to 171 TWh in 1999, then increased slowly to 195 TWh in 2007, before falling again. [12] In 2014, consumption was 134 TWh after transmission losses of 20 TWh, with peak demand at about 28 GWe. 8 TWh was exported to Europe. In 2015 electricity production fell to about 146 TWh largely due to a fall in anthracite coal supplies caused by the War in Donbass. [13] [14]

In July 2019, a new wholesale energy market was launched, intended to bring real competition in the generation market and help future integration with Europe. The change was a prerequisite for receiving European Union assistance. It led to in increased price for industrial consumers of between 14% and 28% during July. The bulk of Energoatom output is sold to the government's "guaranteed buyer" to keep prices more stable for domestic customers. [4] [5]

Grid synchronisation with Europe

Since 2017 Ukraine sought to divest itself of dependency on the Unified Power System of Russia (UPS) and instead connect westwards to the synchronous grid of Continental Europe, thereby participating in European electricity markets. [15] [16] Power lines coupling the country to the grids of neighbouring Poland, Romania, Slovakia and Hungary existed, but were de-energised.

A necessary prerequisite of Ukrainian integration was for the country to successfully demonstrate it was capable of running in a islanded manner, maintaining satisfactory control of its own frequency. To do that would require disconnection from the UPS grid, and a date of 24 February 2022 was set. This proved to be the date Russia invaded Ukraine, but the disconnection nonetheless proceeded to schedule. Ukraine placed an urgent request to synchronise with the European grid to ENTSO-E, the European collective of transmission system operators of which it was a member, and on 16 March 2022 the western circuits were energised, bringing both Ukraine and Moldova, which is coupled to the Ukrainian grid, into the European synchronised grid. [17] [18] [19] On 16 March 2022 a trial synchronisation started of the Ukraine and Moldova grid with the European grid. [17]

War damage

This section is an excerpt from Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present).[ edit ]
Fire at the Kharkiv TEC-5 power plant after a Russian missile strike on 11 September 2022. Fire at an energy infrastructure facility after Russian shelling, 2022-09-11 (02).jpg
Fire at the Kharkiv TEC-5 power plant after a Russian missile strike on 11 September 2022.

Russia launched waves of missile and drone strikes against energy in Ukraine as part of its invasion. [20] From 2022 the strikes targeted civilian areas beyond the battlefield, particularly critical power infrastructure, [21] [22] which is considered a war crime. [23] [24] By mid-2024 the country only had a third of pre-war electricity generating capacity, and some gas distribution and district heating had been hit. [25]

On 10 October 2022 Russia attacked the power grid throughout Ukraine, including in Kyiv, with a wave of 84 cruise missiles and 24 suicide drones. [26] Further waves struck Ukrainian infrastructure, killing and injuring many, and seriously affecting energy distribution across Ukraine and neighboring countries. By 19 November, nearly half of the country's power grid was out of commission, and 10 million Ukrainians were without electricity, according to Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. [27] By mid-December, Russia had fired more than 1,000 missiles and drones at Ukraine's energy grid. [28] Several waves targeted Kyiv, including one on 16 May 2023 in which Ukraine said it had intercepted six Kinzhal missiles.

Deliberately depriving Ukrainians of electricity and heating during the cold winter months was the biggest attack on a nation's health since World War II. [29] The attacks on power stations inflicted large economic and practical costs on Ukraine. [30] The UK Defense Ministry said the strikes were intended to demoralize the population and force the Ukrainian leadership to capitulate. [31] This is widely deemed to have failed. [32] [33]

The strikes were condemned internationally, with the European Commission describing them as "barbaric" [34] and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg calling them "horrific and indiscriminate". [35] President Zelenskyy described the strikes as "absolute evil" and "terrorism". [36] The International Criminal Court (ICC) indicted four Russian officials for war crimes connected with attacks against civilian infrastructure, including former Minister of Defence Sergei Shoigu and Chief of the General Staff Valery Gerasimov.

Generation

Ukrenergo has suggested that hundreds of small power plants should be built to enhance energy security. [11]

Nuclear

This section is an excerpt from Nuclear power in Ukraine.[ edit ]
Rivne Nuclear Power Plant RAES. Ukraina.JPG
Rivne Nuclear Power Plant

Ukraine operates four nuclear power plants with 15 reactors located in Volhynia and South Ukraine. [37] The total installed nuclear power capacity is over 13 GWe, ranking 7th in the world in 2020. [38] Energoatom, a Ukrainian state enterprise, operates all four active nuclear power stations in Ukraine. [39] In 2019, nuclear power supplied over 20% of Ukraine's energy. [40]

In 2021, Ukraine's nuclear reactors produced 81 TWh — over 55% of its total electricity generation, [41] and the second-highest share in the world, behind only France. The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant, the largest nuclear power plant in Europe, is in Ukraine.

The 1986 Chernobyl disaster in northern Ukraine was the world's most severe nuclear accident to date.

Lack of coal for Ukraine's coal-fired power stations due to the war in Donbas and a shut down of one of the six reactors of the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant led to rolling blackouts throughout the country in December 2014. Due to the Russo-Ukrainian War, the nuclear power plant has been damaged.

Hydro

This section is an excerpt from Hydroelectricity in Ukraine.[ edit ]
Hydropower is part of renewable energy in Ukraine. Ukraine is trying to build more small hydroelectric plants as sources of electricity in Ukraine. [42] State operating company is Ukrhydroenergo. [43] About half of hydro capacity of power stations in Ukraine has been destroyed by the war, [44] including the Kakhovka Hydroelectric Power Plant. [45] Defence against drones is important. [46]

Gas

Many small gas-turbine generators are used, as these are more difficult to attack than large gas-fired or coal-fired power plants. [47] Up to 700 MW of gas peakers may be installed before 2030. [48]

Imports, storage, transmission and distribution

Grid Electrical Power Grid - Ukraine.png
Grid

About 2 GW can flow with neighbouring countries. [49] There is a 750kV link with Hungary. [1] : 6  It has been suggested that the 220kV link with Poland be improved and that interconnection with Slovakia be built sooner. [1] : 5  There are five 110kV interconnections with Moldova, but they could be better used. [1] : 5 

Due to the large share of nuclear balancing the grid is particularly difficult during peak demand, which is in the morning and evening due to retail demand. [50] Peak demand can reach 18 GW in winter, or 19 in cold winters. [50] DTEK is building more storage, [51] to improve ancillary services such as frequency control. [52] The IEA says that capacity limits on links from neighbouring countries should be increased, and that more decentralised generation and batteries should be installed for energy security. [53] They recommend more off-grid and mini-grid. Both transmission and distribution have been attacked, [53] and shelters have been built to protect substations from attack. [54] [55] More storage is being installed. [56]

Economics

In 2024 the price to householders was said to be about half the market price, and it has been suggested that to encourage energy saving and energy efficiency the subsidy should only apply to energy poor households and/or a certain minimum consumption. [57]

DTEK has started installing smart meters. [58] Central and city government is subsidizing rooftop solar installation. [50]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rolling blackout</span> Intentionally engineered electrical power shutdown

A rolling blackout, also referred to as rota or rotational load shedding, rota disconnection, feeder rotation, or a rotating outage, is an intentionally engineered electrical power shutdown in which electricity delivery is stopped for non-overlapping periods of time over different parts of the distribution region. Rolling blackouts are a last-resort measure used by an electric utility company to avoid a total blackout of the power system.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant</span> Nuclear-power plant in Enerhodar, Ukraine

The Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Station in southeastern Ukraine is the largest nuclear power plant in Europe and among the 10 largest in the world. It has been under Russian control since 2022. It was built by the Soviet Union near the city of Enerhodar, on the southern shore of the Kakhovka Reservoir on the Dnieper river. From 1996 to 2022, it was operated by Energoatom, which operates Ukraine's other three nuclear power stations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dnieper Hydroelectric Station</span> Hydroelectric station in Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine

The Dnieper Hydroelectric Station, also known as the Dnipro Dam, is a hydroelectric power station in the city of Zaporizhzhia, Ukraine. Operated by Ukrhydroenergo, it is the fifth and largest station in the Dnieper reservoir cascade, a series of hydroelectric stations on the Dnieper river that supply power to the Donets–Kryvyi Rih industrial region. Its dam has a length of 800 metres (2,600 ft), a height of 61 metres (200 ft), and a flow rate of 38.7 metres (127 ft) per second.

State Enterprise National Nuclear Energy Generating Company "Energoatom", commonly known as just Energoatom, is a state enterprise operating all four nuclear power plants in Ukraine. It is the largest power producer in Ukraine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant</span> Nuclear power plant in Ukraine

The South Ukraine Nuclear Power Plant, also known as the Pivdennoukrainsk Nuclear Power Plant, is a nuclear power plant in Ukraine, near the city of Pivdennoukrainsk in Mykolaiv Oblast, about 350 kilometres (220 mi) south of Kyiv. It is the second largest of the country's five nuclear power stations. It is part of the South Ukrainian Energy Complex, along with the Tashlyk Pumped-Storage Power Plant and Oleksandrivska hydroelectric power station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant</span> Nuclear power plant in Ukraine

The Khmelnytskyi Nuclear Power Plant generates nuclear power in Ukraine. The plant is operated by Energoatom. Two VVER-1000 reactors are operational, each generating 1000 MW (net) of electricity, with two AP1000 reactors under construction.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nuclear power in Ukraine</span>

Ukraine operates four nuclear power plants with 15 reactors located in Volhynia and South Ukraine. The total installed nuclear power capacity is over 13 GWe, ranking 7th in the world in 2020. Energoatom, a Ukrainian state enterprise, operates all four active nuclear power stations in Ukraine. In 2019, nuclear power supplied over 20% of Ukraine's energy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Burshtyn TPP</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Energy in Ukraine</span>

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Attacks in Russia during the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span> Reported cross-border incidents in Western Russia

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dnipro strikes (2022–present)</span> Russian missile attacks on Dnipro, Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Russian Armed Forces have launched several missile attacks over the city of Dnipro in Ukraine. These have led to dozens of fatalities and over a hundred injuries among the civilian population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lviv strikes (2022–present)</span> Airstrikes during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

Since the beginning of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Lviv and Lviv Oblast have been targeted by Russian attacks. The targets are civilian and military, including electricity, railway infrastructure, and an army base. At least 68 civilians have been killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant crisis</span> Ongoing nuclear safety crisis during the Russian Invasion of Ukraine

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Zaporizhzhia Nuclear Power Plant has become the center of an ongoing nuclear safety crisis, described by Ukraine as an act of nuclear terrorism by Russia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">HESA Shahed 136</span> Iranian-made drone

The HESA Shahed 136, also known by its Russian designation Geran-2, is an Iranian-designed loitering munition, also referred to as a kamikaze drone or suicide drone, in the form of an autonomous pusher-propelled drone. It is designed and manufactured by the Iranian state-owned corporation HESA in association with Shahed Aviation Industries.

This timeline of the Russian invasion of Ukraine covers the period from 29 August 2022, when Ukraine's Kherson counteroffensive started, to 11 November 2022 when Ukrainian troops retook Kherson. In between, Ukraine launched a successful counteroffensive in Kharkiv Oblast. Starting in October, Russia began a campaign of massive strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Russian strikes against Ukrainian infrastructure (2022–present)</span> Wave of Russian attacks during its invasion of Ukraine

Russia launched waves of missile and drone strikes against energy in Ukraine as part of its invasion. From 2022 the strikes targeted civilian areas beyond the battlefield, particularly critical power infrastructure, which is considered a war crime. By mid-2024 the country only had a third of pre-war electricity generating capacity, and some gas distribution and district heating had been hit.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aerial warfare in the Russian invasion of Ukraine</span>

During the Russian invasion of Ukraine, aerial warfare took place as early as the dawn of 24 February 2022, with Russian infantry and armored divisions entering into Eastern Ukraine with air support. Dozens of missile attacks were reported across Ukraine. The main infantry and tank attacks were launched in four spearhead incursions, creating a northern front launched towards Kyiv, a southern front originating in Crimea, a south-eastern front launched at the cities of Luhansk and Donbas, and an eastern front. Dozens of missile strikes across Ukraine also reached as far west as Lviv. Drones have also been a critical part of the invasion, particularly in regards to combined arms warfare. Drones have additionally been employed by Russia in striking Ukrainian critical infrastructure, and have been used by Ukraine to strike military infrastructure in Russian territory.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">22 March 2024 Russian strikes on Ukraine</span> Missile strike during the Russian invasion of Ukraine

In the morning hours of 22 March 2024, Russia carried out one of the largest missile and drone attacks against Ukraine in the series of similar Russian attacks during the ongoing Russo-Ukrainian War with 88 missiles and 63 drones. Kharkiv, Zaporizhzhia, Kryvyi Rih, Khmelnytskyi, Poltava Oblast, Vinnytsia Oblast, Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, Mykolaiv Oblast, Odesa Oblast, Sumy Oblast and other parts of the country were subjected to rocket fire by the Russian army. The Dnieper Hydroelectric Station was put out of action.

During the morning of 17 November 2024, Russia launched a massive air attack on cities across Ukraine, killing two people in Mykolaiv, two in Nikopol, two in Odesa and one person in Lviv. According to the Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy, about 120 missiles and 90 drones were fired overnight and in the early morning. The strikes targeted Ukraine's energy grid in an effort to disrupt power supply during the upcoming winter. It was the biggest Russian aerial attack on Ukraine since August 2024 with reports of attacks on the critical infrastructure of Lviv Oblast, Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast and Rivne Oblast in Western Ukraine as well as on the cities of Kryvyi Rih, Vinnytsia, Odesa and Kyiv.

In 2024, Ukraine faced an energy infrastructure crisis unprecedented in its national history as a result of sustained Russian military attacks on its power generation facilities and transmission networks, in addition to disconnection from the Russian and Belarusian energy grid. The situation created significant challenges during the 2024 winter season, with the country's generating capacity severely compromised and facing widespread blackouts, leading to difficulties in heating Ukrainian households as well as further economic challenges to the nation. The crisis was referred to by energy and geopolitical experts as one of the most severe disruptions to a national power system in recent history.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 Six options to boost power transfers from Continental Europe to Ukraine, for the next two winters (PDF) (Report).
  2. ↑ "How Ukraine is keeping the lights on under Russian fire".
  3. 1 2 "How Ukraine is keeping the lights on under Russian fire".
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