Renewable energy in the Philippines

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As of 2023, renewable energy sources accounted for about 22% of the Philippines' total installed electricity generation capacity, according to the Department of Energy. [1] The Philippines remains a net importer of fossil fuels, which underscores the government's push to expand local renewable energy options. Available renewable resources include hydropower, geothermal power, wind power, solar power, and biomass power. The government has implemented a range of policies and targets aimed at increasing the contribution of renewables to the country's overall energy mix.

Contents

The Philippine government has committed to increasing the share of renewables to 50% of total installed power capacity by 2030, equivalent to about 15.3 gigawatts (GW). [2] [3] This target is aligned with the country's nationally determined contribution (NDC) under the Paris Agreement, which aims to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by up to 75% by 2030. [4]

Background

Philippine energy policy aims to reduce reliance on fossil fuels because of air pollution, climate risks, and exposure to volatile import prices. [5] [6] Key statutes supporting renewable energy include the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (Republic Act No. 9136); the Biofuels Act of 2006 (RA 9367); the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513); and the Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729). [7] [8] [9] [10]

Renewable energy implementation is important to the Philippines for several reasons. [11] The geographic characteristics of the country make it vulnerable to the adverse effects of climate change. Rising sea levels are a threat because the Philippines is an archipelago with many cities located in coastal areas. As the coastline recedes due to rising seas, coastal cities become vulnerable to flooding. Climate change has also been linked to changing weather patterns and extreme weather events. [12]

Reliance on fossil fuels is detrimental to the energy security of the Philippines. [13] The Philippines is a net importer of fossil fuels. In 2012, the Philippines imported 20 million tons of coal. Eight million tons were produced domestically. [14] In 2010, the Philippines imported 54 million barrels of oil and produced 33,000 barrels. [15] Given this dependence on imported coal and oil, the Philippines is vulnerable to price fluctuations and supply constraints. [6]

The Philippine Department of Energy wrote:

"The harnessing and utilization of renewable energy comprises a critical component of the government's strategy to provide energy supply for the country. This is evident in the power sector where increased generation from geothermal and hydro resources has lessened the country's dependency on imported and polluting fuels. In the government's rural electrification efforts, on the other hand, renewable energy sources such as solar, micro-hydro, wind and biomass resources are seeing wide-scale use." [16]

Sources

The Philippines utilizes renewable energy sources including hydropower, geothermal and solar energy, wind power and biomass resources.[ citation needed ] In 2013, these sources contributed 19,903 GWh of electrical energy, representing 26.44 percent of the country's electricity needs. [17] Among the renewable energy sources available in the country, geothermal shows to be the cheapest and most (economically) attractive energy source followed by wind, hydropower, and lastly, solar PV. [18]

Renewable electricity production (GWh) by source [17] [19]
YearGeothermalHydropowerBiomassSolarWindTotal

renewables

Total

electricity

Renewables % of

electricity production

20039,8227,87000017,69252,94133.42%
200410,2828,59300018,87555,95733.73%
20059,9028,387021718,30856,56832.36%
200610,4659,939015320,45956,78436.03%
200710,2158,563015818,83659,61231.60%
200810,7239,834016120,62060,82133.90%
200910,3249,8341416420,23761,93432.68%
20109,9299,7882716219,80767,74329.24%
20119,9427,80311518817,95069,17625.95%
201210,25010,25218317520,76172,92228.47%
20139,60510,01921216619,90375,26626.44%
201410,3089,1371961715219,80977,26125.64%
201511,0448,66536713974820,96382,41325.44%
201611,0708,1117261,09797521,97990,79824.21%
201710,2709,6111,0131,2011,09423,18994,37024.57%
201810,4359,3841,1051,2491,15323,32699,76523.38%

Hydroelectric plants

Angat Dam, a major hydropower facility in the Philippines AngatDam.jpg
Angat Dam, a major hydropower facility in the Philippines

Hydropower is one of the main sources of renewable energy in the Philippines. There are hydroelectric plants of both the conventional dam and run-of-the-river types in the country. Of twenty-nine hydroelectric plants, fourteen are conventional dam and fifteen are run-of-the-river systems. [20] [21] [22] Hydropower accounts for 11.8% of the energy generation and 17-18% of installed capacity in the Philippines. [23] [24] [25]

Many areas of the Philippines are suitable for hydroelectricity production. [26] However, hydroelectricity production in the Philippines can cause upstream and downstream flooding during monsoonal weather and when excess water is released from dams. [26] [27] Hydropower integration also has the potential to disturb pre-existing natural ecosystems and cultures as well as cause land dispossession and community resettlement. [24] [28] The methods of using geographic information system (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) to determine suitable sites for constructing hydroelectric plants do not tend to incorporate social or environmental considerations. [29] In response to the construction of large scale hydroelectric infrastructure, opposition movements have arisen. Anti-dam organizations and protests may advocate for indigenous peoples, environmental conservation, anti-capitalism, or anti-imperialism. [25] Vocal environmental human rights defenders have been red-tagged by the government or extrajudicially killed by the military or police. [25] [28] [30] The rights, concerns, and political agency of indigenous peoples trying to protect their villages and sacred sites from being submerged have often been disregarded due to urban-centric economic development. [25] [28]

Incorporating small scale plants, especially micro-hydroelectric plants that have a capacity of less than 0.1 MW (100 kW), may mitigate adverse side effects and be a cost-effective way to bring electricity to rural and off-the-grid communities. [24] Isolated mountain communities have seen improvements in education, community engagement, and economy due to improved lighting provided by micro-hydropower. [31]

Hydropower output of the Philippines [17] [19]
200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
Hydropower Output (GWh)8,5938,3879,9398,5639,8349,7887,8039,69810,25210,0199,1378,665
Percentage Change(2.40%)18.50%(13.84%)14.84%(0.47%)(20.28%)24.29%5.71%(2,27%)(8.80%)(5.45%)
Major hydropower sites
Facility Name [32] [33] [34] TypeInstalled Capacity (MW)LocationOwnerYear Commissioned
San Roque Dam411.0PangasinanSan Roque Power Corporation2003
HEDCORRun-of-River33.8BenguetHEDCOR1993
Kalayaan PSPPDam739.2LagunaCBK Power Company Ltd.1998/2004
Magat Run-of-River360.0IsabelaAboitiz Power1983
CalirayaDam35.0LagunaCBK Power Company Ltd.1942/1947/1950
BotocanRun-of-River22.8LagunaCBK Power Company Ltd.1967/1986
Angat Dam246.0BulacanPSALM1967/1986
Pantabangan-Masiway Dam132.0Nueva EcijaFirst Gen Hydro Power Corp.1977/1981
Ambuklao Dam105.0BenguetAboitiz Power1957
Binga Dam132.0BenguetAboitiz Power1960
BakunRun-of-River70.0Ilocos SurLuzon Hydro Corp.2000/2001
CasecnanDam165.0Nueva EcijaCE Casecnan Water & Energy Co.2002
SabanganRun-of-River13.2Mt. ProvinceHEDCOR2015
NIA-BaligtanRun-of-River6.0IsabelaNIA1987
JANOPOLRun-of-River5.2BoholBOHECO I1992
AGUS 1Dam80.0Lanao del SurPSALM1992
AGUS 2Dam180.0Lanao del SurPSALM1992
AGUS 4Dam55.0Lanao del NortePSALM1985
AGUS 5Dam200.0Lanao del NortePSALM1985
AGUS 6Dam54.0Lanao del NortePSALM1953/1971
AGUS 7Dam255.0Lanao del NortePSALM1983
Pulangi IV Run-of-River232.0BukidnonPSALM1985/1986
Sibulan HEPRun-of-River42.6Davao del SurHEDCOR2010
AgusanRun-of-River1.6BukidnonFG Bukidnon Power Corp.1957
BubunawanRun-of-River7.0BukidnonBPC Inc.2001
Cabulig HEPRun-of-River9.2Misamis OrientalMindanao Energy Systems2012
Talomo HEPRun-of-River4.5Davao del SurHEDCOR1998
Tudaya 1Run-of-River6.6Davao del SurHEDCOR2014
Tudaya 2Run-of-River7.0Davao del SurHEDCOR2014

Geothermal power

In the Philippines, geothermal energy is used to generate electricity. Two types of technologies are used in the Philippines. These are firstly, the higher temperature flash steam method and secondly, the lower temperature binary cycle method. [35] In the Philippines, the first is the more common. The second is used only at the MAKBAN plant. Geothermal plants are suitable for areas with low winds, such as Mindanao, and areas that have rainy weather, such as Batanes. Geothermal energy production can result in the release of toxic substances such as mercury, hydrogen sulfide, arsenic and selenium. [36] In 2014, at a geothermal plant in Biliran, eight plant workers were hospitalized with hydrogen sulphide poisoning. [37]

Geothermal energy output [17] [19]
200420052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
Geothermal Power Output (GWh)10,2829,90210,46510,21510,72310,3249,9299,94210,2509,60510,30811,044
Percentage Change(3.70%)5.69%2.39%4.97%(3.72%)(3.83%)(0.13%)3.10%(6.29%)7.32%7.14%
Major geothermal sites
Facility Name [32] [33] [34] TypeInstalled Capacity (MW)LocationOwnerYear Commissioned
MAKBANFlash/Binary442.8LagunaAP Renewable Inc.1979
BACMANFlash130.0SorsogonBac-Man Geothermal Inc.1993
TiwiFlash234.0AlbayAP Renewable Inc.1979
MANITO-LowlandFlash1.5AlbayBac-Man Geothermal Inc.No date
MAIBARARAFlash20.0BatangasMaibarara Geothermal Inc.2014
Palinpinon GPPFlash192.5Negros OrientalGreen Core Energy1983
LeyteFlash112.5LeyteGreen Core Energy1983
Unified LeyteFlash610.2LeyteEnergy Development Corp.1996/1997
Nasulo GPPFlash50.0Negros OccidentalEnergy Development Corp.2014
Mt. ApoFlash103.0North CotabatoEnergy Development Corp.1996

Solar power

Photovoltaic solar cell Monocrystalline solar panel.png
Photovoltaic solar cell

The Philippines receives some of the highest levels of solar irradiance in Southeast Asia, with average daily values reaching over 7 kWh/m² in April and around 3 kWh/m² in December based on measurements in 33 cities nationwide. [38]

In 2019, solar power accounted for about 1.2% of the country's total installed generation capacity of 23 GW. Government projections indicate that solar could reach at least 3.5% of a forecast 43 GW by 2040. [39] In 2019, a 2.16 MWp commercial rooftop solar project in Calamba, Laguna, developed by PROINSO and Solaren Renewable Energy Solutions, was awarded the Asian Power Awards "Solar Power Project of the Year". [40] [41]

By the end of 2024, Department of Energy data recorded 2,312 MW of installed solar photovoltaic (PV) capacity, driven by both utility-scale facilities and distributed systems in the commercial and residential sectors. [42] The International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) reported 1.7 GW of capacity earlier in the year, reflecting continuing growth in the sector. [43]

Major planned developments include the Meralco Terra Solar Farm, with a projected capacity of over 700 MW, which will contribute to the expansion of utility-scale solar generation in the country. [44]

As of 2025, commercial PV systems are increasingly adopted by businesses, farms, schools, and local government facilities, contributing to reductions in daytime peak demand and offsetting grid electricity costs. [45]

In the commercial rooftop segment, a 2.16 MWp installation in Calamba, Laguna received the Asian Power Awards' 2019 "Solar Power Project of the Year – Philippines". [46] [47]

Major solar power sites
Facility NameTypeInstalled Capacity (MW)LocationOwnerYear Commissioned
Tarlac-2Photovoltaic20Tarlac, TarlacPetroSolar Corp.2019
Tarlac-1Photovoltaic50Tarlac, TarlacPetroSolar Corp.2016
MajesticPhotovoltaic41.3CaviteMajestic Power Corp.2015
Pampanga SolarPhotovoltaic10.0Mexico, PampangaRaslag Corp.2015
Burgos SolarPhotovoltaic4.0Burgos, Ilocos NorteSolar Philippines2015
CEPALCO Solar PVPhotovoltaic1.0Cagayan de Oro, Misamis OrientalCEPALCO2004
Valenzuela – IslaPhotovoltaic8.6Valenzuela, Metro ManilaValenzuela Solar Energy Inc.2015
Valenzuela – TagalagPhotovoltaic20.69Valenzuela, Metro ManilaEco-Park Energy of Valenzuela Corporation2019
Solar, wind, and biomass energy output
20052006200720082009201020112012201320142015
Solar, wind, and biomass output (GWh)1955596379902052592793641,254
Percentage change189.47%7.27%6.78%25.40%13.92%127.78%26.34%7.72%30.66%244.50%

Wind power

Pililla wind farm Pililla Wind Farm.jpg
Pililla wind farm

As of the end of 2023, the Philippines had 427 MW of installed wind power capacity, according to the Department of Energy. [48] Most wind power sites are onshore facilities, with Ilocos Norte hosting the country's first large-scale wind farms. Other projects, such as the Pililla Wind Farm in Rizal and the Bangui Wind Farm in Ilocos Norte, have also become popular tourist destinations. [49] [50]

On March 13, 2024, German wind and solar developer wpd GmbH announced plans to invest ₱392.4 billion in the Philippines to establish offshore wind farms in Cavite, Negros Occidental, and Guimaras. The undertaking, registered with the Board of Investments (BOI) in 2023, represents the largest renewable energy investment of its kind in the country. According to the BOI, the projects in Cavite and Negros (1 & 2) will have a combined capacity of 3,260 MW and an estimated value of ₱400 billion. [51]

Major wind power sites
Facility Name [32] [33] [34] TypeInstalled Capacity (MW)LocationOwnerYear Commissioned
Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 1 and 2On-Shore33.0Ilocos NorteNorth Wind Power Development Corp.2005
Bangui Wind Farm Power Phase 3On-Shore18.9Ilocos NorteNorth Wind Power Development Corp.2014
Burgos Wind Farm On-Shore150.0Ilocos NorteEDC2014
Carispisan WindOn-Shore81.0Ilocos NorteNorth UPC2014
Pililla Wind Farm On-Shore54.0RizalAlternegy Philippine Holdings Corp.2015
TARECOn-Shore54.0GuimarasTAREC2014
NABAS Wind Phase 1On-Shore36.0AklanPWEI2015

Biomass power

Bagasse, a kind of biomass fuel Bagasse baling machine in Hainan - 06.jpg
Bagasse, a kind of biomass fuel
Rice husks Rice husk.jpg
Rice husks

Biomass energy refers to energy derived from plant and animal sources. [52] Biomass resources are abundant in the Philippines due to its large agricultural industry. Bagasse, rice husks, and coconut husks are used to generate power. [53] The Philippines also uses biogas from landfill as a biomass energy source. The availability of biomass can be affected by events such as drought. [54] |

Major biomass power sites
Facility Name [32] [33] [34] TypeInstalled Capacity (MW)LocationOwnerYear Commissioned
Green FutureBagasse19.8IsabelaGreen Future Innovation Inc.2014
5JC PowerRice Husk12.0Nueva EcijaI Power Corp.2015
Montalban LFGLandfill Gas9.3RizalMontalban Methane Power Corp.2009
Laguna LFGLandfill Gas4.2LagunaBacavalley Energy Inc.2011
Lucky PPHBagasse4.0IsabelaLucky PPH International Inc.2008
PangeaLandfill Gas1.2Metro ManilaPangea Green Energy Phil Inc.2013

Legislation

The Philippine government has passed four laws that seek to improve the state of renewable energy. These are the Electric Power Industry Reform Act of 2001 (RA 9136); the Biofuel Act of 2006 (RA 9367); the Renewable Energy Act of 2008 (RA 9513); and the Climate Change Act of 2009 (RA 9729).

The Electric Power Industry Reform Act (2001) (EPIRA) promotes the use of renewable energy particularly through private sector investment. [7] However, after a decade of EPIRA's enactment, advocacy groups and lawmakers said the law only strengthened monopolies and caused electricity rates to double. [55] [56] [57] [58]

The Biofuels Act (2006) documents state policy to reduce the Philippines' dependence on imported fossil fuels. It encourages investment in biofuels through incentives including reduced tax on local or imported biofuels; and bank loans for Filipino citizens engaged in biofuel production. The law resulted in the formation of the National Biofuel Board (NBB). [8]

The Renewable Energy Act (2008) legislates state policy to accelerate the development and use of renewable energy resources. [9] Under this act (section 6), mandated a minimum percentage of generation of electricity from renewable sources (a renewable portfolio standard (RPS)). Also under this act (section 7), a feed-In tariff system was implemented for electricity produced from renewable sources, giving producers the security of long term fixed prices. [59] Electricity utilities make net metering agreements with qualified end-users of renewable energy systems. A minimum percentage of electricity from renewable sources for the off-grid missionary electrification system was also mandated.

Under the Renewable Energy Act (2008), incentives are available to developers of renewable energy. These incentives include an income tax holiday for the first seven years of the entity's commercial operations; duty-free importation and special realty tax rates on renewable energy machinery, equipment and materials within the first ten years; net operating loss carry-over; zero percent Value-Added Tax (VAT) rate for the sale of fuel or power generated from renewable sources of energy; and Tax Credit on domestic capital equipment and services.

The Climate Change Act (2009) legislated state policy to incorporate a gender-sensitive, pro-children and pro-poor perspective in all climate change and renewable energy efforts. [10]

Feed-in tariff program statistics

FIT Monitoring Board summary [60]
ResourceFor Nomination / ConversionWith Certificate of Confirmation of CommercialityWith Certificate of Endorsement to ERC
No. of ProjectsCapacity (MW)No. of ProjectsCapacity (MW)No. of ProjectsCapacity (MW)
Hydro––66610.93426.60
Wind71,023.555431.006393.90
Solar18681.3030892.546131.90
Biomass––424.371194.25
TOTAL251704.851051,958.8427646.65
FiT degression [59]
RE TechnologyProposed FiT ($/kWh)*Approved FiT ($/kwh)*Degression Rate
Solar0.4070.2206% after 1 year from effectivity of FiT
Wind0.2350.1930.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT
Biomass0.1590.1500.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT
Run-of-River Hydro0.1390.1340.5% after 2 years from effectivity of FiT
*Based on US$1.00 : PHP 44.00

Private sector involvement

The Renewable Energy Act (2008) encourages the involvement of the private sector in renewable energy production through fiscal and non-fiscal incentives. [61]

Fiscal incentives include tax reductions, as well as funding assistance from both government and third parties. A number of international organizations have expressed willingness to aid Philippine businesses in developing local renewable energy infrastructure including German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Asian Development Bank (ADB), United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), and Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). [62] Impediments to private sector investment include high transaction costs; social engineering costs; lack of suitable local technology; and caps on electricity prices made by the Energy Regulatory Commission. [63] [61]

An itemized partial list of required permits, licenses and certificates for RE project application: [63]
Required Documents issued by the National GovernmentRequired Documents issued by the Local Government Units
  1. SEC Registration
  2. DOE Certificate/Endorsement
  3. DOE Accreditation
  4. BOI Registration
  5. CSR Approval — Anti-poverty Commission
  6. DENR EPC Certificate
  7. DENR Environmental Certificate (ECC)
  8. DENR Permit to Operate
  9. Development Permit (endorsed to LGU)
  10. Transfer Certificate of Title (LRB, HLURB)
  11. BIR Certified Tax Declaration
  12. ERC Certificate of Compliance
  13. NTC Permit to Purchase
  14. NTC License to operate
  15. ERC Compliance to Grid Code
  16. ERC Compliance to Distribution Code
  17. WESM Registration
  18. Right of Way permit
  19. Power Purchase Agreements
  20. Certificate of Registration as Importer
  1. LGU Endorsements (Governor, Mayor, Councils)
  2. Realty Tax
  3. Barangay Clearance to operate
  4. Business and Operations Tax
  5. Building permit
  6. Real Estate Tax Receipt
  7. Sanitary Permit
  8. Barangay Clearance for Construction
  9. Right of Way permits
  10. Water Rights
Renewable energy Technology [61] Issued FIT rate (per kWh)Proposed rate (per kWh)
SolarPhp 9.68Php 17.95
WindPhp 8.53Php 10.37
BiomassPhp 6.63Php 7.00
HydropowerPhp 5.90Php 6.15

Public-private partnership

Up until June 2015, the Department of Energy (DOE) had awarded 646 service contracts as Public-private partnerships to private sector entities under the Renewable Energy Law with installed capacity of 2,760.52 MW. [64]

ResourcesAwarded ProjectsInstalled CapacityPotential Capacity
Geothermal421,896.19750.00
Hydro407136.737,884.54
Wind51426.901,168.00
Solar93108.902,206.51
Biomass45191.80357.00
Ocean energy8–31.00
TOTAL6462,760.5212,397.05

Instances of private sector projects include:

Island GroupResourceProject NameProject Proponent
Luzon [65] HydropowerKapanganCordillera Hydro Electric Power Corporation
BulanaoDPJ Engineers and Consultants
PrismcPNOC-Renewables Corporation
Magat AIsabela Electric Cooperative, Inc.
Magat BIsabela Electric Cooperative, Inc.
TubaoTubao Mini-Hydro Electric Corporation
Catuiran*Sta. Clara Power Corp.
Inabasan*Ormin Power, Inc.
SolarSan Rafael Solar Power PlantSPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation
Morong Solar Power PlantSPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation
Cabanatuan Solar Power ProjectFirst Cabanatuan Renewable Ventures, Inc.
Palauig Solar Power PlantSPARC Solar Powered AgriRural Communities Corporation
Currimao Solar Photovoltaic Power ProjectMirae Asia energy Corporation
Macabud Solar Photovoltaic Power ProjectATN Philippines Solar energy Group, Inc.
Sta. Rita Solar Power ProjectJobin-Sqm Inc.
YH GreenYH Green
Tarlac Solar Power ProjectPetroSolar Corporation
Calatagan Solar Power Project Phase ISolar Philippines Calatagan Corporation
GeothermalBacman 3 (Tanawon) Geothermal Projectenergy Development Corporation
Maibarara 2 Geothermal ProjectMaibarara Geothermal Inc.
Biomass2 MW ACNPC WTE Biomass Power Plant ProjectAsian Carbon Neutral Power Corporation
12 MW Biomass Power Plant ProjectGreen Innovations for Tomorrow Corporation
5 MW Bicol Biomass energy CorporationBicol Biomass energy Corporation
8.8 MW Biogas Power Plant ProjectAseaGas Corporation
24 MW SJCiPower Rice Husk-Fired Biomass power Plant Project (Phase 1 – 12MW Phase 2 – 12 MW)San Jose City I Power Corporation
70 kW Biomass Gasification Power Plant Project*PowerSource Philippines, Inc.
Visayas [66] GeothermalBiliran Geothermal Plant ProjectBiliran Geothermal Incorporated
HydropowerVillasiga HEPSunwest Water & Electric Co., Inc.
Igbulo (Bais) Hydroelectric Power ProjectCentury Peak energy Corporation
CantakoyQuadriver energy Corp.
Amlan HEPPNatural Power Sources Integration, Inc.
SolarMiag-ao Solar Power ProjectCOSMO Solar energy, Inc.
La Carlota Solar Power Project Phase A (SACASOL II-A)San Carlos Solar energy Inc.
Cadiz Solar Power ProjectPhil.Power Exploration & Development Corporation
WindNabas Wind Power Project Phase I – 34 Phase II-16PetroWind energy Corporation
Biomass12 MW Multi-Feedstock Biomass Power Plant ProjectMegawatt Clean energy, Inc.
2.5 MW Rice Husk-Fired Biomass Power Plant ProjectMegawatt Clean energy, Inc.
Mindanao [67] HydropowerLake MainitAgusan Power Corporation
Puyo Hydroelectric Power ProjectFirst Gen Mindanao Hydropower Corp.
AsigaAsiga Green energy Corp.
Manolo Fortich IHedcor Bukidnon, Inc.
Manolo Fortich 2Hedcor Bukidnon, Inc.
SolarKibawe Solar Power ProjectAsiga Green energy Corp.
Digos Solar Power Project Phase IEnfinity Philippines Renewable Resources, Inc.
Digos Solar Power Project Phase IIEnfinity Philippines Renewable Resources, Inc.
Biomass3 MW Biomass Cogeneration FacilityPhilippine Trade Center, Inc.
15 MW LPC Biomass Power Plant ProjectLamsan Power Corporation
3.5 MW Biomass Cogeneration SystemGreen Earth Enersource Corporation
10MW Malay-balay Bioenergy Corporation Multi Feedstock Generating FacilityMalaybalay Bio-energy Corporation
23.5 MW EPC Woody Biomass Power Plant ProjectEastern Petroleum Corporation
12 MW Napier Grass-Fired Biomass Power Plant ProjectManolo Fortich Biomass energy Corporation

*—off grid project

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Philippines sets 50% renewables target by 2030". Agence France-Presse. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  3. ↑ Programme, Climate Action. "The Philippines pursues renewable energy expansion". Climate Action Programme. Archived from the original on 31 March 2018. Retrieved 31 March 2018.
  4. ↑ "Philippines". UNDP Climate Promise. Archived from the original on 28 May 2023. Retrieved 29 May 2023.
  5. ↑ World Journal "See how climate change affects the Philippines" Archived 14 October 2024 at the Wayback Machine TIME Accessed 8 April 2016.
  6. 1 2 Brahim S. "Renewable energy and energy security in the Philippines" in Energy Procedia.
  7. 1 2 [ "Republic Act No. 9136 - an Act Ordaining Reforms in the Electric Power Industry, Amending for the Purpose Certain Laws and for Other Purposes". Archived from the original on 21 April 2016. Retrieved 12 April 2016. "Republic Act No. 9136" department of Energy. Accessed 12 April 2016.
  8. 1 2 "Republic Act No. 9367" Archived 20 June 2022 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy Accessed 13 April 2016.
  9. 1 2 "Republic Act No. 9513" Archived 31 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy.
  10. 1 2 "Republic Act No. 9729" Archived 31 October 2020 at the Wayback Machine Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines 23 October 2009. Accessed 13 April 2016
  11. ↑ Latest renewable energies projects Archived 13 August 2018 at the Wayback Machine Reurasia.com 13 September 2016.
  12. ↑ Verifying greenhouse gas emissions National Research Council Washington DC 2010 p vii – 36. ISBN   978-0-309-15211-2.
  13. ↑ "Energy security" Archived 9 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine International Energy Agency. Accessed 8 April 2016.
  14. ↑ "Coal statistics" Archived 10 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy. Accessed 8 April 2016.
  15. ↑ "Philippines crude oil production by year" Archived 5 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine Index Mundi website. Accessed 8 April 2016.
  16. ↑ Membrere L. "Renewable energy" Archived 7 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy. Accessed 8 April 2016.
  17. 1 2 3 4 Membrere L. "2013 Philippine power statistics" Archived 10 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Accessed 8 April 2016.
  18. ↑ Agaton, Casper Boongaling (25 January 2018). "Use coal or invest in renewables: a real options analysis of energy investments in the Philippines". Renewables: Wind, Water, and Solar. 5 (1): 1. doi: 10.1186/s40807-018-0047-2 . ISSN   2198-994X.
  19. 1 2 3 "Summary of Installed Capacity, Dependable Capacity, Power Generation and Consumption". Philippines Department of Energy. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. Retrieved 15 August 2016.
  20. ↑ "List of existing plants (Luzon)" Archived 18 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy
  21. ↑ "List of existing plants (Visayas)" Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy
  22. ↑ "List of existing plants (Mindanao) Archived 10 June 2016 at the Wayback Machine Department of Energy
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