Sadiq Khan of the Labour Party, who has served as the mayor of London since 2016, was re-elected as mayor and became the first person to be elected to the role for three terms.[3] The Conservative Party stood former London Assembly Conservative leader Susan Hall as its candidate, the Green Party nominated Hackney borough councillor Zoë Garbett, the Liberal Democrats nominated Rob Blackie, and Reform UK nominated Howard Cox. There were eight other candidates.
Background
The mayor of London has responsibilities covering policing, transport, housing, planning, economic development, arts, culture and the environment. They control a budget of around £18 billion per year.[4] Mayors are typically elected for a period of four years, with no limit to the number of terms served.[5] Under the Greater London Authority Act 1999, mayoral elections are held on the first Thursday in May in the fourth calendar year following the previous election, unless varied by an order by the Secretary of State. On 13 March 2020, the government announced the election would be postponed until 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[6] The change in election date has been ignored when setting the date of the following election. Consequently, this election was held only three years after the 2021 London mayoral election that saw the Labour mayor Sadiq Khan re-elected.[7]
Khan froze London Underground fares from 2016 to 2020 and introduced a violence reduction unit into the Metropolitan Police.[9] In August 2023, he announced a £135m programme to provide free school meals for all primary school children in London not covered by the UK government.[10]
Ultra Low Emission Zone
Khan introduced an Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) in April 2019. The scheme had been initially planned by Boris Johnson when he was mayor. The scheme means that vehicles that fail to meet emissions standards need to pay a £12.50 charge each day they drive within the zone, with money raised from charges invested to improve transport and air quality. The zone was expanded in October 2021 to cover the area between the North Circular Road and the South Circular Road. Khan announced plans to further expand the ULEZ to cover the whole of Greater London in August 2023.[11] The proposal was voted through by the London Assembly with support from Labour, Liberal Democrat and Green members and opposition from the Conservatives.[12] The expansion was unsuccessfully legally challenged by four London borough councils and Surrey County Council.[13] Khan had expressed a desire to replace the ULEZ in the future with a more comprehensive road pricing scheme. He later said that no such scheme would be introduced during his mayoralty.[11][14] In July 2023, Labour failed to win the Uxbridge and South Ruislip by-election by a narrow margin, which was credited to local opposition to expansion of the ULEZ.[15] Khan later extended financial support available to scrap non-compliant vehicles to all London residents, rather than the previous plan to apply a means test, funded from reserves.[16]
The incumbent mayor Sadiq Khan announced in January 2022 that he would seek election to a third term as mayor of London. There had been speculation as to whether he would instead seek election to the House of Commons in hope of becoming leader of the Labour Party.[22][23] The Labour Party officially reselected Khan as its candidate in December 2022 following a vote of party members and affiliated trade unions.[24][25] Khan pledged to maintain the 2030 target for Greater London Authority operations to reach net zero emissions, including decarbonising all buses and establishing a fund to put solar panels on school roofs as part of a wider climate plan.[26][27][28] He said he would establish a new publicly-owned company to take over London buses with support from a potential future Labour government.[29] He matched Hall's promise to extend Night Tube services to four more lines.[30] Khan promised to increase police budgets by £88 million raised "mainly from council tax" and sought more central government funding for policing.[31] He said he would hire 1,300 more police officers and establish a free legal advice service for victims of sexual offences.[32][33] He promised to have built 40,000 new council houses between 2018 and 2030.[34] Khan pledged to end rough sleeping in London by 2030 by investing £10 million to extend a network of hubs "designed to help an extra 1,700 rough sleepers every year with rapid reassessment and rehousing".[35][36][37] He said he would not increase the minimum standards for the ULEZ, or seek further expansion.[38] He promised not to introduce road pricing, which a Conservative election leaflet, designed to look like a penalty notice, accused him of doing. Labour reported the leaflets to the Crown Prosecution Service to assess their legality.[39] Khan asked supporters of the Green Party and the Liberal Democrats to vote for him to avoid the Conservatives winning after making changes to voting ID laws and the electoral system.[40] Khan was endorsed by Siobhan Benita, who was temporarily the Liberal Democrat mayoral candidate in 2020 before withdrawing.[41][42] He was also endorsed by the actor Mark Hamill.[43]
In July 2023, the Conservatives selected Susan Hall, a member of the London Assembly who led the Conservative group there from 2019 to 2023, as their candidate.[44] Hall is considered to be on the right wing of the Conservative Party and had enthusiastically supported Liz Truss as prime minister and Donald Trump as president of the United States.[45] In September 2023, Hall was reported to have liked a tweet that praised Enoch Powell (who gained fame for his Rivers of Blood speech) and liked tweets that described London's mayor Sadiq Khan as "our nipple height mayor of Londonistan" and a "traitor rat".[46][47] When asked about the tweets, a spokesman for Hall's campaign said "Susan engages with many people on Twitter without endorsing their views".[47] She later disavowed Powell.[48] Several people in the Conservative Party said they should make the election a "referendum" on expansion of the ULEZ.[49] Hall said she would reverse expansion of the ULEZ immediately if elected.[50] She said she would remove 20mph speed limits on main roads. Hall listed policing and housing as her other priorities.[50] She pledged to extend Night Tube services to four more lines.[30] Hall said she would "ban officers overtly supporting LGBT campaigns by wearing rainbow flag badges, or engaging in anti-racism gestures".[46] She said she would increase police budgets by £200 million by cutting City Hall staff and Transport for London staff benefits, including pension spending.[51] She said she would hire 1,500 more police officers and establish two new police bases in every borough.[52][53] Hall promised to introduce a women's commissioner, increase British Transport Police presence and make it easier to report harassment to Transport for London staff.[54] She said she would invest in knife detection equipment for police officers and schools.[51] She supported "more family homes, even if they are high-density, low-rise, as long as they are beautiful homes".[48] She promised to extend Khan's policy of free school meals for all primary school students for at least one more year.[10] She said that tourists visiting from abroad should receive a value-added tax refund on purchases made in London.[55] Hall was endorsed by an editorial in The Sunday Telegraph.[56]
In February 2023 the Green Party selected Zoë Garbett, a councillor on Hackney London Borough Council who works on health inequalities for the NHS, to be their mayoral candidate.[57] Garbett also ran in the 2023 Hackney mayoral by-election, where she came second with 24.5% of the vote.[58] She said that if elected mayor of London, she would introduce free bus transport for people under the age of 22 and "free morning travel for older people", de-prioritise policing of cannabis and improve protection for renters.[57][59][60] She proposed a strategy for London to reach zero murders by 2034, in part by hiring youth workers.[53] She said she supported expansion of the ULEZ to cover all of Greater London, but wanted greater financial support for owners of non-compliant cars.[57] She said that she wanted to replace the ULEZ and congestion charge with road pricing based on "distances driven, vehicle emissions, time of day and location", with potential to account for the number of passengers in the future.[38] Garbett said that she wanted the Silvertown Tunnel to be closed to cars.[61] She advocated a "London living wage" of £15 an hour.[59] In January 2024 she proposed a two-year rent freeze and a rent commission that would set target rents.[62] She said she would buy more homes from the general market to be let out as council housing.[63]
The Liberal Democrats selected Rob Blackie in August 2023. Blackie said he would provide legal support to undocumented immigrants who had lived in London for several years to seek citizenship and maintain Khan's policy of free school meals for at least one more year.[64] He promised to seek devolution of work permits in the form of a "London passport" to attract foreign workers.[65] He said that reducing crime and prosecuting more sexual offenders were priorities for him, and that he would deprioritise the policing of drug possession and significantly reduce the use of stop and search powers.[64][65] He proposed a new "Sexual Offences Unit" of the Metropolitan Police with a target of returning the proportion of sexual offenders being caught from 9% back to 18%, the level it was in 2016.[42] He proposed a "voluntary tourist tax" levied on hotel bills to raise more funds for policing.[66] Blackie promised to introduce grants to pay for the installation of solar panels and trialling both allowing all buses to be hailed from any location after 10pm and free cycle hire on Sundays.[42] He said he wanted ULEZ implementation to be "fairer", giving an example of some night shift workers being charged to both go to and leave work.[55] Blackie said that Khan's policy of freezing London Underground fares was "phoney", as it did not apply to travelcard tickets or caps linked to travelcard prices. He promised to cancel the Underground fare freeze and suspension of peak prices on Fridays in order to increase police budgets by £117 million.[31] He said that Khan and Hall would be equally bad mayors.[61]
Reform UK announced the campaigner Howard Cox as their candidate in May 2023. Cox had campaigned against increases in hydrocarbon oil duty, a tax on fossil fuels used by most road motor vehicles.[67] Reform said that Cox would abolish the ULEZ entirely, end low traffic neighbourhood schemes and reduce the use of 20mph speed limits.[67] He said he also wanted to "triple" both the number of police officers on the street and the amount of social housing being built.[68] He said he recognised climate change, but did not believe it was caused by human activity and asserted that it is not a crisis. Cox said he had previously always voted Conservative. The party leader, Richard Tice, said the Conservatives should stand down and endorse Reform UK.[69]
During the campaign, two televised debates were held: ITV held the first in mid-April, and the BBC held the second in late April. Both debates were attended by Khan, Hall, Garbett and Blackie.[70][71]
The Evening Standard newspaper endorsed Khan, but noted that he "must rectify the failings of the first and second [terms] ... delivering on his promises on crime, housing and the cost of living"[72]
In May 2023, the Conservatives set a timetable to announce a mayoral candidate on 18 July.[78][79] Applications opened on 9 May and closed on 24 May, after which a longlist was produced. A committee was due to produce a shortlist of up to three candidates on 4 June, with local members voting to select a candidate from 4 July to 18 July.[80] It was reported that the Conservatives were seeking to find a celebrity or high-profile businessperson to run as their candidate, such as Karren Brady or Robert Rinder, but the party's former mayoral nominee Steven Norris said it was difficult to convince people to "potentially ruin their reputation, for half the city to hate them".[81]
Several Conservative members declared their candidacies, including members of the London Assembly Andrew Boff, Susan Hall and Nick Rogers; the Minister for LondonPaul Scully MP; the Member of the SeneddNatasha Asghar; the former councillor Duwayne Brooks; the former special advisers Samuel Kasumu and Daniel Korski; and the businesspeople Natalie Campbell and Alex Challoner. Boff had sought the Conservative nomination in five previous mayoral elections, while Brooks sought the Liberal Democrat nomination in 2012 and 2016 and the Conservative nomination in 2021.[82] Kasumu had worked as an adviser to Boris Johnson, but resigned in 2021, saying he thought that the Conservative Party were trying to "pick a fight on the culture war and to exploit division".[83]
On the question of expansion of the Ultra Low Emission Zone to cover all of Greater London, Boff, Campbell, Rogers and Scully all said they would unilaterally reverse it if elected while Kasumu said he would grant referendums to affected boroughs to decide whether to be part of it.[78][84][82] On housing, Kasumu said he wanted to "make boroughs more accountable for house building" while Rogers promised to develop policy aimed at renters.[78][85] Scully said he would find new sites for housing, concentrating height in central London.[84] Challoner said he would build five new neighbourhoods with ten thousand homes each.[86] On policing and crime, Brooks said he would abolish the Directorate of Professional Standards of the Metropolitan Police, with investigations of police to be instead conducted by a new body of former police officers and lawyers.[82] Challoner said he would establish a new police unit for burglary and car-related crimes.[86] Campbell said she wanted to be more of a chief executive officer for London than a mayor.[87]
On 11 June, it was announced that Hall, Korski and the lawyer Mozammel Hossain had been chosen as the party's shortlist.[91] Scully had been expected to be included, and Hossain's candidacy had not previously been public.[92][93]
Hall was the only candidate to have held elected office, as a former council leader and member of the London Assembly.[94] She said she would "get the basics right" by focusing on "policing, transport and housing" instead of "fancy ideas". On transport, she opposed expansion of the Ultra Low Emission Zone and said she would remove Low Traffic Neighbourhoods wherever she had the authority to.[95][96] She opposes road pricing. She expressed concern that some striking London Underground staff "are earning far more than average" and pledged to review their pay and benefits.[96] On crime, she said she would introduce a new unit of the Metropolitan police dedicated to burglary, theft, mugging and fences.[97] On housing, she advocated high-density "green, community-oriented places" but opposed any construction on the green belt. She voted for the UK to leave the European Union in the 2016 referendum and supported the leadership campaign of Liz Truss.[96]
Hossain is a criminal barrister. He said he would appeal more than the other candidates to ethnic minority voters.[98] He said he would lobby the government for deregulation to "attract big business".[99] He supported more use of stop and search said he would "crack down" on drill music.[100][101] He voted for the UK to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum.[99] Hossain's campaign manager, Ben Mallett, and another member of his team, Malin Bogue, both appeared in a short video clip taken at a Christmas party on 14 December 2020 at Conservative Campaign Headquarters, made available by the Daily Mirror in June 2023. His supporter Nick Candy was also at the event, which was held while London was in Tier 2 COVID-19 restrictions, one of the events collectively known as Partygate.[102] The clip shows people ignoring social distancing, including Bogue dancing with someone.[103] The invitation for the event, sent out on behalf of Mallet, described it with the words "Jingle and Mingle".[104] Hossain was also supported by Iain Duncan Smith.[101]
According to The Telegraph, Korski was the candidate preferred by the Conservative Party's leadership.[96] Instead of ULEZ expansion, Korski said he wanted to plant trees, electrify buses and referred to "large ventilators on billboards that suck the pollution out of the air" in Peru as a better solution.[105] He said he would build more housing over train stations and railway tracks.[106] He also said he wanted to create a tourist tax to fund a new "minor crimes constabulary" among other police projects.[106] He voted for the UK to remain in the European Union in the 2016 referendum and supported Tom Tugendhat's Conservative leadership campaign.[99][107] Korski was endorsed by George Freeman and Michael Gove and claimed endorsements from Alicia Kearns, Andrew Mitchell, Joanna Shields and Tugendhat.[108][109][93]
During a hustings event, all of the candidates said they would cancel expansion of the ULEZ, with Korski supporting a road pricing system instead. All the candidates said they would invest more in community policing.[94]
In June 2023, the TV producer Daisy Goodwin said that Korski had groped her during a meeting in Downing Street a decade earlier. She had described the event some years earlier but without naming Korski.[110] Korski denied the allegation.[111] On 28 June, he withdrew his candidacy.[112] He said that he had mentioned the existence of the "story" to the party during the selection process.[113] Some argued that the contest should be re-started after Korski pulled out. Broadcaster and former Conservative Party Parliamentary candidate Iain Dale, who said he himself was approached on three separate occasions to seek the Conservative mayoral nomination, was critical of the decision not to do so.[114]
Susan Hall was announced as the candidate on 19 July 2023, winning 57% of the vote against Hossain.[115][44]
The Green Party nominated Zoë Garbett as its candidate. Garbett was elected as councillor for Dalston ward on Hackney London Borough Council in 2022, simultaneously coming second in the election for mayor of Hackney with 17.0% of the vote.[122] At the time of her selection she worked for the NHS on health inequalities.[123][124] She had been endorsed by the party's only MP Caroline Lucas and two members of the London Assembly, Siân Berry and Caroline Russell; Berry had served as the party's mayoral candidate on three former occasions.[125][126]
Two other candidates, the councillor and former MEP Scott Ainslie and the councillor Benali Hamdache, contested the nomination. Ainslie had campaigned on "retrofitting London's homes, delivering free school meals for all primary school children, and ensuring London's pension funds are divested from fossil fuels" while Hamdache had advocated "a tourist tax and a workplace parking levy in London" and replacing the London Assembly with a new London Parliament.[127]
Rob Blackie was selected as the Liberal Democrat candidate
The Liberal Democrats announced their candidate, Rob Blackie on 11 August 2023. He was chosen by a vote of party members from a shortlist of two, Blackie and Chris French.[130] Blackie works in digital marketing and worked on the Best for Britain anti-Brexit campaign. He said he would re-prioritise the Met Police towards sexual offences and away from "low-level drug offences". He also promised cleaner rivers, more solar panels and better transport links for outer London.[131] French, who works as a community advocate and previously served as a special constable, had said he would reform policing and reduce health inequalities.[132]
Blackie was being treated for cancer in 2023–4. He had his left kidney removed in February 2023 and announced the successful completion of his cancer treatment in March 2024.[133]
Count Binface, a satirical candidate who stood in the 2021 London mayoral election, announced his candidacy in March 2024.[135] The candidate previously came ninth out of twenty candidates in the 2021 London mayoral election with 1.0% of the vote.
Natalie Campbell, a businessperson who applied for the Conservative candidacy, announced that she would run as an independent. She said she would consider abolishing the Metropolitan Police and replacing them with a new police force. She had opposed the expansion of the ULEZ, but said she would only reverse it if it were cost-effective.[136] She supports the Bakerloo line extension.[137]
Amy Gallagher, a nurse who took legal action against the Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust over alleged discrimination, was announced as the Social Democratic Party's candidate in December 2023.[138] She said she would provide free transport for people under the age of 25 and "push back on woke ideology".[139]
Independent
Tarun Ghulati
Tarun Ghulati, an Indian-born investment banker, declared his candidature in November 2023, saying he would eliminate the ULEZ, remove the congestion charge for weekends and holidays, and abolish 20mph speed limit zones and Low Traffic Neighbourhoods. He also said he would focus on affordable housing.[140][141] He promised to re-open police stations in areas with a lot of crime.[142]
Independent
Andreas Michli
Andreas Michli, a businessperson, said he would run as an independent candidate. He pledged to abolish the ULEZ, low-traffic neighbourhoods, the congestion charge, and the target for net zero emissions.[143][144] He said he wanted police officers to be trained in Brazilian jiu-jitsu to blue belt, and in the law "comparable to a solicitor".[139][143][144] He said that as mayor he would give free gym memberships for London residents.[143] He said he had been "radicalised by lockdown".[144] He unsuccessfully appealed two fixed penalty notices for breaking lockdown rules.[145]
Brian Rose, a podcaster who promoted misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic and stood in the 2021 election, said he would seek election again under the banner of his London Real party. He said he would abolish the ULEZ, privatise Transport for London, and seek to deregulate cryptocurrency investment.[146]
Several people declared they would stand or launched campaigns, but were not ultimately nominated.
Shyam Batra, a finance broker, announced in January 2024 that he would stand as an independent candidate, saying he would abolish the ULEZ, congestion zone, and 20mph speed limits as well as introducing support "to get everyone on the housing ladder".[138][147]LBC reported that he was prohibited from being a company director and believed aliens were "blending into our communities".[148]
Piers Corbyn, a conspiracy theorist who stood for the Let London Live party in 2021, said he would run in the 2024 election.[149]
Niko Omilana, a YouTuber who stood as an independent candidate in 2021, was unable to stand as his nomination papers were found to be invalid.[153]
Withdrew
Serge Crowbolder, a deliveryman, intended to run as an independent. He said he would lobby the government to facilitate a system to reduce rents, establish an e-democracy platform, look to provide solar panels and heat pumps to every home, and commission a feasibility study into the building of a dam between Essex and Kent.[154] He withdrew his candidacy having been unable to raise funds for a deposit.[155]
Rayhan Haque, a campaigner, said he would increase support for cyclists, explore car-free days like those used in Paris, and create an academy to teach London residents about artificial intelligence to "surpass what San Francisco is doing".[156] Haque left the Labour Party in 2019.[152] He withdrew his candidacy in March 2024, saying he could not win and did not want "the progressive vote to be splintered".[157]
Potential
The former leader of the Labour Party Jeremy Corbyn said he would think about standing for mayor as an independent when asked at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe in August 2023.[158] Corbyn is the MP for Islington North and was a Labour member at the time, but was expelled from the Party after successfully running as an independent in the 2024 United Kingdom general election.[159] Corbyn had been included as a named candidate on some polls; polling in September 2023 by Redfield & Wilson found that Khan led without Corbyn listed, but that Corbyn's inclusion resulted in a Hall lead.[160]
It had been speculated that the former prime minister Boris Johnson might stand as an independent candidate. Johnson previously served as mayor of London from 2008 to 2016.[161]
The election was won by Sadiq Khan of the Labour Party, becoming the first Mayor of London to win a third term of office.[163] Khan increased his share of the vote by 3.8% compared to 2021. Susan Hall of the Conservative Party came second; however, the Conservative share of the vote fell by 2.6% compared to 2021. Rob Blackie of the Liberal Democrats took third place by 70 votes, with the Greens falling to fourth place for the first time since the 2008 London mayoral election.[163]
Sadiq Aman Khan is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016. A member of the Labour Party, Khan is on the party's soft left and has been ideologically characterised as a social democrat.
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The Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) is an area in London, England, where an emissions standard based charge is applied to non-compliant road vehicles. Plans were announced by London Mayor Boris Johnson in 2015 for the zone to come into operation in 2020. Sadiq Khan, the subsequent mayor, introduced the zone early in 2019. The zone initially covered Central London, the same area as the existing London congestion charge; in 2021, Khan extended the zone to cover the area within the North Circular and South Circular roads. In 2023 it was further extended to all of Greater London, covering over 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) and approximately 9 million people.
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