Greater Wellington (Wellington Region) | |
---|---|
Country | New Zealand |
Island | North Island |
Established | 1989 |
Seat | Wellington |
Territorial authorities | |
Government | |
• Body | Greater Wellington Regional Council |
• Chairperson | Daran Ponter (Labour) |
Area | |
• Land | 8,049.47 km2 (3,107.92 sq mi) |
Population (June 2024) [2] | |
• Region | 550,600 |
GDP | |
• Total | NZ$ 44.987 billion (2021) (3rd) |
• Per capita | NZ$ 82,772 (2021) |
Time zone | UTC+12:00 (NZST) |
• Summer (DST) | UTC+13:00 (NZDT) |
ISO 3166 code | NZ-WGN |
HDI (2021) | 0.958 [4] very high · 1st |
Website | GW.govt.nz |
Greater Wellington, also known as the Wellington Region (Māori: Te Upoko o te Ika), [5] is a non-unitary region of New Zealand that occupies the southernmost part of the North Island. The region covers an area of 8,049 square kilometres (3,108 sq mi), and has a population of 550,600(June 2024). [2]
The region takes its name from Wellington, New Zealand's capital city and the region's seat. The Wellington urban area, including the cities of Wellington, Porirua, Lower Hutt, and Upper Hutt, accounts for 79 percent of the region's population; other major urban areas include the Kapiti conurbation (Waikanae, Paraparaumu, Raumati Beach, Raumati South, and Paekākāriki) and the town of Masterton.
The region is administered by the Wellington Regional Council, which uses the promotional name Greater Wellington Regional Council. [6]
The council region covers the conurbation around the capital city, Wellington, and the cities of Lower Hutt, Porirua, and Upper Hutt, each of which has a rural hinterland; it extends up the west coast of the North Island, taking in the coastal settlements of the Kāpiti Coast District; east of the Remutaka Range it includes three largely rural districts containing most of Wairarapa, covering the towns of Masterton, Carterton, Greytown, Featherston and Martinborough. [7] The Wellington Regional Council was first formed in 1980 from a merger of the Wellington Regional Planning Authority and the Wellington Regional Water Board. [8]
Following the creation of the Auckland Council 'super-city' in 2009, a similar merger for councils within the Wellington Region was investigated by the Local Government Commission in 2013. The proposal was scrapped in 2015 following negative public feedback. [9]
In common usage the terms Wellington region and Greater Wellington are not clearly defined, and areas on the periphery of the region are often excluded. In its more restrictive sense the region refers to the cluster of built-up areas west of the Tararua ranges. The much more sparsely populated area to the east has its own name, Wairarapa, and a centre in Masterton. To a lesser extent, the Kāpiti Coast is sometimes excluded from the region. Otaki in particular has strong connections to the Horowhenua district to the north. This includes having been part of the MidCentral District Health Board (DHB) area, instead of the Capital and Coast DHB area like the rest of the Kāpiti Coast.
The Māori who originally settled the region knew it as Te Upoko o te Ika a Māui, meaning "the head of Māui's fish". Legend recounts that Kupe discovered and explored the region in about the tenth century.
The region was settled by Europeans in 1839 by the New Zealand Company. Wellington became the capital of Wellington Province upon the creation of the province in 1853, until the Abolition of the Provinces Act came into force on 1 Nov 1876. [10] Wellington became capital of New Zealand in 1865, the third capital after Russell and Auckland.
The region occupies the southern tip of the North Island, bounded to the west, south and east by the sea. To the west lies the Tasman Sea and to the east the Pacific Ocean, the two seas joined by the narrow and turbulent Cook Strait, which is 28 kilometres (17 mi) wide at its narrowest point, between Cape Terawhiti and Perano Head in the Marlborough Sounds.
The region covers 7,860 square kilometres (3,030 sq mi), and extends north to Ōtaki and almost to Eketāhuna in the east.
Physically and topologically the region has four areas running roughly parallel along a northeast–southwest axis:
Wellington Region covers 8,049.47 km2 (3,107.92 sq mi) [1] and had an estimated population of 550,600 as of June 2024, [2] with a population density of 68 people per km2.
Year | Pop. | ±% p.a. |
---|---|---|
1991 | 400,284 | — |
1996 | 414,048 | +0.68% |
2001 | 423,765 | +0.47% |
2006 | 448,959 | +1.16% |
2013 | 471,315 | +0.70% |
2018 | 506,814 | +1.46% |
2023 | 520,971 | +0.55% |
Source: [11] [12] |
Wellington Region had a population of 520,971 in the 2023 New Zealand census, an increase of 14,157 people (2.8%) since the 2018 census, and an increase of 49,656 people (10.5%) since the 2013 census. There were 253,278 males, 263,691 females and 4,002 people of other genders in 196,230 dwellings. [13] 5.7% of people identified as LGBTIQ+. The median age was 37.9 years (compared with 38.1 years nationally). There were 89,685 people (17.2%) aged under 15 years, 109,104 (20.9%) aged 15 to 29, 241,272 (46.3%) aged 30 to 64, and 80,916 (15.5%) aged 65 or older. [11]
Of those at least 15 years old, 113,526 (26.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, 199,524 (46.3%) had a post-high school certificate or diploma, and 82,521 (19.1%) people exclusively held high school qualifications. [11]
Name | Area (km2) | Population | Density (per km2) | Dwellings | Median age | Median income |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kapiti Coast District | 731.52 | 55,914 | 76.4 | 23,097 | 48.8 years | $39,100 [14] |
Porirua City | 174.80 | 59,445 | 340.1 | 19,134 | 35.9 years | $47,200 [15] |
Upper Hutt City | 539.88 | 45,759 | 84.8 | 16,890 | 39.1 years | $48,600 [16] |
Lower Hutt City | 376.40 | 107,562 | 285.8 | 39,279 | 37.5 years | $47,800 [17] |
Wellington City | 289.91 | 202,689 | 699.1 | 77,835 | 34.9 years | $55,500 [18] |
Masterton District | 2,300.21 | 27,678 | 12.0 | 10,911 | 42.7 years | $37,200 [19] |
Carterton District | 1179.91 | 10,107 | 8.6 | 4,116 | 48.4 years | $37,800 [20] |
South Wairarapa District | 2387.76 | 11,811 | 4.9 | 4,953 | 47.5 years | $42,800 [21] |
Tararua District (part) | 69.09 | 6 | 0.1 | 3 | – | – [22] |
Wellington Region | 8,049.47 | 520,971 | 64.7 | 196,230 | 37.9 years | $48,700 |
Over three-quarters of the 550,600people (June 2024) [2] reside in the four cities at the southwestern corner. Other main centres of population are on the Kāpiti Coast and in the fertile farming areas close to the upper Ruamahanga River in the Wairarapa.
Along the Kāpiti Coast, numerous small towns sit close together, many of them occupying spaces close to popular beaches. From the north, these include Ōtaki, Waikanae, Paraparaumu, the twin settlements of Raumati Beach and Raumati South, Paekākāriki and Pukerua Bay, the latter being a northern suburb of Porirua. Each of these settlements has a population of between 2,000 and 10,000, making this moderately heavily populated.
In the Wairarapa the largest community by a considerable margin is Masterton, with a population of over 20,000. Other towns include Featherston, Martinborough, Carterton and Greytown.
Urban area | Population (June 2024) [2] | % of region |
---|---|---|
Wellington | 214,200 | 38.9% |
Lower Hutt | 114,500 | 20.8% |
Porirua | 60,600 | 11.0% |
Upper Hutt | 45,000 | 8.2% |
Paraparaumu | 30,300 | 5.5% |
Masterton | 23,200 | 4.2% |
Waikanae | 13,150 | 2.4% |
Carterton | 5,980 | 1.1% |
Ōtaki | 5,270 | 1.0% |
Greytown | 2,940 | 0.5% |
Featherston | 2,760 | 0.5% |
Ōtaki Beach | 2,120 | 0.4% |
Martinborough | 2,050 | 0.4% |
Paekākāriki | 1,800 | 0.3% |
The median income as of the 2023 census was $48,700, compared with $41,500 nationally. 78,597 people (18.2%) earned over $100,000 compared to 12.1% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 236,730 (54.9%) people were employed full-time, 57,411 (13.3%) were part-time, and 12,573 (2.9%) were unemployed. [11]
People could identify as more than one ethnicity. The results in the 2023 census were 72.6% European (Pākehā); 15.5% Māori; 9.1% Pasifika; 15.2% Asian; 2.3% Middle Eastern, Latin American and African New Zealanders (MELAA); and 2.2% other, which includes people giving their ethnicity as "New Zealander". English was spoken by 96.2%, Māori language by 3.9%, Samoan by 2.8% and other languages by 17.2%. No language could be spoken by 2.0% (e.g. too young to talk). New Zealand Sign Language was known by 0.6%. The percentage of people born overseas was 28.1, compared with 28.8% nationally.
Religious affiliations were 31.1% Christian, 3.0% Hindu, 1.3% Islam, 0.7% Māori religious beliefs, 1.2% Buddhist, 0.5% New Age, 0.2% Jewish, and 1.7% other religions. People who answered that they had no religion were 54.3%, and 6.1% of people did not answer the census question. [11]
Nationality | Population (2018) |
---|---|
England | 29,043 |
India | 11,334 |
China | 8,664 |
Australia | 8,400 |
Samoa | 7,410 |
Philippines | 6,642 |
South Africa | 6,435 |
United States | 4,581 |
Fiji | 4,047 |
Scotland | 3,843 |
In the 2013 census, around 25.3 percent of the Wellington region's population was born overseas, second only to Auckland (39.1 percent) and on par with the New Zealand average (25.2 percent). The British Isles is the largest region of origin, accounting for 36.5 percent of the overseas-born population in the region. Significantly, the Wellington region is home to over half of New Zealand's Tokelauan-born population. [24] [25]
Catholicism was the largest Christian denomination in Wellington with 14.8 percent affiliating, while Anglicanism was the second-largest with 11.9 percent affiliating. Hinduism (2.4 percent) and Buddhism (1.6 percent) were the largest non-Christian religions in the 2013 census. [25]
Key cultural institutions in the region include Te Papa in Wellington, the Dowse Art Museum in Lower Hutt, Pataka museum and gallery in Porirua.
The subnational gross domestic product (GDP) of the Wellington region was estimated at NZ$39.00 billion in the year to March 2019, 12.9% of New Zealand's national GDP. The subnational GDP per capita was estimated at $74,251 in the same period, the highest of all New Zealand regions. In the year to March 2018, primary industries contributed $389 million (1.0%) to the regional GDP, goods-producing industries contributed $5.93 billion (15.9%), service industries contributed $27.84 billion (74.5%), and taxes and duties contributed $3.20 billion (8.6%). [26]
Public transport in the region is well developed compared to other parts of New Zealand. It consists of buses, trains, cars, ferries and a funicular (the Wellington Cable Car). It also included trams until 1964 and trolleybuses until 2018. Buses and ferries are privately owned, with the infrastructure owned by public bodies, and public transport is often subsidised. The Regional Council is responsible for planning and subsidising public transport. The services are marketed under the name Metlink. Transdev Wellington operates the metropolitan train network, running from the Wellington CBD as far as Waikanae in the north and Masterton in the east. In the year to June 2015, 36.41 million trips were made by public transport with passengers travelling a combined 460.7 million kilometres, equal to 73 trips and 927 km per capita. [27]
The Wellington region has the lowest rate of car ownership in New Zealand; 11.7 percent of households at the 2013 census did not have access to a car, compared to 7.9 percent for the whole of New Zealand. The number of households with more than one car is also the lowest: 44.4 percent compared to 54.5 percent nationally. [28]
The main port in the region is located in Wellington Harbour. CentrePort Wellington manages cargo passing through the port including containers, logs, vehicles and other bulk cargo. Fuel imports are managed at wharves at Seaview and Miramar. The company also leases wharf facilities to the Interislander and Bluebridge ferry services which operate across Cook Strait between Wellington and Picton in the South Island, and it provides support for cruise ships that visit Wellington each year. CentrePort is majority-owned by Greater Wellington Regional Council, with a 77% shareholding. [29]
From 2005 to 2015 there has been increase in the variety and number of native forest bird species, as well as an increase in the range of areas inhabited by these species, in Greater Wellington. [30]
The internationally recognised Ramsar estuarine wetlands site at Foxton Beach is of note as having one of the most diverse ranges of wetlands birds to be seen at any one place in New Zealand. A total of 95 species have been identified at the estuary. It is a significant area of salt marsh and mudflat and a valuable feeding ground for many birds including the migratory Eastern bar-tailed Godwit, which flies all the way from Siberia to New Zealand to escape the harsh northern winter. The estuary is also a permanent home to 13 species of birds, six species of fish and four plants species, all of which are threatened. It regularly supports about one percent of the world population of wrybills. [31]
The Kāpiti Coast District, is a local government district of the Wellington Region in the lower North Island of New Zealand, 50 km (31 mi) north of Wellington City. The district is named after Kapiti Island, a prominent island 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) offshore.
The South Wairarapa District is a district at the south-east tip of the North Island of New Zealand, governed by the South Wairarapa District Council. The district comprises the southernmost part of the Wairarapa, and is part of the Wellington Region.
Carterton is a small town in the Wellington Region of New Zealand and the seat of the Carterton District. It lies in a farming area of the Wairarapa in New Zealand's North Island. It is located 14 km (8.7 mi) southwest of Masterton and 80 km (50 mi) northeast of Wellington. The town has a population of 5,980, out of a total district population of 10,250.
Horowhenua District is a territorial authority district on the west coast of the North Island of New Zealand, administered by Horowhenua District Council. Located north of Wellington and Kāpiti, it stretches from slightly north of the town of Ōtaki in the south to just south of Himatangi in the north, and from the coast to the top of the Tararua Range. It is in the Manawatū-Whanganui local government region. The name Horowhenua is Māori for landslide.
The Thames-Coromandel District is a territorial authority district in the North Island of New Zealand, covering all the Coromandel Peninsula and extending south to Hikutaia.
Waikato District is a territorial authority of New Zealand, in the northern part of Waikato region, North Island. Waikato District is administered by the Waikato District Council, with headquarters in Ngāruawāhia.
Southland District is a New Zealand territorial authority district that covers most of the southern end of the South Island as well as Stewart Island.
Central Otago District is local government district in New Zealand. It is administered by the Central Otago District Council, and it is in the Otago region, the top tier of local government in New Zealand. The major towns in the district are Alexandra, Cromwell, Roxburgh, Clyde and Ranfurly. The district covers 9,968 km2 (3,849 sq mi), making it the fourth-largest district in New Zealand by area, and is home to 26,500 people as of June 2024.
Westland District is a territorial authority district on the West Coast of New Zealand's South Island. It is administered by the Westland District Council. The district's population is 9,430.
Grey District is a district in the West Coast Region of New Zealand that covers Greymouth, Runanga, Blackball, Cobden, and settlements along the Grey River. It has a land area of 3,474.31 square kilometres (1,341.44 sq mi). The seat of the Grey District Council, the local government authority that administers the district, is at Greymouth, where 58.4% of the district's population live.
Clutha District is a local government district of southern New Zealand, with its headquarters in the Otago town of Balclutha. Clutha District has a land area of 6,334.47 km2 (2,445.75 sq mi) and an estimated population of 19,300 as of June 2024. Clutha District occupies the majority of the geographical area known as South Otago.
South Taranaki is a territorial authority on the west coast of New Zealand's North Island that contains the towns of Hāwera, Manaia, Ōpunake, Patea, Eltham, and Waverley. The District has a land area of 3,575.46 km2 and a population of 30,400. It is part of the greater Taranaki Region.
Mackenzie District is a local government district on New Zealand's South Island, administered by the Mackenzie District Council. It is part of the larger Canterbury Region. The region takes its name from the Mackenzie Basin, an elliptical intermontane basin which covers much of inland Canterbury.
Taupō District is a territorial authority district in New Zealand. It covers 6,333 km² of land, and a further 610 km² of lake area, including Lake Taupō, New Zealand's largest lake, and Lake Rotoaira. The district stretches from the small town of Mangakino in the northwest to the Tongariro National Park in the south, and east into the Kaingaroa Forest. The district's population is largely located in the two main centres, Taupō and Tūrangi.
Whangarei District is a territorial authority district in the Northland Region of New Zealand that is governed by the Whangarei District Council. The district is made up in area largely by rural land, and includes a fifth of the Northland Region. It extends southwards to the southern end of Bream Bay, northwards to Whangaruru and almost to the Bay of Islands, and westwards up the Mangakahia River valley past Pakotai and almost to Waipoua Forest. It includes the Hen and Chicken Islands and the Poor Knights Islands.
Lower Hutt is a city in the Wellington Region of New Zealand. Administered by the Hutt City Council, it is one of the four cities that constitute the Wellington metropolitan area.
Ōtorohanga District is a territorial authority in the King Country area and Waikato region of the North Island of New Zealand. It is a mostly rural area, with Ōtorohanga town being by far the biggest urban area, with a population nearing 3,000. The District was called Otorohanga County from 1971 to 1979.
Timaru District is a local government district on New Zealand's South Island, administered by the Timaru District Council. It is part of the larger Canterbury Region. Timaru district was formed in 1989 from the amalgamation of Timaru City, Geraldine borough, Temuka borough and Strathallan County.
Ashburton District is a territorial authority district in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand. It encompasses the town of Ashburton, a number of small towns and settlements and the surrounding rural area, roughly coterminous with Mid Canterbury. The district had a population of 38,400 as of June 2024.
Waimate District is a territorial authority district located in the Canterbury Region of the South Island of New Zealand. The main town is Waimate, while there are many smaller rural communities dispersed throughout the area. Its boundary to the south is the Waitaki River, to the west Lake Benmore and to the north-east the Pareora River.