Sydney central business district

Last updated

Sydney CBD
Sydney,  New South Wales
Sydney CBD on a sunny day.jpg
Sydney city centre
Location map Australia Sydney.png
Red pog.svg
Sydney CBD
Coordinates 33°52′8″S151°12′30″E / 33.86889°S 151.20833°E / -33.86889; 151.20833
Population16,667 (SAL 2021) [1]
Postcode(s) 2000
Elevation58 m (190 ft)
Area2.8 km2 (1.1 sq mi)
LGA(s) City of Sydney
State electorate(s) Sydney
Federal division(s) Sydney
Suburbs around Sydney CBD:
Barangaroo Millers Point
The Rocks 		Port Jackson
Pyrmont Sydney CBD Woolloomooloo
Darlinghurst
Ultimo Haymarket
Ultimo 		Surry Hills

The Sydney central business district (CBD) is the historical and main commercial centre of Sydney. The CBD is Sydney's city centre, or Sydney City, and the two terms are used interchangeably. Colloquially, the CBD or city centre is often referred to simply as "Town" or "the City". The Sydney city centre extends southwards for about 3 km (2 mi) from Sydney Cove, the point of first European settlement in which the Sydney region was initially established.

Contents

Geographically, its north–south axis runs from Circular Quay in the north to Central railway station in the south. Its east–west axis runs from a chain of parkland that includes Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Garden and Farm Cove on Sydney Harbour in the east; to Darling Harbour and the Western Distributor in the west.

The Sydney City is Australia's main financial and economic centre, as well as a leading hub of economic activity for the Asia Pacific region. [2] In 2012, the number of workers operating in the city was 226,972. [3] Based on industry mix and relative occupational wage levels it is estimated that economic activity (GDP) generated in the city in 2015/16 was approximately $118 billion. [4] Culturally, the city centre is Sydney's focal point for nightlife and entertainment. It is also home to some of the city's most significant buildings and structures.

Geography and urban structure

The Central Business District is surrounded by parks such as Hyde Park, The Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain. Sydney CBD Skyline with Hyde Park and St Marys Cathedral.jpg
The Central Business District is surrounded by parks such as Hyde Park, The Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain.

The Sydney CBD is an area of very densely concentrated skyscrapers and other buildings, interspersed by several parks such as Hyde Park, The Domain, Royal Botanic Garden and Wynyard Park. George Street is the Sydney CBD's main north–south thoroughfare.

The CBD runs along two ridge lines below Macquarie Street and York Streets. Between these ridges is Pitt Street, running close to the course of the original Tank Stream (now tunneled). Bridge Street took its name from the bridge running east–west that once crossed this stream. Pitt Street is the retail heart of the city which includes the Pitt Street Mall and the Sydney Tower. Macquarie Street is a historic precinct that houses such buildings as the State Parliament House and the Supreme Court of New South Wales. [5]

The skyline of the central business district Sydney CBD, northeast view 20230224 1.jpg
The skyline of the central business district

Boundaries

A map showing Sydney's city centre and adjacent areas OSM central Sydney.png
A map showing Sydney's city centre and adjacent areas

The Geographical Names Board defines the area covering the central business district as the suburb named "Sydney". [6] The formal boundaries of the suburb "Sydney" covers most of the peninsula formed by Cockle Bay in the west and Woolloomooloo Bay in the east. It extends north to Circular Quay, Bennelong Point and Mrs Macquarie's Chair, east to Woolloomooloo Bay and the eastern boundary of the Domain and Hyde Park, south to Goulburn Street just north of Sydney's Chinatown (Haymarket), and west to cover the Darling Harbour area on the western shore of Cockle Bay. However, it does not include the northwestern portion of the peninsula which includes the Barangaroo, The Rocks, Millers Point, Dawes Point and Walsh Bay area, which are formally separate suburbs grouped by the City of Sydney into the "small area" called "The Rocks - Miller's Point - Dawe's Point". [7] [8]

The postcode zone 2000 is also roughly correlative with the city centre.

City of Sydney boundaries over time

The City of Sydney is traditionally the governing authority for Sydney's city centre. However, the boundaries of the City of Sydney have always been larger than the city centre or CBD. For example, Pyrmont has been in the City of Sydney since 1842 but is usually considered to be an inner western suburb, not a part of the Sydney city centre or CBD.

History

The Sydney colony (c. 1799) Thomas Watling View of Sydney.jpg
The Sydney colony (c. 1799)

Sydney's history begins in prehistoric times with the occupation of the district by Australian Aboriginals, whose ancestors came to Sydney in the Upper Paleolithic period. [9] Radiocarbon dating suggests that they lived in and around Sydney for at least 30,000 years. [10] Sydney Cove from Port Jackson to Petersham was inhabited by the Cadigal clan. The principal language groups were Darug, Guringai, and Dharawal. [11] The modern history of the city began with the arrival of a First Fleet of British ships in 1788 and the foundation of a penal colony by Great Britain. The area surrounding Port Jackson (Sydney Harbour) was home to several Aboriginal tribes. The "Eora people" are the coastal Aboriginal people of the Sydney district. The name Eora simply means "here" or "from this place", and was used by Local Aboriginal people to describe to the British where they came from. [12]

A tram passes through a crowd of people during lunch hour, Pitt Street, 1937. K. Davis - Tramwoman at work (and other tram photographs), 1933-1942 (15806644966) (2).jpg
A tram passes through a crowd of people during lunch hour, Pitt Street, 1937.

After arriving to Botany Bay, Captain Arthur Phillip decided that the area was not suitable since it had poor soil, no secure anchorage and no reliable water source. [13] Thus, the fleet moved to the more suitable Port Jackson where a settlement was established at Sydney Cove on 26 January 1788. [14] This date later became Australia's national day, Australia Day. The colony was formally proclaimed by Governor Phillip on 7 February 1788 at Sydney. Sydney Cove offered a fresh water supply and Port Jackson a safe harbour, which Phillip described as: "being without exception the finest Harbour in the World". [15] With the expansion of European settlement large amounts of land was cleared for farming, which resulted in the destruction of Aboriginal food sources. This, combined with the introduction of new diseases such as smallpox, caused resentment within the Aboriginal clans against the British and resulted in violent confrontations. [16]

The oldest legislative body in Australia, the New South Wales Legislative Council, was created in Sydney in 1825 as an appointed body to advise the Governor of New South Wales. The northern wing of Macquarie Street's's Rum Hospital was requisitioned and converted to accommodate the first Parliament House in 1829, as it was the largest building available in Sydney at the time. [17] In 1840 the Sydney City Council was established. Australia's first parliamentary elections were conducted for the New South Wales Legislative Council in 1843. [18]

Market Street in January 1986, showing Sydney Tower and the now defunct Sydney Monorail (1)Market Street Sydney.jpg
Market Street in January 1986, showing Sydney Tower and the now defunct Sydney Monorail

Macquarie set aside a large portion of land for an Anglican Cathedral and laid the foundation stone for the first St Mary's Catholic Cathedral in 1821. St Andrew's Anglican Cathedral, though more modest in size than Macquarie's original vision, later began construction and, after fire and setbacks, the present St Mary's Catholic Cathedral foundation stone was laid in 1868, from which rose a towering gothic-revival landmark. [19] Religious groups were also responsible for many of the philanthropic activities in Sydney. One of these was the Sydney Female Refuge Society set up to care for prostitutes in 1848. [20] An academy of art formed in 1870 and the present Art Gallery of New South Wales building began construction in 1896. [21] Inspired by the works of French impressionism, artists camps formed around the foreshores of Sydney Harbour in the 1880s. [22] The Romanesque landmark Queen Victoria Building (QVB), designed by George McRae, was completed in 1898 on the site of the old Sydney markets. [23]

In the midst of World War I, on Valentine's Day, riots racked the CBD, in what has come to be known as the Central Station Riots of 1916. [24] A substantial segment of the violence was concentrated in the Central area. These riots involved five thousand military recruits who refused to comply with extraneous parade orders. During the riots, they caused significant damage to buildings. People with "foreign" names were especially targeted. The recruits clashed with soldiers, resulting in the death of Private Ernest William Keefe. Eight people sustained injuries. Because this incident occurred in the middle of the Great War the state discouraged media coverage. Only a fifth of the rioters were court-marshalled. These riots spurred the introduction of lockout laws for pubs after 6 pm. This law was only lifted in 1955. [25]

The early 1960s onwards saw the construction of new modern high-rise skyscrapers in the Sydney CBD, in styles of concrete and glass structures.

Governance

The Sydney Town Hall Sydney Town Hall (2).jpg
The Sydney Town Hall

Administratively, the Sydney CBD falls under the authority of the local government area of the City of Sydney. [26] The New South Wales state government also has authority over some aspects of the CBD, in particular through Property NSW. [27]

In the New South Wales state parliament, the seat of "Sydney" covers the city centre together with inner western, southern and eastern suburbs. Independent Alex Greenwich has represented the state seat of Sydney since the 2012 by-election, triggered by the resignation of previous independent Clover Moore, who was the Lord Mayor of Sydney, due to introduced state laws preventing dual membership of state parliament and local council. [28]

In the federal parliament, the seat of "Sydney" covers the city centre together with a larger set of inner western, southern and eastern suburbs, as well as islands in the Sydney Harbour and Lord Howe Island. Australian Labor Party member Tanya Plibersek has represented the federal seat of Sydney since the 1998 Australian federal election. [29]

Commercial area

The northwestern end of the Sydney CBD as viewed from Sydney Tower SydneyCBDfromTower.jpg
The northwestern end of the Sydney CBD as viewed from Sydney Tower
George Street, the main CBD thoroughfare George St, Sydney 10-45am.jpg
George Street, the main CBD thoroughfare

The Sydney CBD is home to some of the largest Australian companies, as well as serving as an Asia-Pacific headquarters for many large international companies. [30] The financial services industry in particular occupies much of the available office space, with companies such as the Westpac, Commonwealth Bank, Citibank, Deutsche Bank, Macquarie Group, AMP, Insurance Australia Group, Aon, Marsh McLennan, Allianz, HSBC, Axa, ABN Amro, [31] Royal Bank of Canada and Bloomsbury Publishing all having offices. [32]

Transport

Sydney's CBD is serviced by commuter rail, light rail, bus and ferry transport.

St James station; one of six underground stations in the CBD St James Station Sydney.jpg
St James station; one of six underground stations in the CBD

Sydney's main commuter rail hub is Central railway station, which is located to the south of the CBD in Haymarket: it connects services for almost all of the lines in the Sydney Trains network, as well as being the terminus for NSW TrainLink country and inter-urban rail services. From Central, there is a largely-underground CBD rail loop, accessed in both directions via Central, which services five CBD stations (Town Hall, Wynyard, Circular Quay, St James and Museum). This is known as the City Circle. In addition, a separate underground line to Bondi Junction services an additional underground station, Martin Place. [33]

The Inner West Light Rail passes immediately to the south of the CBD, connecting Central to nearby suburbs of Sydney's Inner West. The CBD and South East Light Rail runs north–south through the CBD, connecting Circular Quay with Central and the Eastern Suburbs.[ citation needed ]

Light rail on George Street Sydney Light Rail 11.jpg
Light rail on George Street

Buses service the CBD along several dozen routes to both inner and more remote suburbs. NightRide is an after-hours bus service that operates between midnight and 5:00 am, with most services running from George Street outside the Sydney Town Hall. [34]

Sydney Ferries operate largely from Circular Quay, on the northern edge of the CBD. There are several wharves (directly beneath the elevated Circular Quay commuter rail station), with Wharf 3 operating exclusively to Manly.

Additionally, the rapid transit line connecting the northwest suburbs with Chatswood is planned to continue to the CBD when the second stage of the Sydney Metro is completed. This rapid transit line is underground in the CBD area and will link the North Shore to Bankstown via a tunnel underneath Sydney Harbour and the CBD. It is currently under construction, with a planned completion date of 2024. Construction on a separate rapid transit line to connect the CBD with the secondary centre of Parramatta is also expected to begin in late 2022. [35]

Culture

The Art Gallery of New South Wales Art Gallery of New South Wales at night.jpg
The Art Gallery of New South Wales

Sydney's cultural centre is compacted within its central business district and inner city ring, due to its nightlife, pedestrian traffic and centrality of notable attractions. [36] There is a large concentration of cultural institutions within the CBD including: the Museum of Sydney, the State Library of New South Wales, the Customs House branch of the City of Sydney Library, the Theatre Royal, the City Recital Hall and the Japan Foundation. There are a total of 19 churches located in the Sydney city centre. [37]

Many other cultural institutions are located at the surrounds of the CBD, such as: the Sydney Opera House and the Museum of Contemporary Art to the north, the Australian Museum and the Art Gallery of New South Wales to the east, the Powerhouse Museum to the west, White Rabbit Gallery and the Haymarket branch of the City of Sydney Library to the south. The lanes and alleyways of Sydney exhibit the culture and arts of the CBD. [38]

Every January during the summer, the city celebrates with the Sydney Festival. Australian and International theatre during the month is also featured, including Aboriginal, and Contemporary.

The Sydney Film Festival is an international event organised every year in June at various venues across the CBD. The festival opened on 11 June 1954 and was held over four days, with screenings at Sydney University. Attendance was at full capacity with 1,200 tickets sold at one guinea each. [39]

Sydney boasts a lively café culture, as well as a club and bar scene distributed throughout the CBD and concentrated in a couple of locations such as Darling Harbour. [40] Although Kings Cross is not technically located within the Sydney CBD, it is accessible via William Street, which runs through Hyde Park and is part of the inner-city region. Oxford Street hosts Sydney's gay scene. [41]

Architecture

World Square skyscrapers World Tower brom beneath.jpg
World Square skyscrapers
Victorian architecture on York Street (1)Hotel CBD 006.jpg
Victorian architecture on York Street

The Sydney CBD contains many of Australia's tallest skyscrapers, including Governor Phillip Tower, 25 Martin Place and World Tower, the latter consisting predominantly of apartments. It is also home to the Australia Square tower building on George Street, which was the city's tallest building until 1976. As of 2017, the tallest structure is Sydney Tower at 309 m (1,014 ft) which has dominated the city skyline since it was topped out in 1981. In 2016, height limits for buildings were lifted from 235 m (771 ft) to 310 m (1,017 ft). [42]

Heritage conservation has been an ongoing issue for Sydney's city centre since the introduction of green bans in the 1970s and the increasing need for office or living space. [43] Since then, a number of prominent buildings in the CBD have been lost: Anthony Hordern & Sons on George Street, the Regent Theatre also on George Street, Commercial Travelers' Club and Hotel Australia at Martin Place all attracted the ire of Sydneysiders–Sydney Mayor Clover Moore, then the MP for Bligh, even addressed a crowd in Martin Place in 1988 in a futile attempt to save the Regent Theatre from its imminent fate.

Demographics

George Street outside the Gowings Building George Street Sydney Gowings Building.jpg
George Street outside the Gowings Building

At the 2021 census, the population of the Sydney CBD was recorded as 16,667. [44]

Australia-born individuals make up 22.3% of the CBD's population. The most common countries of birth other than Australia were Indonesia (12.9%), Thailand (12.4%), China (9.7%), India (3.5%) and South Korea (3.1%). Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander people made up 0.3% of the population. [44]

Culturally, residents in the CBD have diverse ancestries, with Chinese, Thai, English, Indonesian, and Korean being the most common. Religious affiliations are equally diverse, with the largest group reporting 'No Religion' (36.1%), followed by Buddhism (21.4%) and Catholicism (13.7%). 99.2% of dwellings were flats or apartments. 72.0% were rented and 24.2% were owned outright or with a mortgage in 2021. [44]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sydney</span> Capital city of New South Wales, Australia

Sydney is the capital city of the state of New South Wales and the most populous city in Australia. Located on Australia's east coast, the metropolis surrounds Sydney Harbour and extends about 80 km from the Pacific Ocean in the east to the Blue Mountains in the west, and about 80 km from the Ku-ring-gai Chase National Park and the Hawkesbury River in the north and north-west, to the Royal National Park and Macarthur in the south and south-west. Greater Sydney consists of 658 suburbs, spread across 33 local government areas. Residents of the city are colloquially known as "Sydneysiders". The estimated population in June 2023 was 5,450,496, which is about 66% of the state's population. The city's nicknames include the "Emerald City" and the "Harbour City".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Newcastle, New South Wales</span> City in New South Wales, Australia

Newcastle or Greater Newcastle, locally nicknamed Newy, is a regional metropolitan area and the second-most-populated district in New South Wales, Australia. It includes the cities of Newcastle and Lake Macquarie; it is the hub of the Lower Hunter region, which includes most parts of the local government areas of City of Newcastle, City of Lake Macquarie, City of Maitland, City of Cessnock, and Port Stephens Council.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Darling Harbour</span> Harbour adjacent to the city centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Darling Harbour is a harbour adjacent to the city centre of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia that is made up of a large recreational and pedestrian precinct that is situated on western outskirts of the Sydney central business district.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Sydney</span>

The history of Sydney is the story of the peoples of the land that has become modern Sydney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Circular Quay</span> Locality in New South Wales, Australia

Circular Quay is a harbour, former working port and now international passenger shipping terminal, public piazza and tourism precinct, heritage area, and transport node located in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia on the northern edge of the Sydney central business district on Sydney Cove, between Bennelong Point and The Rocks. It is part of the local government area of the City of Sydney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haymarket, New South Wales</span> Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales

Haymarket is an inner city suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It is located at the southern end of the Sydney central business district in the local government area of the City of Sydney. Haymarket includes much of Sydney's Chinatown, Thaitown and Railway Square localities. Haymarket is adjacent to Darling Harbour and is surrounded by the suburbs of Ultimo, Chippendale, Surry Hills and the Sydney CBD.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">North Shore (Sydney)</span> Region in New South Wales, Australia

The North Shore is a region within Northern Sydney, in New South Wales, Australia, generally referring to suburbs located on the northern side of Sydney Harbour up to Wahroonga, and suburbs between Middle Harbour and the Lane Cove River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Port Macquarie</span> City in New South Wales, Australia

Port Macquarie is a city on the Mid North Coast of New South Wales, Australia, 390 km (242 mi) north of Sydney, and 570 km (354 mi) south of Brisbane, on the Tasman Sea coast at the mouth of the Hastings River, and the eastern end of the Oxley Highway (B56). It had a population of 47,974 in 2018, and an estimated population of 50,307 in 2023.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kirribilli, New South Wales</span> Suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Kirribilli is a suburb of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. One of the city's most established and affluent neighbourhoods, it is located three kilometres north of the Sydney central business district, in the local government area administered by North Sydney Council. Kirribilli is a harbourside suburb, sitting on the Lower North Shore of Sydney Harbour. Kirribilli House is one of the two official residences of the Prime Minister of Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern Suburbs (Sydney)</span> Region in New South Wales, Australia

The Eastern Suburbs is the eastern metropolitan region of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Light rail in Sydney</span> Light rail system in New South Wales, Australia

The Sydney light rail network is a light rail/tram system serving the city of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. The network currently consists of three passenger routes, the L1 Dulwich Hill, L2 Randwick and L3 Kingsford lines. The network comprises 42 stops and a system length of 24.7 km (15.3 mi), making it the second largest light rail network in Australia behind the tram network in Melbourne, Victoria. A fourth line, the 12 km (7.5 mi) Parramatta Light Rail in Sydney's west, is currently under construction and planned to open in August 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">George Street, Sydney</span> Street in Sydney, Australia

George Street is a street in the central business district of Sydney.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cahill Expressway</span> Highway in Sydney, Australia

Cahill Expressway is an urban freeway in Sydney and was the first freeway constructed in Australia, with the first section, from the Bradfield Highway to Conservatorium Place being opened to traffic in March 1958. It links the southern end of the Sydney Harbour Bridge, via an elevated roadway, a tunnel and cuttings between the Royal Botanic Garden and The Domain, to Woolloomooloo in Sydney's inner-eastern suburbs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in Sydney</span> Overview of transport in Sydney, Australia

Transport in Sydney is provided by an extensive network of public transport operating modes including metro, train, bus, ferry and light rail, as well as an expansive network of roadways, cycleways and airports. According to the 2006 census, in terms of travel to work or study Sydney has the highest rate of public transport usage among the Australian capital cities of 26.3% with more than 80% of weekday trips to/from Central Sydney being made by public transport. According to the New South Wales State Plan, the state has Australia's largest public transport system. The public transport network is regulated by Transport for NSW.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Railways in Sydney</span>

Sydney, the largest city in Australia, has an extensive network of passenger and freight railways. The passenger system includes an extensive suburban railway network, operated by Sydney Trains, a metro network and a light rail network. A dedicated freight network also exists. Future expansion of the light rail network includes the Parramatta Light Rail. Existing light rail services are the Inner West Light Rail and the CBD & South East Light Rail.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Regions of Sydney</span> Overview article

The metropolis of Greater Sydney in New South Wales, Australia, is informally subdivided into a number of geographic regions. The geographical definition of Greater Sydney spans across 33 local government areas and includes the Blue Mountains in the west, the Northern Beaches and the Hawkesbury in the north, the Royal National Park, the Wollondilly and Macarthur in the south, and Botany Bay in the east. These areas sometimes, but not always, roughly coincide with official boundaries of suburbs, local government authorities, or cadastral units, and some of the customary regions do not have well defined boundaries at all. Some commonly referred to regions overlap: for example, Canterbury-Bankstown is often referred to as a region, but it is also part of the South Western Sydney region. The regions themselves are not used as a formal jurisdiction, and generally do not have administrative or legislative bodies, although some regions are coterminous with a local government area, and in a number of regions that include multiple local government areas, Regional Organisations of Councils have been established that represent the councils in the region.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Metrobus (Sydney)</span> Sydney high frequency, high capacity bus network

Metrobus is a high frequency, high capacity bus network in Sydney, Australia, first introduced in 2008. Metrobus services run every 10 minutes during peak periods, 15 minutes during off-peak weekday periods, and 20 minutes on weekends, linking key commercial suburbs and centres throughout the city, with the intention of making timetables obsolete. All buses were initially painted in a distinctive red livery but recently, the standard Transport for NSW livery of blue and white has been adopted. All Metrobus services are wheelchair accessible. All route numbers were prefixed with an "M" followed by a two-digit number.

Various railway lines have been proposed for Sydney, Australia, including both heavy rail extensions to the existing network, and more recently proposals for metro style lines–one of which was completed in 2019.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CBD and South East Light Rail</span> Light rail line in Sydney, Australia

The CBD and South East Light Rail is a pair of light rail lines running between Sydney's central business district (CBD) and the south-eastern suburbs of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. It consists of the L2 Randwick Line which runs between Circular Quay and Randwick, as well as the L3 Kingsford Line which runs between Circular Quay and Kingsford. Construction commenced in October 2015, with the L2 Randwick Line commencing services on the 14 December 2019 and the L3 Kingsford Line on the 3 April 2020. It is part of Sydney's light rail network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sydney Metro City & Southwest</span> Rapid transit project in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Sydney Metro City & Southwest is a 30-kilometre (19 mi) rapid transit project nearing completion in Sydney, Australia. The project will extend the Metro North West Line from Chatswood on the North Shore, to Bankstown in the city's south-west via the Sydney central business district.

References

  1. ↑ Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Sydney Central Business District (suburb and locality)". Australian Census 2021. Retrieved 20 August 2022.  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
  2. ↑ Australia, Tourism (18 November 2021). "Sydney Industry Sectors - Business Events - Tourism Australia". businessevents.australia.com. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  3. ↑ "CBD and Harbour". City Of Sydney. 2012. Archived from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 29 April 2019.
  4. ↑ "Australia's economic activity heavily concentrated in Sydney and Melbourne". taxpayer.com.au. 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 1 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.
  5. ↑ "Parliament House | The Dictionary of Sydney". dictionaryofsydney.org. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  6. ↑ "NSW GNB - Sydney (suburb)". Archived from the original on 4 September 2019. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  7. ↑ Detailed Suburb Report for Sydney Archived 16 January 2021 at the Wayback Machine , Microburbs
  8. ↑ Sydney - About the profile areas Archived 1 November 2017 at the Wayback Machine , ID.com.au
  9. ↑ Attenbrow, Val (2010). Sydney's Aboriginal Past: Investigating the Archaeological and Historical Records. Sydney: UNSW Press. pp. 152–153. ISBN   978-1-74223-116-7. Archived from the original on 23 September 2023. Retrieved 11 November 2013.
  10. ↑ Macey, Richard (2007). "Settlers' history rewritten: go back 30,000 years". Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 2 July 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  11. ↑ "Cook's landing site". Department of Planning & Environment. 2014. Archived from the original on 5 November 2013. Retrieved 5 July 2014.
  12. ↑ "Aboriginal people and place |". www.sydneybarani.com.au. Archived from the original on 26 April 2020. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  13. ↑ "Geographical Names Register Extract - Sydney". Place Name Search. Geographical Names Board of New South Wales. Archived from the original on 18 September 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  14. ↑ Peter Hill (2008) p.141-150
  15. ↑ "Arthur Phillip | State Library of New South Wales". Archived from the original on 3 February 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  16. ↑ "Aboriginal People of the Sydney Region". Australian Association of Bush Regenerators. Archived from the original on 19 July 2008. Retrieved 11 May 2013.
  17. ↑ "Parliament House - City of Sydney". Archived from the original on 6 March 2011. Retrieved 17 February 2011.
  18. ↑ "AEC redirection page". Archived from the original on 1 June 2011. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  19. ↑ "QVB". Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  20. ↑ SYDNEY FEMALE REFUGE SOCIETY Archived 12 April 2024 at the Wayback Machine . (8 March 1864). Empire (Sydney, NSW : 1850 – 1875), p. 5. Retrieved 5 February 2019
  21. ↑ "AGNSW - History of the Art Gallery of New South Wales". www.artgallery.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 11 September 2002.
  22. ↑ "Artists' camps | the Dictionary of Sydney". Archived from the original on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2020.
  23. ↑ "About". www.qvb.com.au. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  24. ↑ "The Central Station Riots of 1916". historyofsydney.com.au. 30 April 2017. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 29 July 2023.
  25. ↑ "The Central Station Riots of 1916". History of Sydney. Archived from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 21 November 2018.
  26. ↑ "Home". City of Sydney. Archived from the original on 19 February 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  27. ↑ "Property Asset Utilisation". Audit Office of New South Wales. 7 October 2018. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  28. ↑ "Clover Moore set to leave NSW parliament - 9News". www.9news.com.au. 3 April 2012. Archived from the original on 20 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  29. ↑ "About". www.tanyaplibersek.com. Archived from the original on 12 June 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2023.
  30. ↑ "The city at a glance". City of Sydney. 9 April 2020. Archived from the original on 7 September 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  31. ↑ "Australia Archived 16 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine ." ABN Amro. Retrieved 15 February 2017.
  32. ↑ "Contact Us Archived 13 October 2012 at the Wayback Machine ." Bloomsbury Publishing. Retrieved 14 October 2012. "Bloomsbury Publishing Pty Ltd. Level 14 309 Kent St Sydney NSW 2000 Australia"
  33. ↑ "The Eastern Suburbs Railway". Transport Heritage NSW . 29 July 2019. Archived from the original on 3 April 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  34. ↑ Late night services Archived 13 April 2018 at the Wayback Machine Transport for NSW
  35. ↑ "Sydney Metro West a step closer". 27 August 2020. Archived from the original on 28 August 2020. Retrieved 27 August 2020.
  36. ↑ "Bathurst Street, Sydney". Pavo Properties. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  37. ↑ "Churches". sydneyorgan.com. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved 22 June 2015.
  38. ↑ "In Between Two Worlds | City Art Sydney". www.cityartsydney.com.au. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  39. ↑ Kaufman, Tina (May 2003). "Looking Back, Looking Forward: the Sydney Film Festival at 50". Senses of Cinema. 26. Senses of Cinema Inc. Archived from the original on 15 April 2005. Retrieved 25 April 2005.
  40. ↑ "Sydney City". Destination New South Wales. Archived from the original on 9 April 2013. Retrieved 6 April 2013.
  41. ↑ "Gay Sydney, Australia | The Essential LGBT Travel Guide!". 6 March 2019. Archived from the original on 19 June 2023. Retrieved 19 June 2023.
  42. ↑ Lambert, Olivia (14 July 2016). "Sydney allows taller skyscrapers while Melbourne attempts to curb density". News.com.au. Archived from the original on 16 January 2021. Retrieved 30 October 2020.
  43. ↑ "PS Spotlight: Exhibition projects insight into past of city's picture theatres". 1 September 2017. Archived from the original on 21 December 2019. Retrieved 21 December 2019.
  44. 1 2 3 Australian Bureau of Statistics (28 June 2022). "Sydney". 2021 Census QuickStats. Retrieved 5 December 2022. OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.