Ultra Low Emission Zone

Last updated

Ultra Low Emission Zone
UK traffic sign TA5054.F.svg
The combined Low Emission Zone and Ultra Low Emission Zone symbol seen on road signs
Location Greater London
Launched8 April 2019;5 years ago (2019-04-08)
Technology
Operator Capita
Manager Transport for London
Currency Pound sterling
Retailed
  • Online
  • Telephone
  • Post
Website tfl.gov.uk/modes/driving/ultra-low-emission-zone OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Ultra Low Emission Zone
Boundary of the ULEZ
'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000012-QINU`"'  From 2023
'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000013-QINU`"'  2021–2023
'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000014-QINU`"'  Congestion zone

The Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) is an area in London, England, where an emissions standard based charge is applied to non-compliant road vehicles. Plans were announced by London Mayor Boris Johnson in 2015 for the zone to come into operation in 2020. Sadiq Khan, the subsequent mayor, introduced the zone early in 2019. The zone initially covered Central London, the same area as the existing London congestion charge; in 2021, Khan extended the zone to cover the area within the North Circular and South Circular roads. In 2023 it was further extended to all of Greater London, covering over 1,500 square kilometres (580 sq mi) and approximately 9 million people.

Contents

The zone has reduced the number of non-compliant cars on the road and has averted an amount of toxic air pollution equivalent to that emitted by London's airports combined.[ citation needed ] The zone raised £224 million in 2022.

Although planned and developed across different governing London political parties, the ULEZ has become politicised, with criticisms regarding its effectiveness and value reported on.

History

Advance warning sign about the Ultra Low Emission Zone and Congestion Charging Zone (2019-2021) Sign for London ultra low emission zone (geograph 6183970).jpg
Advance warning sign about the Ultra Low Emission Zone and Congestion Charging Zone (2019–2021)
.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em} NOx emissions from road transport in Greater London (GLA boundary) from 2013 to 2019 Contributors to London air pollution.png
NOx emissions from road transport in Greater London (GLA boundary) from 2013 to 2019

2019 central zone

Plans for an ultra–low emission zone were under consideration since 2014 under London Mayor Boris Johnson. [2] Johnson announced in 2015 that the zone covering the same areas as the Central London congestion charge would come into operation in September 2020. Sadiq Khan, Johnson's successor, introduced an emissions surcharge, called the Toxicity Charge or "T-Charge", for non-compliant vehicles from 2017. [3] [4] The Toxicity Charge was replaced by the Ultra Low Emission Zone on 8 April 2019, which was introduced ahead of schedule.

2021 inner expansion

The zone was expanded to cover the Inner London area inside the North Circular and South Circular roads on 25 October 2021 so that it covers an area containing 3.8 million people. [5] [6] Around a million vehicles a day drive in the expanded zone, but Transport for London (TfL) estimated that 87% were already compliant with the emissions rules, meaning nearly 140,000 vehicles would have to be replaced or pay the charge, including 100,000 cars, 35,000 vans, and 3,000 heavy goods vehicles. [7] [8]

A month into the expansion, TfL said that the proportion of compliant vehicles had risen from 87% to 92%, and the number of non-compliant vehicles had fallen by over a third (from 127,000 to 80,000 on weekdays). They also said that 94% of cars complied compared to 78% of vans. [9] Six months after the expansion, TfL estimated that NOx in Inner London was 20% lower than it would have been without the expansion and found that 95% of cars and 83% of vans now met the standard. [10]

2023 outer expansion

The ULEZ was expanded on 29 August 2023 to cover all 32 London boroughs, bringing an additional five million people into the zone. [11] The new outer boundary coincides with the London low emission zone. It covers most of Greater London, with minor deviations to allow diversionary routes and facilities to turn around without entering the zone. [12] [13]

In March 2022, TfL estimated that 20,000 to 40,000 vehicles would be taken off the road due to the expansion. Khan said: "This is also a matter of social justice – with air pollution hitting the poorest communities the hardest. Nearly half of Londoners don't own a car, but they are disproportionally feeling the damaging consequences polluting vehicles are causing." [14]

The extended zone covers over 1,500km2 and approximately 9 million people. [15]

Operation

Road sign used since the 2023 expansion of the zone UK traffic sign LEZ ULEZ.svg
Road sign used since the 2023 expansion of the zone

Charging

The £12.50 charge applies 24 hours a day every day of the year except Christmas Day (25 December). [16] The criteria for charging is based on European emission standards:

Buses, coaches, and heavy goods vehicles must meet or exceed the Euro VI standard or pay £100 per day as part of the separate London low emission zone. Drivers entering central London who have paid for ULEZ are still subject to the London congestion charge.

The money raised from the ULEZ is invested in the transport network and other measures to reduce air pollution in London. [17] In 2022 the zone raised £224m in charges and fines. The income from ULEZ declined from month to month in 2022 as more vehicles entering the zone became compliant with emissions standards. [18]

Exemptions

Vehicles in the "disabled" tax class are exempt from the charge, as are London-licensed taxis, private hire vehicles which are wheelchair accessible, and historic vehicles (over 40 years old). There are also exemptions for agricultural vehicles, military vehicles, certain types of mobile cranes and non-road going vehicles which are allowed to drive on the highway (e.g. excavators). [19] Residents of the zone did not pay the charge until October 2021, [20] provided they were registered for the residents' Congestion Charge discount and met the T-Charge standards[ citation needed ].

Scrappage scheme

There was a scrappage scheme to help those on income support or disability benefit to get rid of their old vehicle. This was used to scrap at least 12,000 vehicles. The original scheme offered up to £7,000 compensation for a car or van which had been operating in the congestion zone, plus up to £2,500 if this was replaced by an electric vehicle. [21]

When ULEZ was expanded beyond the congestion charge zone, the compensation was reduced to £2,000 for cars with a limit for the number of vans and initially £15,000 for heavy vehicles. The Mayor said on 14 October 2021 that there was less than £2 million left in the £61 million fund. [22] This paid out over £61 million by 2022.

The rates for the scrappage scheme from 4 August 2023 were announced at the end of July 2023. Receipt of child benefit was added to the criteria for eligibility. £2,000 is offered for scrapping a car and £1,000 for a motorcycle. £5,000 is offered for wheelchair accessible vehicles to scrap or retrofit to make compliant. Part of the scrappage payment can be converted to an annual bus and tram pass. Grant payments of between £5,000 and £9,500 are available for scrappage or retrofit of vans and minibuses used by small businesses, sole traders and charities. [23] The scheme was later widened to all Londoners and small businesses able to scrap up to three vans instead of one, taking effect from 21 August 2023. [24]

Effects

Effect on air pollution

In November 2021, a study from the Centre for Transport Studies in Imperial College London found the ULEZ caused smaller reductions in air pollution emissions than had been reported. [25] [26] It stated that there has been a longer-term downward trend in London's air pollution levels and argued that the ULEZ on its own is not an effective strategy. [25] [27] The Greater London Authority had been funding other work at the College since July 2020, including the Environmental Research Group. [28] Freedom of Information requests published in August 2023 showed Shirley Rodrigues, the deputy mayor for environment and energy, and Frank Kelly, Director of the Environmental Research Group, corresponded in November 2021 about mitigating the impact of the research. [29]

Further research found that ULEZ has significantly reduced air pollution: a pair of 2022 studies found that within the first year of the zone's establishment, nitrogen dioxide levels had been reduced by 12% compared with the previous year, with reductions already evident within the first 90 days. [30] Between 2019 and 2022, the amount of nitrogen oxide emissions in London dropped by 13,500 tonnes, which was equivalent to all emissions from landings and takeoffs at Heathrow Airport and London City Airport during the same period. [31]

Effect on vehicle numbers

The number of non-compliant vehicles entering the zone each day dropped from 35,578, in March 2019, to 26,195 in April of the same year, after the charge was introduced. [32] The number further dropped to 23,054 in July 2019. [33] The proportion of vehicles which complied with the standards rose from 61% in March 2019 to 74% in September 2019. [34] It further rose to 85% in December 2020, including 90% for cars, and the number of non-compliant vehicles dropped to around 12,000 (of which 4,000 were exempt from the charges). [35] [36]

The total number of vehicles entering Central London each day also dropped from over 102,000 in February 2017 to 89,000 in April 2019. [37]

In Outer London, the percentage of compliant vehicles rose from 85% in May 2022 when the consultation for expansion was announced, to 90.9% in June 2023 and further jumped to 95.2% in September 2023 following the beginning of charging. [38]

An April 2024 report stated that diesel sales in London were declining significantly faster than in other areas of the country, with a decline of roughly 40% over four years. [39]

Effect on politics

The planned expansion of ULEZ into outer London was cited as the reason for the Conservatives' Steve Tuckwell's victory over Labour's Danny Beales in the 2023 Uxbridge and South Ruislip by-election, despite substantial swings against the Conservatives in all three by-elections held the same day. [40]

Effect on motorists

Only one in 200 London residents have been affected by the ULEZ expansion, according to a Freedom of Information request filed by BBC London eight months after the expansion. [41] [ unreliable source? ]

Reaction

A poster in Orpington, southeast London, expressing opposition to the 2023 expansion of the ULEZ to cover Outer London Anti-ULEZ Poster in Orpington.jpg
A poster in Orpington, southeast London, expressing opposition to the 2023 expansion of the ULEZ to cover Outer London
Graffiti in Carshalton, southwest London, expressing opposition to the 2023 expansion of the ULEZ to cover Outer London Anti-ULEZ Graffiti in Carshalton.jpg
Graffiti in Carshalton, southwest London, expressing opposition to the 2023 expansion of the ULEZ to cover Outer London
Graffiti in Gunnersbury Park, west London, expressing opposition to the 2023 expansion of the ULEZ to cover Outer London Anti-ULEZ Graffiti in Gunnersbury Park.jpg
Graffiti in Gunnersbury Park, west London, expressing opposition to the 2023 expansion of the ULEZ to cover Outer London

Writing in 2019, the BBC's transport correspondent Tom Edwards described the Ultra Low Emission Zone as "one of the most radical anti-pollution policies in the world". [42] A poll in April 2019 by YouGov found that 72% of Londoners supported using emissions charging to tackle both air pollution and congestion. [43] However, the Federation of Small Businesses said that many small firms were "very worried about the future of their businesses" as a result of the "additional cost burden". [44]

Ross Clark, writing in The Spectator , argued in 2022 the expansion would disproportionately impact poorer Londoners, who were more likely to own an older, non-compliant vehicle that would be subject to the daily charge. [45] TfL found that 60% of those who responded to its public consultation into the expansion plans were opposed, as well as 70% of outer London residents and 80% of outer London workers. [46] [47] [48]

Polling in July 2023 showed a plurality of London residents said they supported the expansion of the ULEZ in London, with residents in Outer London evenly split. [49]

Failed High Court challenge

In May 2023, a coalition of Bexley Council, Bromley Council, Harrow Council and Hillingdon Council in Greater London with neighbouring Surrey County Council, all Conservative-led, received permission from the High Court for a legal challenge to the August 2023 expansion into outer London. The permitted grounds for the claim were "failure to comply with relevant statutory requirements" and "unfair and unlawful consultation". Two further grounds concerned the scrappage scheme, "whether the mayor properly considered the previous "buffer zone" approach as a material consideration" and "irrationality due to uncertainty and inadequate consultation". [50] The hearing began on 4 July [51] and the case was decided on 28 July 2023, when the court found the outer expansion to be lawful. [52] [53]

Vandalism

Since 2023, the cameras that enforce ULEZ have come under a campaign of organised vandalism by people who oppose it. The group, calling themselves "Blade Runners", told the Daily Mail they intend to destroy all ULEZ cameras. [54] Speaking to Julia Hartley-Brewer on TalkTV, a man claiming to be the campaign director of the group and identifying himself as "Captain Gatso", described the group's activity as "unpaid voluntary work for the community" taking "defensive offensive action" against present and past governments. [55] By September 2023, attacks on cameras had extended to slashing tyres and spraying graffiti onto camera vans. [56]

At the start of August 2023, the Metropolitan Police launched "Operation Eremon" to coordinate investigations into the vandalism. By 30 August, 288 crimes relating to ULEZ cameras had been reported, and two arrests made. [55] On 22 September 2023, a further arrest was made. [57] On 4 October 2023, it was reported that Laurence Fox had been arrested by police on suspicion of conspiring to commit criminal damage to ULEZ cameras. [58] [59] [60]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mayor of London</span> Head of the government of Greater London

The mayor of London is the chief executive of the Greater London Authority. The role was created in 2000 after the Greater London devolution referendum in 1998, and was the first directly elected mayor in the United Kingdom.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London congestion charge</span> Fee for vehicles entering Central London

The London congestion charge is a fee charged on most cars and motor vehicles being driven within the Congestion Charge Zone (CCZ) in Central London between 7:00 am and 6:00 pm Monday to Friday, and between 12:00 noon and 6:00 pm Saturday and Sunday.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Road pricing</span> Revenue generation for road infrastructure

Road pricing are direct charges levied for the use of roads, including road tolls, distance or time-based fees, congestion charges and charges designed to discourage the use of certain classes of vehicle, fuel sources or more polluting vehicles. These charges may be used primarily for revenue generation, usually for road infrastructure financing, or as a transportation demand management tool to reduce peak hour travel and the associated traffic congestion or other social and environmental negative externalities associated with road travel such as air pollution, greenhouse gas emissions, visual intrusion, noise pollution and road traffic collisions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Congestion pricing</span> System of surcharging users of public goods

Congestion pricing or congestion charges is a system of surcharging users of public goods that are subject to congestion through excess demand, such as through higher peak charges for use of bus services, electricity, metros, railways, telephones, and road pricing to reduce traffic congestion; airlines and shipping companies may be charged higher fees for slots at airports and through canals at busy times. Advocates claim this pricing strategy regulates demand, making it possible to manage congestion without increasing supply.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Circular Road, London</span> Major road in south London, England

The South Circular Road in south London, England, is a major road that runs from the Woolwich Ferry in the east to the Chiswick Flyover in the west via Eltham, Lee Green, Catford, Forest Hill, Dulwich, Tulse Hill, Clapham Common, Clapham Junction, Wandsworth, Putney, Barnes, Mortlake and Kew Bridge. Together with the North Circular Road and Woolwich Ferry, it makes a complete ring-road around Central London and is a former boundary of the Ultra Low Emission Zone. The South Circular is largely a sequence of urban streets joined together, requiring several at-grade turns, unlike the mostly purpose-made carriageways of the North Circular. As a result, it is frequently congested.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zero-emissions vehicle</span> Class of motor vehicle

A zero-emission vehicle (ZEV) is a vehicle that does not emit exhaust gas or other pollutants from the onboard source of power. The California definition also adds that this includes under any and all possible operational modes and conditions. This is because under cold-start conditions for example, internal combustion engines tend to produce the maximum amount of pollutants. In a number of countries and states, transport is cited as the main source of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants. The desire to reduce this is thus politically strong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sadiq Khan</span> Mayor of London since 2016

Sadiq Aman Khan is a British politician serving as Mayor of London since 2016. He was previously Member of Parliament (MP) for Tooting from 2005 until 2016. A member of the Labour Party, Khan is on the party's soft left and has been ideologically characterised as a social democrat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">European emission standards</span> Vehicle emission standards

The European emission standards are vehicle emission standards for pollution from the use of new land surface vehicles sold in the European Union and European Economic Area member states and the United Kingdom, and ships in EU waters. The standards are defined in a series of European Union directives staging the progressive introduction of increasingly stringent standards.

A low-emission zone (LEZ) is a defined area where access by some polluting vehicles is restricted or deterred with the aim of improving air quality. This may favour vehicles such as bicycles, micromobility vehicles, (certain) alternative fuel vehicles, hybrid electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids, and zero-emission vehicles such as all-electric vehicles.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Transport in London</span> Transport network serving London and surrounding regions

London has an extensive and developed transport network which includes both public and private services. Journeys made on its integrated transport network account for 37% of London's journeys while private services accounted for 36% of journeys, walking 24% and cycling 2%, according to numbers from 2017. London's public transport network serves as the central hub for the United Kingdom in rail, air and road transport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">London low emission zone</span> Traffic air pollution charge scheme

The London Low Emission Zone (LEZ) is an area of London in which an emissions standard based charge is applied to non-compliant commercial vehicles. Its aim is to reduce the exhaust emissions of diesel-powered vehicles in London. This scheme should not be confused with the Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ), introduced in April 2019, which applies to all vehicles. Vehicles that do not conform to various emission standards are charged; the others may enter the controlled zone free of charge. The low emission zone started operating on 4 February 2008 with phased introduction of an increasingly stricter regime until 3 January 2012. The scheme is administered by the Transport for London executive agency within the Greater London Authority.

The Ecopass program was a traffic pollution charge implemented in Milan, Italy, as an urban toll for some motorists traveling within a designated traffic restricted zone or ZTL, corresponding to the central Cerchia dei Bastioni area and encircling around 8.2 km2 (3.2 sq mi). The Ecopass was implemented as a one-year trial program on 2 January 2008, and later extended until 31 December 2009. A public consultation was planned to be conducted early in 2009 to decide if the charge becomes permanent. Subsequently, the charge-scheme was prolonged until 31 December 2011. Starting from 16 January 2012, a new scheme was introduced, converting it from a pollution-charge to a conventional congestion charge.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Air pollution in the United Kingdom</span> Overview of the air pollution in the UK

Air pollution in the United Kingdom has long been considered a significant health issue, and it causes numerous other environmental problems such as damage to buildings, forests, and crops. Many areas, including major cities like London, are found to be significantly and regularly above legal and recommended pollution levels. Air pollution in the UK is a major cause of diseases such as asthma, lung disease, stroke, cancer, and heart disease, and it costs the health service, society, and businesses over £20 billion each year. Outdoor pollution alone is estimated to cause 40,000 early deaths each year, which is about 8.3% of deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Susan Hall</span> British politician (born 1955)

Susan Mary Hall is a British politician who has served as a Member of the London Assembly since 2017 and a councillor on Harrow London Borough Council since 2006. She was leader of the London Conservatives on the London Assembly from December 2019 until May 2023. Hall was the Conservative Party candidate for the 2024 London mayoral election, finishing in second place behind incumbent mayor Sadiq Khan.

A Clean Air Zone (CAZ) is an area in the United Kingdom where targeted action is taken to improve air quality. A CAZ can be non-charging or charging.

Birmingham Clean Air Zone is an area of central Birmingham, England where traffic is restricted to reduce air pollution. It became the third UK Clean Air Zone, after London and Bath, when it launched on 1 June 2021. A study of the zone’s effectiveness, published in 2023, found mixed results, with "modest, but significant reductions" in nitrogen dioxide but "no detectable impact in the concentrations of fine particles... the air pollutant with greatest health effects".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2024 London mayoral election</span>

The 2024 London mayoral election was held on 2 May 2024 to elect the next mayor of London. It took place simultaneously with elections to the London Assembly, some local council by-elections in London and regular local elections elsewhere in England and Wales. Following the Elections Act 2022, voting in this election took place under the first-past-the-post system for the first time, replacing the supplementary vote system. The result of the election was announced on 4 May 2024.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mums for Lungs</span> British environmental organization

Mums for Lungs is a nonprofit, grassroots environmental campaign group, based in the United Kingdom, which raises awareness of the health effects of air pollution, particularly on children.

A by-election for the United Kingdom parliamentary constituency of Uxbridge and South Ruislip was held on 20 July 2023, following the resignation of former Prime Minister Boris Johnson as its member of Parliament (MP) on 12 June.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Oxford zero emission zone</span> Charging zone for non-electric vehicles

The Oxford zero emission zone is the first zero emission zone (ZEZ) in the United Kingdom. Launched on 28 February 2022, the scheme covers nine streets in the city centre of Oxford. All non-electric vehicles driving on these roads between 7 am to 7 pm are subject to a fee between £2 and £10, which is expected to double in 2025.

References

  1. ↑ "London Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (LAEI) 2019". London Datastore. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  2. ↑ Harvey, Fiona (29 July 2014). "Diesel drivers may face higher costs in pollution battle". The Guardian. Retrieved 29 July 2014.
  3. ↑ Mason, Rowena (17 February 2017). "London to introduce £10 vehicle pollution charge, says Sadiq Khan". The Guardian . Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  4. ↑ de Reytas-Tamura, Kimiko (17 February 2017). "A Push for Diesel Leaves London Gasping Amid Record Pollution". The New York Times . Retrieved 23 February 2017.
  5. ↑ Roberts, Gareth (3 November 2017). "London Mayor confirms Ultra-Low Emission Zone will start in 2019". Fleet News. Archived from the original on 25 July 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2019.
  6. ↑ Edwards, Tom (5 April 2019). "ULEZ: The politics of London's air pollution". BBC News.
  7. ↑ Lydall, Ross (14 May 2021). "Khan presses ahead with Ulez expansion set to hit 140,000 drivers". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  8. ↑ "Ultra-low emission zone comes into force in central London". ITV News. 7 April 2019. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  9. ↑ Lydall, Ross (10 December 2021). "Ulez expansion revealed to have cut 'dirty' vehicles by over a third". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  10. ↑ "Millions of Londoners breathing cleaner air thanks to ULEZ expansion". 19 July 2022.
  11. ↑ Topham, Gwyn (25 November 2022). "Ulez to be expanded across whole of Greater London from August". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  12. ↑ Ravikumar, Sachin (29 August 2023). "London's contentious clean air zone ULEZ extends to entire city". Reuters. Retrieved 29 August 2023.
  13. ↑ "Map showing Ultra Low Emission Zone (ULEZ) expansion from 29 August 2023" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 10 June 2023.
  14. ↑ Lydall, Ross (8 March 2022). "ULEZ to expand across all of Greater London". Evening Standard. Retrieved 8 April 2023.
  15. ↑ "London-wide Ultra Low Emission Zone First Month Report | London City Hall". www.london.gov.uk. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 28 December 2023.
  16. ↑ "Ultra Low Emission Zone". Transport for London. Retrieved 7 June 2023.
  17. ↑ "World's first 24 hour Ultra Low Emission Zone starts in London". Greater London Authority. 8 April 2019.
  18. ↑ Evans, Jacob (13 June 2023). "ULEZ: Charges and fines raised nine-figure sum in 2022". BBC News. Retrieved 13 June 2023.
  19. ↑ "Discounts and exemptions". Transport for London.
  20. ↑ "Ulez checker: Is your car exempt from the Ultra Low Emission Zone?". Driving.co.uk from The Sunday Times. 29 August 2023. Retrieved 19 May 2024.
  21. ↑ "Scrappage scheme for vans and minibuses". Transport for London. Archived from the original on 1 April 2020.
  22. ↑ Lydall, Ross (15 October 2021). "London's ULEZ scrappage scheme running out of cash". Evening Standard. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  23. ↑ "Scrappage scheme". Transport for London. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  24. ↑ Vickers, Noah (3 August 2023). "Sadiq Khan opens Ulez scrappage scheme to all Londoners in £50m boost". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 August 2023.
  25. 1 2 Ma, Liang; Graham, Daniel J; Stettler, Marc E J (16 November 2021). "Has the ultra low emission zone in London improved air quality?". Environmental Research Letters. 16 (12): 124001. Bibcode:2021ERL....16l4001M. doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/ac30c1 . ISSN   1748-9326. S2CID   244169411.
  26. ↑ "London's Ultra Low Emission Zone resulted in only 'marginal' air quality improvements shortly after it was introduced". Sky News. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  27. ↑ Bayley, Sian (23 July 2019). "London pollution: High levels detected by 40% of capital's air quality". Evening Standard.
  28. ↑ Daly, Patrick (21 August 2023). "Sadiq Khan accused of trying to 'squash' scientific 'dissent' over Ulez". The Independent. Retrieved 24 August 2023.
  29. ↑ "Ulez: London Mayor accused of 'quashing research' questioning the scheme". BBC News. 21 August 2023. Retrieved 23 August 2023.
  30. ↑ Ward, Bob (24 August 2023). "The truth about London's Ultra Low Emission Zone". London School of Economics Grantham Research Institute. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  31. ↑ Topham, Gwyn; correspondent, Gwyn Topham Transport (28 December 2023). "London Ulez averts more air pollution than that caused by capital's airports, report shows". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 28 December 2023.{{cite news}}: |last2= has generic name (help)
  32. ↑ Taylor, Matthew (16 May 2019). "ULEZ cuts number of worst polluting cars in central London". The Guardian.
  33. ↑ "Central London Ultra Low Emission Zone - Four month report" (PDF). Greater London Authority.
  34. ↑ "Central London Ultra Low Emission Zone - Six Month Report" (PDF). Greater London Authority.
  35. ↑ "New tighter Low Emission Zone standards for HGVS introduced in London". Greater London Authority. March 2021.
  36. ↑ "ULEZ Online Fact Sheet" (PDF). Transport for London. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  37. ↑ "First month of Mayor's ULEZ sees 74 per cent of vehicles comply". Greater London Authority. 16 May 2019.
  38. ↑ "New report shows ULEZ expansion is working with 95 per cent of vehicles across inner and outer London now compliant with clean air standards".
  39. ↑ "London diesel fuel sales falling at twice the pace of rest of UK". Transport & Environment. 16 April 2024. Retrieved 27 April 2024.
  40. ↑ Sullivan, Helen; Badshah, Nadeem; Sullivan (now), Helen; Badshah (earlier), Nadeem (21 July 2023). "Byelection results: Conservatives retain Uxbridge and South Ruislip in close finish over Labour; Lib Dems sweep Somerton and Frome". the Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 21 July 2023.
  41. ↑ insidecroydon (15 April 2024). "'The dog that didn't bite': how ULEZ has become a non-issue". Inside Croydon. Retrieved 21 May 2024.
  42. ↑ Edwards, Tom. "ULEZ: The most radical plan you've never heard of". BBC News Website. BBC. Retrieved 26 March 2019.
  43. ↑ Taylor, Matthew; Sedghi, Amy (8 April 2019). "Londoners support charging 'dirty' drivers, says air pollution study". The Guardian– via www.theguardian.com.
  44. ↑ "ULEZ: New pollution charge begins in London". BBC News. 8 April 2019.
  45. ↑ Clark, Ross (25 November 2022). "Sadiq Khan's Ulez expansion punishes the poorest". The Spectator. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  46. ↑ "ULEZ: Ultra Low Emissions Zone to cover all of London". BBC News. 25 November 2022. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  47. ↑ Gill, Oliver; Holl-Allen, Genevieve (25 November 2022). "Sadiq Khan plans London toll roads as electric car use rises". The Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  48. ↑ "Improving air quality and Londoners' health, tackling climate change and reducing congestion". Have Your Say Transport for London. Retrieved 9 December 2022.
  49. ↑ R&WS Research Team (13 July 2023). "Plurality of Londoners Support Expanding London's Ultra Low Emissions Zone (ULEZ)". Redfield & Wilton Strategies. Retrieved 22 July 2023.
  50. ↑ Carey, Adam (30 May 2023). "High Court gives green light to further grounds for challenge in ULEZ expansion judicial review". Local Government Lawyer. Retrieved 18 June 2023.
  51. ↑ Lydall, Ross (4 July 2023). "High Court fight to block Ulez expansion into outer London gets under way". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 July 2023.
  52. ↑ Slawson, Nicola (28 July 2023). "Sadiq Khan wins high court battle over London Ulez extension". The Guardian. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  53. ↑ Low, Harry (28 July 2023). "Ulez expansion across London lawful, High Court rules". BBC News. Retrieved 28 July 2023.
  54. ↑ Simpson, Jack (4 August 2023). "Ulez backlash forces Met to launch operation to target camera thieves". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  55. 1 2 Bullen, Jamie; Somerville, Ewan (30 August 2023). "Watch: Anti-Ulez 'Blade Runner' vigilantes vandalize cameras in London". The Telegraph. Retrieved 14 September 2023.
  56. ↑ Lancefield, Neil (13 September 2023). "Ulez camera vans vandalised and put out of use as opponents take direct action". The Independent. Retrieved 17 September 2023.
  57. ↑ France, Anthony (4 October 2023). "Man, 52, arrested as police probe nearly 800 Ulez camera crimes". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  58. ↑ "Laurence Fox arrested over 'ULEZ conspiracy' - and sacked by GB News". Sky News. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  59. ↑ Topping, Alexandra (4 October 2023). "Laurence Fox arrested over comments urging people to vandalise Ulez cameras". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 4 October 2023.
  60. ↑ Chantler-Hicks, Lydia (4 October 2023). "Laurence Fox sacked from GB News as he's arrested for calling for Ulez vandalism". Evening Standard. Retrieved 4 October 2023.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.